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BUILDING GRAMMAR SKILLS

FOR THE

TOEFL’ iBT

HRYHORII DYCZOK

Table of Contents

Grammar Point 3 — Using Moda: Verbs to Make Requests 3 Grammar Point 4~ Insvoduction to Prepos.rons 14 Grammar Poirt 5 ~ Prepositions of Pace 1 Côgutumar Poi:Lồ = Prspaa tions of Tae 2 Grammar Poist 7~ Prepasitions of Place & Movement 36

Grammar Point 9 Adjectives

Grammar Poist 19 =Comparatives % Grammar Point — Oncor of Adjoor wee 4 Grarnus Point 12 Pastciple Adjectives +

Grammar Point 14 = Adjective Clauses Sa Srammar Point 15 — Adjective Clause Eeduaion ki) (Grammar Moist 15 Lquatives ie

(Grammar Poist 18 Show ng Cause and bilec: with Adectves sỹ

Grammar Point 24 Mons Pout ciples as Subjects ned Ohjerts 122

‘Grammar Point 25 — Adjective pus Tafinitives Tz Grammar Point 25 W/oal Aaviliary Verbs it Grasnmar Point 27 = Mocals tur Advice L8 (Grammar Point 28 = Mocals for Necessity ir

Grammar Point 3: — Modals for Speculatio

Grammar Poirt 32 _Speculating shout the Present 139 Grarnmt Point 33— Reporteu Speen IEH Grammar Poict 34 Speculating shout the Past 2 (Gramma Point 43—Cunbionals CC lãi (Grammar Vorat 36 — Using “wcless” 136 (Grammar Point 37 —Comstiongs 2 irs

Grammar Poict 38 =Ietraduerioa in Nouns Gronmas Point 39 = Clasifcation | ="Types el News 18 0

feist) Classication? Cast and Naa Foust Nama

KỶ Z VamranrbtkeL47— Noi aise :

(Grammar Point 43 — Noun Clause Conaestor/ subjects In Grammar Point 44 Arccle Review tớ Cremmar Point 45 — Comal fNon-cont Review 195 Gummar Point 46 Review Now Clauses 198

(Grammar Point $0 —Ictroduccion to Adve 207 Chammar Point 5° — Adverhsanst | ink Verb 210 (Grainmas Poit 52 — Negative anc “alinost” negative advesbs

‘ar the beginning, of » sentence m1 Grammar Point’53Adverb Clauses 212 Grammar Point 54 - Adverb Clauses of Cause, Condition, and Contrast 216 Grammar Point $$ Adverb Clause Reductions 218 Grarrunsr Paint 56 ~ Adverd Clana Resductnns wt “Rea” 21 (Guammar Point §7— Adueeh Clauss Reductions wich “co

Grammar Port $8 ~ Conjunctions 2 Grammar Point 59 - Word Parts from Greek 233 Grarninat Point 6D — Passed Con uactions 235

Grammar Point 61 = Applied Conjunction’ 20

Copyrghted materia:

Building Grammar Shalls

Grammar Point 1 - Parts of the sentence

A sentence

Grammatically speaking, a sentence is a group of wore that has a suhjec* and predicate, More importantly, however, a sentence is an expression of an ides, Sentences can he one werd long or one parag-agh long = the only tre cornmon element is that the listener gets :nformatioa,

All sentences in English are sonsxveted the same way, The itst rule about sentence stacture if that ehe most important thing must ge ar the heginning Theve are many ways w slightly aker the sentence stuctury a1 order (o accomplish tis, but in general, every sentence is constructed in the form

‘The subject is usually followed by a-verh

‘There can ke more than one subject in a sentence, but us

saibjoct

* Note: The subject is not always tae ‘doer’ of sae action Remember, in some situations the receive- of the ncrion may be mere important

2 Thewindow was broken,

‘Die pashoge was deli nr ascanferonce vs wel! anonded

Tn these canes, the end results none importa, or yin dim't knows whe da dhe action,

‘be slural leo,

‘The one anal was f00 high 0 0 oe The sue betes vers enon

Pattern w look for

‘There aze some situations ia which the subject is not the ist thing ir she main clause,

‘but chese are rare ~ most of the rime, the subject is at the beginning of the mai

Lint bo are the shen, Not ealy doos hs pay ths piano, ut she fala an cccomplisd dancer Rearety does isco im Tovonso in May

‘There ave sm steaks he

‘There ane many forms of verb structures in English, and] verbs one cassie as either Maia or Auxiliary (helping) When you are examining a sentence, it is important

ti undertend chat all perts of the verb siracture ane paral dhe verb and they give important informacion abou: the verb,

‘Things to remember about subject-verb agreement

The ver must ehways agree with the subject ~ segascess of how far away the

subjee is Bom dhe worb

a Whe by ae ex of ie hal theses i mo som

‘Die books at rhe brit: ofthe bax are fv at

I an “expression of quaatity” (most/some/none/ad + of the ) is used as che subject the noun after the “tho” is the subject, an the verb mst cares with i

8 Sore oda eb

Most ofthe ple wus 29%:

Itthe paired conjunctions exthes., or or neither ,, nor introduce the subject,

the one closer tothe verb affec:s the verb

ss Bho the anos raat gong coe there

itr tem c he teats going tb he

xe weed “und i prt of the subject, rhe subjoet is lways pla and mst tke

1 plural verb, even when Doth of the items inthe subject are non-covat

qT and the voad are gone

The gare and the cxebraion gre fished However, when the subject is one unit, ever when there is ar Nand”, itis

considered singulas:

