Energy audit and management

• Assessment and reduction of electricity bill• Identifying potential areas of electrical energy economy • Assessing present pattern of energy consumption and optimizing energy consumpti

Energy Audit and Management

Prof C S SolankiDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering

It is a systematic research of energy conservation

opportunities as well as a systematic approach to

measure energy level of plant It is an effective tool

in defining comprehensive energy management

program

Definition of Energy Audit

In general Energy Audit is the translation of

conservation ideas into realities, by blending technically feasible solutions with economic and other

organizational consideration within a specified time frame

 Identify all the energy streams in a facility and to

quantify energy use

 Indicates where the major potential for improvement

 Identifies the cost of energy and where and how it is

used

 It provides a base from which results can be

measured and from which programmer can be further developed

NEED FOR ENERGY AUDIT (EA)

• Assessment and reduction of electricity bill

• Identifying potential areas of electrical energy economy

• Assessing present pattern of energy consumption and optimizing energy consumption level

• Highlighting wastages in major areas

• Recommending energy saving measures with minimum possible investment and realization of savings.

OBJECTIVES OF ENERGY AUDIT

Comply with government regulations:

• The Energy Conservation Act 2003 (India), has identified 14 industry sectors and commercial buildings as designated consumers A comprehensive Energy Audit helps these industries comply with major provisions of the act like:

•

 Maintaining energy consumption within standard norms

 Maintaining and reporting accurate energy usage patterns

 Training of Energy Managers responsible for energy efficiency

of the plant

•

• The Energy conservation techniques can be understood by studying the Energy conservation Act, 2003 (INDIA).

 Industries in specific sectors, with connected load of 5 MW and above and/or consuming 20 MT of oil equivalent per hour on an average are notified as designated consumers All commercial buildings with connected load of more than 500KW are also notified

as designated consumers.

 Designated consumers will comply with energy consumption standards and norms Different standards and norms are prescribed for different designated consumers.

 The Central Government, in consultation with BEE, can direct designated consumers to conduct Energy Audits by an accredited Energy Auditor based on a certain periodicity

Major Provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2003 (India):

Industries notified under the Energy

Conservation Act, 2001 (India):

Conservation of energy through Auditing

• Removal of discrepancies between the operating and the design

figures of energy consumptions

• Improvement in process technology

• Improvement in system design; change in temperature approach in heat exchangers

• Improvement in automations and controls for optimal utilization of energy

• Units/Systems integration: provision of a facility of one equipment for the other

• Incorporation of measures to improve efficiency such as cascading

of energy

• Recovery of waste and low level heat, minimizing of losses, etc

• Detailed study of measure energy consuming equipments for

possible energy savings by improving operations, improvement in hardware design and replacement with more efficient hardware.

The type of EA to be performed depends on

•Function and type of Industry

•Depth to which final audit is needed

•Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired

There can be two types of EA

•Preliminary Energy Audit ( PEA )

•Detailed Energy Audit ( DEA )

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT

b) Evolve detailed engineering for options

to reduce energy cost

Scope Highlight energy cost and

wastages in major equipment /problems

Formulate detailed plan on the basis of quantitative evaluation

Duration 2-10 days 1 – 10 weeks

Audit a) No pre audit visit required

b) Detailed questionnaire to be completed before audit

a) One / two pre audit visits are required b) In addition

- Advance notice to HOD’s

- Arranging office and secretarial support

- Advance tentative schedule

- Audit kit planning

• While at the other end there are integrated process units like the refineries and petrochemical plants where cascading of energy and complex energy balances are involved

Analyze present consumption and past trends in detail

• Review lighting requirements

• Produce and energy balance diagram for the firm

• Check working of controls

• Check capacities and efficiencies of equipments

• Review energy storage and handling

• Determine adequacy of maintenance

• Introduce life cycle costing

• Examine need for energy saving incentives

• Examine and monitor new energy saving techniques

Typical points considered in EA

Energy Audit Team

1] Expert licensed engineers for auditing

2] They should have good knowledge about :

i)Process ii)Operating experience of unit

iii)The plant utilities and plant material and energy balances and the assistance from

research and development wing should also be available to them

Instruments needed for Energy Audit

The following are the typical instruments needed for energy audit:

• Power meters( Clip-on-meters and direct connected meters).

• Power factor meters( clip-on-meters).

• Lux meters—To measure the illumination level.

• Energy meters, ammeters( Clip-on-meters also), Voltmeters.

