NORME INTERNATIONALE CEI IEC INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 61982 2 Première édition First edition 2002 08 Accumulateurs pour la propulsion des véhicules routiers électriques – Partie 2 Essai de performance d[.]
Domaine d’application
This section of IEC 61982 outlines the testing and requirements for capacity and endurance tests of accumulator batteries used in vehicle propulsion applications Its aim is to define key characteristics of the elements and accumulator batteries employed in the propulsion of road electric vehicles, along with the corresponding testing methods.
Les essais peuvent être utilisés spécifiquement pour tester des accumulateurs dans des véhicules tels que des véhicules de tourisme, des motos, des véhicules utilitaires légers, etc.
Précision des instruments de mesure
Instruments de mesure électriques
3.1.1.1 Gamme des dispositifs de mesure
The instruments used must enable accurate measurement of voltage and current values The scale and measurement methods of these instruments should be selected to ensure the specified precision for each test For analog instruments, this means that readings should be taken from the last third of the graduated scale.
Tout autre instrument de mesure peut être utilisé dans la mesure ó il donne une précision équivalente.
Instruments for measuring voltage should be voltmeters with a precision class of at least 0.5 Additionally, the resistance of the voltmeters used must be a minimum of
1 000 Ω/V (voir la CEI 60051 ou la CEI 60485).
Instruments for measuring current should be ammeters with a minimum precision class of 0.5 The complete assembly of ammeters, shunts, and cables must also meet a precision class of at least 0.5, as outlined in IEC 60051 or referenced in IEC 60359.
Mesure de la température
Les instruments de mesure de la température doivent avoir une échelle de graduation qui convient et dans laquelle la valeur de chaque division graduée ne dépasse pas 1 K.
La précision absolue de l'instrument doit être au moins de 0,5 K.
Mesure de la densité des électrolytes
Pour mesurer la densité des électrolytes, des hydromètres doivent être utilisés avec des échelles graduées de telle sorte que la valeur de chaque division ne dépasse pas 5 kg/m 3
La précision absolue de l’instrument doit être d’au moins 5 kg/m 3
Mesure du temps
Les instruments utilisés pour mesurer le temps doivent avoir une précision d’au moins ±1 %.
NOTE N'importe quel instrument peut être utilisé à condition que les exigences de précision de 3.1 soient maintenues.
Dispositions générales
Régime de vitesse de réponse du courant
Le régime de vitesse de réponse du courant pendant les essais de dynamique doit être ≤1 s d'un état stable à un autre.
Température – électrolyte accessible
La température de l’élément doit être mesurée en utilisant une sonde immergée dans l'électrolyte au-dessus des plaques.
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The instruments used shall enable the values of voltage and current to be correctly measured.
To ensure the specified accuracy for each test, the selection of instruments and measuring methods must be appropriate For analogue instruments, it is essential to take readings in the final third of the graduated scale.
Any other measuring instruments may be used provided they give an equivalent accuracy.
The instruments used for voltage measurement shall be voltmeters of an accuracy class equal to 0,5 or better The resistance of the voltmeters used shall be at least 1 000 Ω/V (see
For accurate current measurement, ammeters must have an accuracy class of 0.5 or better Additionally, the complete setup, including the ammeter, shunt, and leads, should also meet the same accuracy standard of 0.5 or higher, in accordance with IEC 60051 and IEC 60359 guidelines.
Temperature measuring instruments must have an appropriate range, ensuring that no graduated division exceeds 1 K Additionally, the instruments should maintain an absolute accuracy of at least 0.5 K.
To measure electrolyte densities, hydrometers must be utilized with scales that have divisions not exceeding 5 kg/m³ Additionally, the instrument's absolute accuracy should be a minimum of 5 kg/m³.
The instruments used for measuring time shall have an accuracy of ±1 % or better.
NOTE Any instrument may be used on condition that the accuracy requirements of 3.1 are maintained.
The current slew rate during the dynamic tests shall be ≤1 s from one steady state to the next.
The cell temperature shall be measured by use of a temperature probe immersed in the electrolyte above the plates.