By The macuruni wal che we eu

init Sons spp yee

nobody, evervting, everyoudy a expressiors wath each are alvays considered singular ~ however, sf words ske

someare used as adjectives, then they don’t affact the vesb)

lạc — Sarwchady ise the doar but Some peuple ure waitin,

EsetyhkdbiesidndĐgsuistt Agitt (ớt

In a coramand, there is no subject —i is understocel “a be yom"

verh must always he inthe second person singular form

Building Grammar Shalls

‘Sentence analysis shorthand

When you are analyziig a sentence, you nsed w be able ty quickly recognize tbe

main parts ~ sudject, vez, preposition phrases, ete, Hose is a useful "key" for

sanalycing sentences om paper

underline xe subjevi (aad any adjective direedy cormected to the subjee:) nee: (eg Theresa big airy puder oy eg

uundeitine te verd (te entice verb struct, including ary avxilary veibs, and

“ not") ewice:

‘eg The poople ove waiting i ne ous

pur parentheses armune any peeresitinn phrase

(eg The people (the corner (of his aces ave (fen a country) (3 Buropeh

put brackes: around any adjective cause er phrase

va Theaan (wearing losses) ws someone (whona en's kao)

pt square hackers arta ony nous la or phe

eg (Wat Jara ean as tn yo vl rev)

put angle brackets around any subordinate cause or phrase eg Myer don't ell e>, Zea meet you a Fine

Exercise 1.1 Sentence analysis

In each sentence, underlie the subject onew and the verb twieg, Mare ifthe veptenev ìe correct (C) or ircorrect {1} Then tix any mistakes

1 ois coming hore

2 California isthe mose populous state isthe U.S

3 Theoretical machematies ate dificult

4 Th the spt ews en TY Ta gh

5, Did ke cal yet?

6 There is people waiting for you outsice

G

Bustding Grammas Siatts

7 Iris going to -ain tomorrow,

8, Pronk and Yoko was studying for tae test all night

9 ‘The pencils you gave me is very nice

10, The book or the shelfar the top of the stars are on sale

¢ new computer looks nic, bu really i's nothing speca

12, Yesterday 1 bought some new CLs

13 Before ransistors, radios used to were much biger

15, Tae:e ate in the room vpstais, many nokses,

16, Taese have been ve all ove upstate New York inte lsc few weeks

17, He, a the past four months, have taken 5 exaens and writen,

18 The children inthe beckyare has not vet rushed thle teeth toy

19, These are maay geography book on the shelf at the top of the ø

20 Stwp saying that!

21 In the box om she shelf at the top of the stars

22, ‘Tne test have 200 quescions

23 There have 3 childven,

29, He rucned on the computer anc! ltt

SU Soaie people like fishung, and some don't

Building Grammar Shalls

Grammar point 2 - “There is” vs “To

have”

‘These structures hota show a rlationsh:p between the speaker and ochers

"1 have? is use in the followin situations

Things to remember about “have

> To make a question, use the ausiliary verb “do”, inthe appropri

form

[Do you hare amy Brothers sisters?

‘Do you luers any eases betowe 10?

Devs he have ar?

Did she have a goed tre?

When answering with # reduced form, remember tr use the anx iery

do", NOT "rae"

Yes, het wot Ver, he eat

No, Fat’: mat Ni Piven (fYou answer with No, Zawen’, you are malking the present

tgnse rather than a scape teese)

Have is also used wit

> meals

fg Thal onc ft Tokyu inner tn Cao

{na ery iy ths flan 0 co ave he

> time (fora specific purpose)

eg Hse ime to tk 0 0 mw

Wher: do ve ave sme to meet?

> aches and pains

eg Liawa headache

have pai in may back,

rmmar Skalls

“There is? is wuslly used

1 When the subjectis invisible wo the Listener

eq Thoress am extra set of ut i the rmunk

‘Theva hg Hack spialer evening pour ack

2 Totalk shot general thing,

eq There are fois of chile re ny fay There are inary peaple i the store

‘When there is na oavions owner

eq Theres foes of waer inthe cance

‘There are many hybrid carson the marke diese days

‘To emphasize something to the listener egy There are hve msshes tm ns por

‘here we neon wing for you

Pattern to 100% for

The rea) subject comes AFTER the verb, but the verb “to he" must

eg Thee aus fur pecple

ca ‘Thcve gave boca mary problems:

‘There ig in my opinion, no exeuse

Look at these lurthes exazicles

ave a family “Thvete are thtee boys ia my ‘aamaty

1 Bave ar apartment “There are thrếs rooms

‘There is alot space

Building Grammar Shalls Exercise 2.1

ln the following semtences, underline tae subject once and the vert twice, Then, mark if the senlenwe uses dhe correct (ora: (here is/ave or have, I'you think iis vortcet, mark