• Stop-Watch

• Tachometer

• Bearing stethoscope to see the conditions of bearings

• Portable temperature indicators

15

Energy Audit methods based on

•Flow of energy – energy balance

• Flow of material - mass balance

CEOs

18Table of Summery of energy saving

recommendation

Prioritize recommendations

Example: saving in terms of fuel

Types of load for energy audit

• Electrical load

• Heating load

• Cooling Load

• Lighting load

Energy Efficiency in Lighting

Electricity for lighting

• About 15% of total electricity produced is used for lighting

purposes

• India’s energy intensity per unit GDP is higher than that of

Asia, Japan and USA by 1.47, 3.7, 1.55 respectively

 inefficient use of energy

• up to 40% electricity saving in lighting can be achieved by

retrofitting efficient ballast, lamps, reflectors etc

• Movement of the task

• Our visual ability is to see the objects is affected by

human and environmental factors

Ref: Light Right by M.K Halpeth, T S Kumar, G Harikumar, TERI press

Units of lighting

• Units of lighting are derived from the human response to light and its physical power; units can not be directly related to

physical units

• There are four units of lighting

-Light output (luminous flux), (lumen, lm)

-Luminous intensity (candela, cd)

-Light level (illuminance) (lux, lx;

1 foot-candle=10.76 lux)

- brightness (luminance) (cd/m2)

About the source

(pressure in tank, flow rate from tank)

About illuminated surface

(amount of water per unit area of spray, amount bouncing off the surface)

(candela)

Type of light

Type of source Color temperature (K) Incandescent lamps 2700

Fluorescent-warm white 3000 Fluorescent-cool white 4000

• Color temperature of light source given in terms of Kelvin

equivalent to blackbody temperature that would emit the

light same as light source

• Color rendering index (CRI)- ability of light source to convey accurately a sample of eight colors relative to standard source

Fluorescent-cool white 58-62

High pressure sodium lamp 27

• Number of lumen output of a light source per unit power

consumed by source and its ballast (if any) is called as

efficacy of the source

• A 100 W incandescent lamp with 1500 lumen output will

have 15 lm/W efficacy

• Higher is the efficacy better the source is

• Ballast power should be included in efficacy calculation

Types of light sources

• LED

Glow due to

Filament Heating Gas Ionization and discharge

Transition of electron from high energy to low energy

Operating principle

Light sources: Incandescent

• Incandescent lamp- tungsten filament, N2 and some inert gas, comes in various shapes and sizes, life is strongly

affected by voltage (lower voltage increases life)

Life – 750 – 2000 hours

• Halogen (quartz) lamp – halogen gas (Iodine or bromine)

is added to normal gas to avoid evaporation of tungsten,

avoid gradual blackening of lamp

Life- 2000 – 3500 hours

• efficacy of both type of incandescent lamps are similar –

10 to 30 lm/W

Light sources: Discharge

• Current through gas ionizes it, light is emitted by discharging

of ionized gas

• Ballast is required to supply the required voltage for ionizing

• High intensity discharge (HID) lamps : discharge between

two electrodes in a tube containing various metallic vapors

(Hg, Na)

Efficacy and CRI of various lamps

Incandescent vs fluorescent lamp: Case

study

• Estimate the cost of usage for 1, 2, 4 years of usage,

when does the breakeven occurs ?

Incandescent vs fluorescent lamp

florescent

incandescent

• Reduce illumination in storage and non working area.

• Make use of timer and clock switches for turning

on a particular light for particular time.

• Photo cell controlled switches could be installed for road security and open area lighting

• Check the height of light.

Good Lighting Habits

Energy Efficiency in Electrical Load

Current, Voltage and Power

Watt I

kV or I



• Apparent power (kVA) - power supplied from a

source• Single phase

• Three phase  3 V I or 3 kV I Watt

Watt PF

• Three phase  3 V I PF Watt

• Active Power (kW) – Power component that does the real work

PF = Active power/ apparent power

2

2 AP RP

ApparentP  

The conditions on which the efficiency of operating motor depends are

1) Health of stator & rotor iron parts 2) Conditions of the electric supply 3) Efficiency of the cooling system

Retrofitting of Electric Motors

Rated power/nameplate rating or HP

(o/p rating)

Current, voltage, PF

(i/p rating)

Motor

1) Stopping idle or redundant running of motors 2) Oversized motors

- Higher investment cost due to large size

- Higher running cost due to decrease in efficiency at partial loaded conditions

- Higher maximum demand due poor p.f.