*No Change- NC" If yoa sink it should be chesged, mar Change” -"C" and 7e-

‘Thete ate daree cats in omy house,

2 There are five neople in my family

3 Te iny house dere are 8 rovuns

‘Thete is a nice view from my house

5 The university has no cheap apartments near

6 ‘Thete tsa big party next week ar the Student Cente,

niversity bookstore has mary books,

5 There fs much memory in my computer

9 Thete is eameca on my cell-phone

10, There are runy

(-.arnpus wcivites dhroughou: the year

11, Tororto usually hes nice weather ia Jute

12, Camada has wiany mous in the west

13 There iss lot af smog in many Cenadian citics in summer

‘A very simale way of making ø

“please” at the hegirning orend af a seme:

‘Anothe: way is 10 vse a model auxilarv verb (suniliary means helping/assisiing Modal ausiliaries ada emotion to speech - here, we will ness on making saeech more police,

jes: more polite is simply to add the word

‘Things to remember about modal auxiliary verbs:

> Modal ausitiary verbs always go before the main verb

eg Fou coal sty

hot You sop walt

Modal ausuiary verbs never ehange form, regarcless of the number ot person of the subject

eg He my go

not Lie mays ge

Modal ausiliarics are alwaya followed by the Simple Form of the Verb ($.P

She wa tal

Exercise 3.1

In che following sentences, undettine the subject one time and the verb two times

‘Thea matt ifthe searence is correct (C) oF inconteet (1), Corneet any mistakes

£1 Coulé you stop shoutiag

AL? He aaymais for you there

5 She ean ga er i she wants

4, Will you please wat here?

5 Would you minds iT smoied?

f Cum hese Ive?

7 Would miné you kolding my dog?

8 Me bosow can your book

Building Grammar Shalls These are two common: ways to make polite reques

oimethig), or sak « fsvur (somebody des sone hin emission (you do

When you ask permission, use:

Gar Fee your note?

When you ask a favor, uss

Weuld

Cone - + you + SKY.)

Caa

eg Wout you ind mie @ hom?

aul yo show ne ha mapor?

73.3

Another way aranking a very polite regia is with the stouetute: Da yoru

mital/ Would you mioal?

When you ask permission with

“Do you mind”, say:

Do you mind

Wou'd younind + if1_+ (past form]

6 Dayan mid if pered the winow’

Would son mind Fs down?

When you request a favor with

“Do you mind”, say:

Do you mind

Would you mind + (reser partapl

fg Would you mind moving ean’ see

Would you rund sing the door?

rmmar Skalls

Things to keep in mind about these polite requests:

> When you use “would vcu ming",

“yes” means “i's NOT OK, please DON'T”

weans "no problem, go ahead

Wout you mid iT a đa,

No (= go alta, pleas is don

Would yo mind x Fopeed the window?

es (please dow ¥ open it Wout vou mind wetting?

No c= fit wae!

Wont yo mind msn ten?

Yes (= why wera as stn these?)

> —Tradivonally, when using the steverute “Would you mind iT ,.”, the ver was 1m the past ‘utr, In modern conversational Kxcgbsts, however, os! eommen tase the Simple Form of the Verb (S.F.V.)

sẻ uid you mind 130% down (redivionaly correct)

vou mind if Tie down (enadera conversational) Would you mad jf Fomotod? (radicomally ae) Wou! you musi iF smote? fader conversational)

Exercise 3.2

‘Make the following senteace more pelite by adé:rg models Remember, there 2 always

‘more than one correct way of saying the sa:

1 Pase re the all,

3, Talk more quietly

3 Vax goin wo sit down beside you, wow

4, Give me another coke

0

Stop talking,

Building Grammar Shalls

6 Ceagoing to use your phone

8 Mowe,

Explain this co me

58 your book now

15, Tum cown your sete,

14 L vant you wo move your Cát

15 L wan: you ty repeat yourself

16, Lam going to use your comptes

17, Hua up anid get off the computer

18, Lead me

00 for tae bus,

19, You will et me use vour pea,

n

Bustding Grammas Siatts

Telephone conversations

May people are afzid of specking on the telephone in English ~ for many reasinas One ting ta many people complain about 13 71 tact thar you eannat see the peron, and therelore saanol rzád (he body larauags, z3d the him's dat these bring, Becaus> you cannot sce these clues, it is very impomtart to be very polite om the telephone ~ prokably rrore pute than 1 regular conversativm,

Exercise 3.3

Change these Senter ite zolile English using rodals lor politeness

Remember, there is always more than one correct way to say the sarne ching

1 Wait,

2 Iwan to alo Tom,

3 You will go see if Yoko is home

4 You will ake a message

5 Say that somtence agai, nov

6 Lvl leave a message

‘You will speak louder,

8 Repent your question

9 Sta:rspeaiving slowly now

10,1! male to Rich,

Building Grammar Shalls

Making plans on the telephone

ne of the most common furctions 0 a telephone conversion is to amange texting vines and places Here are he preposisions that you wall need \9 make te plans

L The following prepositions are used with time:

time =at ‘resample; at 120, 06 HO

day/date=on or esumpre: On Moy, on le 25°

month Povesample: Im Kebruary, I December

year ~ in sor example: In £995, In 2005

I In Combinations

day nevi a “a Pom Reirsary if

day/month/ year se “on ‘om February 14", 2005,

dday/month/yeas/ time wise bok “on” aad “as” om Kebnvesy 18%, OUI ut IO

TTL Parts of the day (hic always comes inmediate’y after the time)

Prepositions are “oomsecxing” words ~ as such, they must always connect He ldeas ‘They connect the noun immediacely tollowing ther: te anotaer ‘dea The noun immediately following the preposition 1s called the object of the preposition, A preposition end the object of the preposition ave together called preposition phrase

ete ate she 30 most common preaoe

as / at / against / around / among / across / afte: / abot

by / between / cefore / behind / during for / Eom / nto / in / inclueing, like / of / on ¢ ef over

to F towards / through / under Japan / with / withers / thin

The most common preposition is “ol” — it is most heguerdly used to describe what kind/type/brand you are saving

eg Two cups (whet kind) of sugar

‘Thee kilosrains (wital Rid) oF ee!

Posh (what?) of the dogs atc friendly

Facey nown which isn't a part af the subjacr ar abject must be attached to he main S.V.O, situcture wish a preposition, IT you are aot sure about which gtepesition tờ use, us “of

Building Grammar Shalls

Things to keep in mind about prepositions:

> Propositions must be followed by nouns, pronouns, gerund or roun clauses:

Lats mest at LD pu, (cen)

Til go vith him nono

dst drs a what tie he wants ta mact, (noun claus)

Prepositions com have different meanings, depending on the situation, Remember

to Keep in mind the context sims=on:

Evilimeet at 5:00 (orepsition of rnc)

We will meet at ube sation (ovepostion of pars)

Propusition phases can describe a noun or verb:

at's mvt at 4:30 Vee, re prepesitinn phrase is describing, when we

ll me, therefore its considered ex adverb)

Th iors ae he evrmer đế dhespet place (9 buy Ce Noe i sis

‘meghborhood (In this case, “atthe comer” is descsibig the store,

and therefore itis considered an adjective)

Propositions ure coonevted w the noun that they follow To separate tis, puc a comma

Thae lived in North Amer 5 Basiera Suro, and Asi

Prepositions can have more than one object, but the objects must be joined with

‘and” or "or

.1 ven lo ợc in Bere Aires om Oe,

hae werkt 21 CIBC and TD

IF you want to use a verb a5 the object of the preposition, the verb must be in the gerard (ing) form:

La ain abou quitting smoking,

Trey ave lồn abou moesing

To explain why you did something, it ie possible to use a verb in the infinitive form, sather than a prepesition 1a this ease the verb As notin the gerard form,

In this seetence: She wut 10 te sie 10 bay condy, the frst °:9" iusvoduces a Drevosition phatase — te the scone The scconé “tn, however, introduces #7 infinitive explain mg the reasun force tip —to buy vandy

have many proposition phrases in a row Each preposition phrase

s the thing inimediate'y belore a If you want the preposition to desccibe something else, vou nzed io put coum in frou oF

Tac mee (othe concer) (of Fane and Bloor Ses

.8 entbedy cdươnd (ái tie ch (oj he vein)

Hr chock ender the ed, the desk, aoa inthe cos, fund mosis

sa Thave to go there myself

Can T speale 1 Frank, pli? No, Ton’ want ty speak sv his secretary T spake hhios yesterday, and T dide’t get any aaswer fom Erstk, T ueed to alk (0 bist: abou: the meeting w'th the chaisma next week ~ we need ta change the time and place of the meeting from tomorrow ar tern bis otice, 1o Wedneséay st 10.10 my office, IF can't talk to hix, he may be late, ard wall be angry at yo

3

Midlo, my name j+ Tony and I'm ealiag fam ABC Insurance I'm just calling to remind you aout our spring spectal o2 home :isurance You can save up to 40% on home insacance if you call before May 3t", Unt May 31°, our ageats will be working

‘extended ours - from 7:30 in tke morning to § 30 in the evening, it order to meet cll

of your needs, and to have tine co answer all of you ques-ons Please calls hack, 3

your conveaienes, Thank yoo

+

‘Hello, I'm calling from Dr Kokut’s office I'd juct te :o confirm your appoiatmen: for tamierow at 100 in the morning TF you am unable so cme we well appreciate š cái from you as soun as possible Otherwise, we will be waiting for you ternorrow Thank you, and have a great day

Building Grammar Shalls

Grammar Point 5 - Prepositions of Place

Prepositions can be ured to connect any ideas, for exam; in alzo deser

‘Ths is very uveful waca Jeserbing where yout wat ly meet,

Here are some euritnon prepositions which are weed Lo show location:

Use ‘on’ with street (Ray Taompsor Tpll is on King St)

‘comer, wher: the building is exactly on the comer

eg The Sivathona Hite) sn tha carver af Vink Send

Wellcgion Si, Use “ae" with corner, wher the builéing ie very ne:

‘ou the commer 6g, Oty Hall sat the comer of Yerk St and Queen St street number —when you ere giving the exact address of a house

[Use “across from” to cescribe two things er opposite sides of the sree

e.g Union Staton i aeross from the Roval Yor Howl Ceo “oP? with directions - Eaax/ West/Norh/South,

16g; Union Staton is south af rhe Roy! York Horet

Buiding Grammar Sialls

‘Answer the following questions using the prenasition provided

6g When ts uke Shoxfoe Rogers conor? (side;

‘The Sky Dune irate the CN Tomer

1 Whece is the CN Tower” (between)

2 Whece is the Roya! Alexandra (Aen) Theater? (00)

3 Whece isthe Haton's Cente? (seross from)

4 Wheve is the Hockey Hall of Fuime? (soutl of)

Whess is Union Station? (en)