- Higher cable losses & demand charges

- Higher switchgear cost

- Higher space requirement

- Higher installation cost

OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY SAVING IN

MOTORS

REPLACEMENT OF OVERSIZED MOTORS

Many times oversized motors are procured for no of

reasons as follows,

1) To ensure against motor failure in critical processes

2) when the actual load is not known, thus selecting a

larger size motor

3) To build in capability to accommodate future increase in production

4) When the correct size motor is not available

5) When process requirements have been reduced

Problem: A 10 kW motor has the name plate

details as 415 V, 18.2 amps and 0.9 PF Actual input measurement shows 415 V, 12 amps and 0.7 PF which was measured with power

analyzer during motor running.

What is:

Rated o/p power

Rated i/p power

Efficiency at rated power

% Loading of the motor

Motor efficiency and part-load

REGIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY STAKEHOLDERS WORKSHOP COMESA/SADC

– Examples of Best Practice Policies for EE

promotion

Presentation by Luc Kevo Tossou

Energy Efficiency Workshop: SADC - COMESA Namibia, 11-

12 November 2015

This project is funded by the European Union

A project implemented by in Consortium with

– Context (Barriers to Energy Efficiency)

– Good practice Measures to promote Energy Efficiency

– Questions and Discussion

What is blocking application of and investments in Energy Efficiency in

– Limited know how of policy makers

– Lack of technical capacity to develop and implement energy efficiency projects

– Subsidised energy prices

– Organizational and institutional gaps and overlaps

– Limited access to capital may prevent energy-efficiency measures from being

Good-practice measures to promote energy efficiency

– Minimum energy performance

standards and labeling

– Building energy efficiency code

– Energy management system

standards based on ISO 50001

– Energy Efficiency Knowledge

networks

Minimum energy performance standards and labeling

– Energy-efficiency standards are procedures and regulations that prescribe the energy performance of manufactured products, sometimes prohibiting the sale

of products that are less efficient than a minimum level ( mandatory or voluntary )

– Energy-efficiency labels are informative labels affixed to manufactured products

to describe the product’s energy performance (usually in the form of energy use, efficiency, or energy cost); these labels give consumers the data

necessary to make informed purchases

Minimum energy performance standards and labeling

Source: Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Programme (CLASP), 2005

Minimum energy performance standards and labeling - Example of

Energy Labels

Minimum energy performance standards and labeling - Effects of Energy

Labeling on the Refrigerator market in the EU

Source: EU, 2013

Minimum energy performance standards and labeling – Important

aspect

For regional efforts on MEPS and labeling, consider harmonization which involves:

–Adoption of the same test procedures

–Mutual recognition of test results

–And/or alignment of performance standards levels and energy-labeling

criteria for particular appliances

the costs of duplicative testing and non-comparable performance

information and to access a wider market of goods.

Building energy efficiency codes – Status of implementation

Building energy efficiency codes – Example of the Danish Building

energy code

• Over time the stringency of the code has increased from 350 kWh per m2 per year to nearly zero energy consumption in 2020

Source: IEA, 2013

Building energy efficiency codes – Example of the IEA Countries

• Building energy codes have helped IEA member countries to reduce their building energy consumption

Source: IEA, 2013

Energy management system standards (ISO 50001)

– Energy management programmes (EnMPs) are policies and

initiatives that encourage companies to adopt energy

management

– Energy management involves the systematic tracking,

analysis and planning of energy use

– ISO 50001 energy management standard contributes as a

framework for industrial plants, commercial facilities, and

organizations to manage energy

– Relevant for large and small companies, buildings,

municipalities, transport fleets

•ISO 50001

•ISO/TC 242 developed ISO

50001 (49 countries participated)

•ISO/TC 257 is working on

to develop further guidance and standards

Energy management system standards (ISO 50001) – Family of

standards

Energy management system standards (ISO 50001)

Source: UNIDO, 2015

Energy management system standards (ISO 50001)

Source: UNIDO, 2015

Energy management system standards based on ISO 50001 - Status

Energy management system standards based on ISO 50001

What EnMS can achieve?

Source: UNIDO, 2015

Energy Efficiency Knowledge networks

• Proven to be an effective tool to drive energy savings and energy efficiency among end users

• Group of companies that come together to share their experiences in energy efficiency

activities in moderated meetings

• Initiating institution for the network (industrial chamber, industry associations, energy agency, utility, etc.)

• Main benefit -> Addressing lack of knowledge and market awareness by consultancy and expert presentations

• Companies

– From different branches

– Located in one region

– Willingness to share information and to invest in EE measures

– Participation in an active and constructive way