18

Building Grammar Shalls

6 Whereis the Metra Toto: Convention Centre? (east ef)

Whee is Roy Thompson Hall? (actess ftom)

8 Whervisthe St Lawnce Merket? (on)

9 Where isthe Raton's Cer? (on)

10, Where isthe Skydome /Rogers Centze? (on)

1), Where isthe Roya) York Havel? (asm Fem)

TOEFL Tip:

Inthe reading section, ic is very imporant ro be able o draw inferences This means thar tae information 19 answer the question will not be dicecty szated in the pastage, find you will kave ro use the informeian provided fo guess the correct axswe:

In that ryce of cuestion, prepositions can be @ useful rool, because they show the conneztions between ideas

For example, if the saege stats that The river runs "from the South", we can infer that itruns “to the Nersh”

Liere are 5 sentences, which are lollowed by 2 sta‘ements each Choose which of the

‘wo scatements is te based on the information provided by prepositions

hp Halls actens fron The Princess of Wales Teale,

1) The owo building: are slose so cách ơther

by The oma bu lings were consitueied at rongly the samme dine

2 Union Station i east oF the C.N Tower

|) Unica Statioa is closer to Laxe Ontario than the C.N Tower

by Unioa Station gets more morning sun

3 Krenkeis 2: his offic

a) He is using the inte-net

by He may eat his desk

4 Ottawa is between Moctceal and Torani

1) Taronn is closer to Ottawa than Monreal is,

+b) Montreal is closer ¢o Ottawa than to Toronto

5 ‘The Royal Ontario Museum is atthe cocner of Avenue Rd, and [oer St

1} Tae Raye Onrasia Muscum as empry space in fro of it

b) Thereaie many streets sear the Royal Ontario Museum,

rmmar Skalls

Grammar Point 6 - Prepositions of Time

1 During/for

“During” shows that twa events napsened a’ the same time

ie aseen daring he movie Les fring Sen Braccce daring the by eur tnacke

“Tex deseribes the length of time,

1 t0 jor 2 hours Tiare soe Bar for 5 dans, Exercise 6.4 Choose the better of the two prepositions, “during” or “for”

1 met her iy vacati

2 They will be ina meeting wo hours

3 Please stay hese the aitemoon

4 She can wait here the speech,

5 Mov sorry thar Tdide’ranswer your call, bur yeu called avery

impartans menting

By/undl

‘This isa very simple paie ro understand: Hf there isa change in condition, “by vse

ce, The poche trot iter iow Ir li bere at $:20em, The condition will change — um aot hee to here, Therefore, ase Ce prepositions "by"

ise pace wl be hve by 9:09

eg Jam not shed now, J wil be fished t anc,

fi 1 unfinished to linished Therefore, use Lie preposition "by ne condition will char

i fh by lnc

Ifthe condition/situation does not changed, use “until”

eR Fam wasting mom all be waiting et $09, Taece is 30 change in consition (wait-wa'ty Thersfom, use the preposition “anil”

Ton wes unt 5:0,

Building Grammar Shalls

2, Please make sure that nobody leaves the office the afternoon,

3 The offer mus: be handed in tomorrow,

4 He must wait dn 400,

He must be ready leave Ue end af the brea,

3, Through/ throughout "Through fea rerio of mwement

Please go through she office and down the halt,

Iter cific toga toh coe of you cot spe the irguae

Throughout Thụ nâng thmgled ủe đọc Taek yh yar nv nly đơn me preposition oftime it means all che time

4, Before/by

Before usually éescribes a prepacation priot to another event, and is move general

Yeu shoud ce departre ime tafe leaving forthe airs Yeu shoud always die tho price before nanaing over your ciel cord

Yeu must complete the inornductory cise before starting the intermediste owe

By usually deseuibes an etding time

Please moive sve shar year are by $60 Yeu hare soins by this event

Wher you talk about a holiday, you can say “nn” ar “at” "On" means “the specific flay", while at" sans he general time

eg On Christmas = on December 25

At Christmas = Late December, early January Garena can ony open she presents on Chrisaraas moons (on the 25°)

At Caritas, there is oft sto (ve eine fone around Clistis)

(On New Years (Day) = January TT

At Now Year's = December 26°10 eacly January Teds tiffealeco wckenp ox Nevw XeurX (00m7)

ng ry to pay of ut New Yeurs (around the ime)

Bustding Grammas Siatts

6 Atthe beginning/ in the beginning; At the ead/in the end

This i the only cave wher "at" is more ep2cifie dan ‘in"

Use “At the begina:ag/end” whea you are talking about a special event, Sor example a boo move, celationshia, 2c, Tis is followed by the prepos

phrase “ar ”

din wrest she sry a he Bening of the bok ba figure tov

ut hai vay dheoush

‘Use “In tre beginning “ens” when vow are tuking about generalicies

da ike Ws heise tine Fmt ir, bun teed we boca utes

eg Meflight leaves at 7:30, you med 2 aviv a 5.3026 last 3 bei tome

© Oteot the rude things thet you can dois to not arrive on tne for dimer

eis moar acre ae for a party, but rt fr ter ary,

1 the beganing of the movie, there is a spectacula: sunrise

2, The tnst wonds of the Bible are: the beginming "

3 Even though chevked the depasture Gime wsclime, the plade đid rõ, leeve

Building Grammar Shalls

8, Using prepositions to put events in order There are two common problems when discussing time rekuionships — one problem ceals with neo everss in the past, and aaolBer prosiem deals we events m the Future

8.1 Events in dhe past

‘When yor: want te sy “before naw”, yert ean ase the wore: “g0""

eg, He arrived 1wo days before now = He arrived two ds ag

She was ready tw hours ketie now = She was ceady tw hours dội:

TDIONOT SAY “Fe arrived two éays before ”

"She was ready two hours before.”

‘When you wont to usea different rime, you caa use the oreposition “before

6 had called two times before yrstenday

They eat there cwice before last veat

§2 events in the forare

When you ace describing events in the futuce, there is a similasidea

To show shat something will harp “alter nin, ue dhe preposition iy"

eg Lil iss em manus after re = vfs 2 ton manna,

ll cet yo hone half sar ere = Fuel mrt yo there i alfa

ow

Levi inch after on minutos DOES NOT MEAN: Lvl ons in ton mason

| arsived here three weeks ago After three days, Thad a job,

days.agn | Bdays gn, Vad a job)

| will wait fortwo hours After thas, Uwill go home (= in 121 minutes, [wll

leave)

arrived here 21

2 He doesn't feel well he just arrived here we days

Vonalost ready 1 wil be finished 20 vsimates

4 She went to Korea last year, and it was very exciling because she had never been away that

5, Im sorry you miseed hàn; hế called 2 ieuAs 5.00

Exercise 6.5

In the following sentences, chacse the beter of he pteposior4

1 Will you be there (by tkoouphous) 5? I'm 1g sure—because of the sate after work,

J not sure if 9¢ able to make it (at/or} times,

If you want wo reach the bank (by/uatily 5:00, you have to leave (before ntl) 2:30

“He & newer (inZon) time far anything TF you want him to arrive (ain) 6:00, you have to tel hun tờ aujve (aU/in) 530

4 In order :o finish university, people must sar sudving (pefore/during) the summer (belore/hy) starting sera]

5 All apalications must be submitted on or (before/ducing) May 14" in order to be consideted forthe fail semester

6 (Av/an) che beginning uf chapter L, the bouk is prety boring, bu: (bya) the end of the second chapter it hecames eally irreesting

Building Grammar Shalls Exercise 6.6

In the following paragraphs, chowse (he better of the (wu prepositions

1 {knew that chus may be a surprise for you (at/in) the begining of the couse, bic (befoze/by) staring she course, I want everybody to write a quick paragraph I have tanghe this writing course (Guring/for) six years, and I have roticed tna! nenple da Detter I Uiey stant writing immediately [ wall hand cul pape? — please don't star writing (by/ aati) everybody nas paper

2 ‘Lh pizza that you ordeced (2/on) 6:30pm hes been made ane its 00 its wey 1

‘should arrive ac wour hose (by./unti}) 7:00 If it doesn’t at: ve ar that re, please cell tas and yo will get + refund, (AtZon) the New Year's hnlidays we are always huey and usually our "30 Minutes or Iis Free” guarantee does cot apply (lor/dusing) thas time

3 "The movie starts well, but ends poody (At/u) the begte:ting Of Ue fast ene, we see the golice chase a suspect (U:ougl:/thvouguout) the steets of Pais Ths is exciting, fut the scene continues (for/during) 25 mimctes They con't catch the suspect (oy fut) his car runs vut of yas, Unfortunately, (at/ia) the end of the movie

ve find our tha they were chasing the wrong person nl along

4 (Trough /thcougleeat) the second half of We 20° century there was an incredible amouut of space exp oration, Because of Ure competition between the USSR aa thế

US, very mney money was spent an specs (before/by) going, however, born sides needed to ensure the safery of the people who wen: there The astconauts and cosmonauts aad to enduse tra nicg (tov/dusing) months, and even years (before/by) the launch of tae rockers

(Durinp/For) the last few years, many nations have introenieed hone an the

‘catching of whales, Recase of this, he numhers have rerumed t1 levele

‘that existed (at/in) the beginning of the 20" century However, (at/in) the last few

‘years, some fers have Feguy whaling, again This has sparked fears shar rhe

‘magnificent nampback Waale may cisappear (by: until) she enc oF the 22™ century and many countries have stared enforcing bans agais

In gonerel, in is more epceife ar means in or around, For example,

{In schoot" means in the sea00l building “Ar schoct” means in schoo, in tbe playground, on the juagle-gyen, oa the week, ete

athe offce” means inside the office “Ar re ofice” means ir the office + om the les tar + in the caTeteria + inthe smoKing loungE, ec

“# Remember: “Homes” means house | garage | Bont yard back yard + garden,

‘Also, a “homme” car be a house, apartment, condominium, 1om-rent, ete

“Home” isan iden, rather thar a specific place Therefhre, with hare you should, always se a

2 On ys, tn transpestation)

‘When you deseribe public taaspostation, use the prepos

6 Ow the subway, om the bus, on the plane othe man, on the

‘When you deseribe ceivate transporacion, use

In hacer, Ms, te canoe, tte ast, in he

‘There are thee commen exceptions:

With four, motareycle ad biyele use “on

Onvs At

‘The relationship becwoen On and At is very similar to the rlasionship between In

ad AL AL is swore general, while On in rue spexitic

Louk at these ei

“On she corner” means exactly where two steers crs,

“AL the corner” sneaus somewhere neai ox 0a the comer

"On the beach” reas really on the beac, near the wacer

“atte boat” mages on the Leach oz n the store or in the eas or in the water,

Building Grammar Shalls

4 In, On, and At~ other uses:

Use “In” for Countries tn Canada i Japan

Cities In Teron, in Sect Provinces/States fu Orta írMewvnr Prison/Hespital

Pare Use "On far Stivers, Avenue Onda Sr, am Male 8

‘Rivets (ateans near) My jicase « on te Biwaber River the Beach

Use "Ar for Sueet Number Ar 477 Jane St

Exercise 7-4 Chocse the bes: of the two prepositions in exch sentence,

1's somy, Halyna isn’t exe now, she's somewhere (at/in) her office

1 can fine my Blackbersy anywhete—1 hope | did't ‘eave it(in/oa) the subway She just bought a new cottage i's quite anezing, ane sight (in/on) the beach,

Trey live (at/on) Jane Steeer (ator) number 180,

‘We will be waving for you somewhere (ator) the corner ef Bloor and Yonge,

5, Near/ncarby

[Nest ise preposivinn sehiel shows position ~ clase lo sornething,

Tey fiw neor she sco, sey dont sed «car, [Nearby isan adjective or adverb, nat a preposirian ~ it means near he-e

Istherea bank nearby?

DO NOT SAY “nearby here”

6, In/inside

Ins used in a general sense — no specific space:

Titve in Canada Tnsideis used ina very specificfelosed space:

‘There ore tomice snide com

Bustding Grammas Siatts

7 Below /under

Below sinowe tat itere is space between the objects:

“The other afc ic the fs below ows

‘The poople who lie below us are usually ver) que Under chavs that there isoxmtacr betwee the ects

Thove is semettang under the book heed a hide sven mde the rp shee

8 Hece are wo lists of prepositions which are aen caniised,

fg Hee inolew (omporitins of place)

‘Se wad tuto the roe (nrepestcon of wasn)

Theta is on tho table iprposition of place)

Please put the oa ama tie Fale onepestion of een)

eg The parking ls behind she post ofc (preposition f place)

‘The hide nan behind he foc fprepsiton sftmoren]

Wate along Yonge St and you wn come 0 she labs (reposuion ef mostoa)

“The ere ree along Boor St derneen Jone and Bararymede (orepestion of place)

Building Grammar Shalls Giving directions

ving directions in English is very simple becavse directions sze

of small seatences anc eary ideas, nor oae complex ide2 simply a comaination

‘The mnost common phrase used when yeu give directions is: “Ro” + preposition + object

62 You wil came wa park — po tet

Yeu wil come 1 "T”" txenection ~g0 Fig Its also common to let people know what kind of land=natks they will pass on tne Way just io mole chem fee! moce comfonable

Your wil prs ake CN Loser on she rv

Yeu wil see 9 bg hss bling on he eh — beep gong

‘The conpass divwevions North and South are usualy sais “up" and own”,

nạ Gia Taxi Ave

Govdown Vou

Things to remember about giving directions:

> donc vay “please”, or "you", Simply “gu south,” “uur right,” ete

don’: use the proposition “to” sub

gat south

lett fnoxth

‘aight cast

dace west

don’: forger articles:

shew you say a specific thing, say “thế”

eq Tonight at the fst igi

‘when you ate nor talking abot afar

eg You wil se aschcol om tine et

den'tuse articles with nares

eg Gomomt cw the Yonge St

ding Grammar Ska

Exercise 7.2

‘Look at the following ma Give dir

sự The Opere House ~ The Hor-zua

Go soutk on Bay Strect You will pass College Paric on you:

lens from various locations to various lecations

Give directions ftom: — Aic Canada Cenvre © St, Michael's Hespital, Four Season's

Botel to Eaton's Certte; The Couryard Hotel to AGO; Marriot Hotel to Roy

Lzompson Hai

Building Grammar Shalls Grammar Point 8 - Various Pairs

1, Wher you wre mdéiny « plan or preparativi: dbo a hutiday, you eat sty“

eg Peare suing amay for our anniversary

means that we are celebrating by taking a ten

We are going away at our aniversary

‘ayeans we will leave that time

2, Wecanse de Hecause of

Bocauss off a preposition - itis followed by « noun/prenous or town clause

Tam hey enue of hej ar

‘Because is eunjunetion - xs fellowed by a subject and ver’

Tone ee bene ris t0 owed shoe!

3 Between & Among

Berwoun indicates a choiee of two things

‘he work is spl betwean the bw sreretares

Among indicates a choive of move thaa two things

“A fe of am spite chores among thomsen,

4, Despite & In spite of

Despite shows contras:, sup

do not use with “oF”

In spite of shows enntvast, surprising situation muø be Falnwved hy "ot"

‘The key point is “of”: don't say “despite of”

¿ng trao

5, Tnstend af & Instead

“These twa prepositions have the same meaning, but “instead ' goes atthe end of the sentence whole "instead of” neecs an abvect

bg Hie etow w go to Lino instead of Asi for his vacation

is father wad lion toby dso insea! uf «designer She id's wan 10 g0 50 Asia —she wanted 00 ge 10 Europe instead

‘Her morhor di ant he be) carer —she ante her fb a hayes

instead

2g The clair ise because ofthe rain

‘They ave upset becaase of te 21

If you want ta show that an action eaused the result, iis better to say “from”

eg She sired from running arcun el day

“Hex frm working underground

7 Foe & the infinitive

‘When you want to explain toe reason you did something, these are two common ways firse you can shown resbl, Inthisense, vse # on ton

tá Leameinre for business

Tere nse for wrest

Tae choice of company ‘tip is (among/between) New York and Toroato,

She went to the store (to buy:'tor buying) stamps, but hasn't returned

| don't want a bis cottage ~ just an 2 qui place (to tor velaxing

‘Toe dog is panting easily (because of/from) runing 9p ard,

(Despite e£/in spite of the rain, the picnic was less of fun,

All thoce of the Finalists can split the prize (emong/bctween) them

Excuse me need an outlet (for pluggengy/'to plug) ia my laptoa,

Hiis back is sore (because off tom) the new exercise

9 They điển apply to che university ia this city — they applied co d

Building Grammar Shalls

5 Information

When you are describing an information source, y

preposition: cu need to use fae appropriate

Fill in dhe appropriate preposii

Did you hear te news?

Bear it? didn't hea: abou: 7 ead about it _ the newpapers, Telso saw it

‘TV last night What do you think?

Well, I'm not sure, Tdon't believe everything Ter the newspaper

Sure, and I don't believe everything that I reac_ the insemet either But somethicg this big ifir's borb the netand the aapess it vust be a: Least pactially uve

‘Well, I chins you'll be readéng abour it _ the newspapers especially

tabloid newepapere soon Once a story Tike this «the media, it will ay dheve for a tong time,

Line L ‘The giving of gilts has become cutle a problem for many people,

especially me ‘over the las decade, 1 seems thal mow, throughout the

sat on the git

Why the change in attinude? Are presents made hy hand meals conked from scratch — nat of value anymore? Ate Trey not as gnect as thane

Songh in dhe sere? Did che end of the 197% and the beginning af the Tine 18 19806 signal the end oP ereativty and arginality?

‘When it comes ro pif: giving, itis mone important to ry than ro đo

In any country, the feelings behind the present are stl the most impo-tant thông The usefulness of gis will sever he ay inaportent es (hế reeset for their being given, Nomatier how hun! advertivens ry uo corivinee peeple Line 20 that they need to spend alot of muney on present

succeed in eliminating hand made gifts they will never really

TOEFL Tip:

When you are writag on the :B', time management is very important You only have 20 or 30 minetes to were an essay, When you ate writing, DO NOT WORRY ABOUT MISTAKES Everybody makes mistakes However, you MUST budget AL LEAST 3 sinutes at the ex of the session for editing, If you do this, you wil very

Le ÿ cate al! af tr mivakes

A very commor mistake is omitting prepositions Remember to check that every noun which is not the subject, verb, or object has to have a preposition

Exercise 8.4

Building Grammar Shalls

(Complete the passage with an approp-ite preposition, Use the prepos:cions in the box:

eo work, play their Kids, g0

vacations and bàng thcie Sends, However, ‘iferens Ccounicies, peuple do the sume things flere

‘Tae the example eating Canada, having a meal the satay the xay

‘work or 8 meeting 8 completely Tang, ————_ Tham, however eee ssxeet is considered rade

The important cuestion is not "Is st rude?", buc rather “Is the way its done HERE”

‘The insporcant thing to keep mind is to be respectful If poople see that you try, but make mistake:, hey will no get upset, However, if you always ny 1 db

‘things the sacre way’ thas you do orae be ready sa nat have any fiends

Bustding Grammas Siatts

Exercise 8.5

Here is a series of paragraphs which are very well written put co not have any

1s Fil in dhe blanis with the appropriate preposition whee nevsssary

According a reweat survey, many ihe people who hive by cities

‘are setually healthier than people wno live _ the seburts, "There are many

seasons — this "The list one ss tat people who live fs usually walk more ~ _the stoze, _ wor, and even_ tie subway People wh live

te suburbs, —— — he eter and, walk Jess and (end drive _ ore places, Another reason he Terence heaHhisat —- tie/00dwHiehis available _ the city i usually more expensive toan the food the suburbs, se people con't eat mạch People the suburbs can gouge

“outlet malls”, _ which they can buy huge báạs — — potAfO cligs, nachos and cookies Because that, they alwayshave a lot food the house, s0 they eat move, Thirdly, because the lack public transit the suburbs, people who live these tene’ drive mare arc walk Jess They sit _ the eat all the time = the average drive work is 65 minutes ~ and walk less This leads more problems,

‘The Hovse with Caimaeras, or Horodetsky House, is 2 major Ant Nouveas building

—— Kyiv, the capital Utraine, It was built _ the period _ 199 and

1902 noredarchiseet Viadislay Korodetsky, who was known the Gaudi

—— Kyiv The building derives its ame its orate decorasiocs depicting various scenes exuie aaimals and hunting scenes, becouse Slurodessky liked bhuncing, Ite situated _No, 10, Bankova Street, from she Presigert _ Ulraine'’s office the hisxtore Pechers neigkborkeod — — 2005, í has been