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Température – électrolyte non accessible
The temperature of the element should be measured using a surface temperature measurement system It is essential to measure the temperature at a location that best reflects the temperature of the electrolyte.
Lecture de la densité des électrolytes
Due to varying stabilization times among elements, density readings of electrolytes should be taken at the most suitable moments for the test sample, while also considering the constraints of the testing regime.
Préparation des échantillons d’essai
The components of the test unit, which are subject to dynamic discharge performance tests or dynamic endurance tests, must have previously achieved a real capacity that is at least equal to the assigned capacity.
Conditions d'essai
The dynamic endurance test should be conducted with the test unit, preferably partially submerged in an oil or water bath The temperature must be maintained within the specified test values at ±2 °C, and the circulation in the bath should ensure effective cooling of the components Testing temperatures are detailed in Annex A.
When physical constraints prevent the use of liquid coolers, air coolers can be utilized In such cases, and for accumulators with an integrated thermal control system, the same testing conditions as those used with liquid thermal control must be applied.
Pendant l'essai, si applicable et si nécessaire, le niveau de l'électrolyte doit être maintenu dans les limites recommandées par le fabricant.
Charge et repos après la charge
The elements must be charged according to the manufacturer's specified charging procedure and within the limits of this standard before the discharge test After charging, the test sample should rest for 1 to 4 hours at ambient temperature prior to the discharge test.
Capacité assignée et conditionnement
Considérations de base
Pour les besoins de cet essai, la capacité assignée (C n ) doit être considérée comme la capacité de 3 h utilisant la température et la tension finale (U f3 ) définies à l'annexe A.
La décharge en courant constant est: h 3 n C n
I n est le courant constant, en ampères (A);
C n est la capacité assignée, en ampères-heures (Ah).
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The cell temperature shall be measured by use of a surface temperature-measuring device.
The temperature shall be measured at a location, which most closely reflects the electrolyte temperature.
Electrolyte density readings should be conducted at optimal times for the test sample, considering the different stabilization rates of cells while adhering to the testing protocol.
3.3 Preparation of the test samples
Cells in the test unit must demonstrate an actual capacity that meets or exceeds the rated capacity before undergoing dynamic discharge performance or endurance testing.
The dynamic endurance test should be conducted with the test unit, ideally partially submerged in an oil or water bath It is essential to maintain the temperature within ±2 °C of the specified value, and the bath must ensure effective circulation for optimal cooling of the cells Detailed test temperatures can be found in annex A.
In situations where physical limitations restrict the use of liquid coolants, air-cooling becomes a viable alternative For batteries equipped with an integrated thermal management system, it is essential to apply the same testing conditions as those used in liquid thermal management.
During the test, if applicable and necessary, the electrolyte level shall be kept within the limits recommended by the manufacturer.
3.5 Charging and rest after charge
Cells must be charged according to the manufacturer's specified procedure and within the limits set by this standard before conducting the discharge test Following the charging process, the test sample should be stored for a duration of 1 to 4 hours at the ambient temperature designated for the test.
For the purpose of this test, the rated capacity (C n ) shall be regarded as the 3 h capacity using the temperature and final voltage (U f3 ) defined in annex A.
The constant discharge current is: h 3 n C n
I n is the constant current, in amperes (A);
C n is the rated capacity, in ampere-hours (Ah).
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Conditionnement
Avant de commencer l'essai, l'accumulateur doit être conditionné selon les spécifications du fabricant.
The conditioning of accumulators should be halted after the first cycle once the assigned capacity is reached If the accumulator fails to achieve the assigned capacity within 10 cycles, the test is terminated.
Essai de performance de décharge dynamique
Considérations de base
The aim of this essay is to outline the conditions under which it is possible to determine the capacity value of a battery, which is closely related to the available capacity for an electric road vehicle application.
In electric vehicle applications, propulsion batteries must deliver varying current levels Driving profiles can be simplified into high current for acceleration, low current for constant speed, and zero current during rest periods Additionally, during vehicle braking, a high-rate charging phase is included in the testing profile for regenerative charging.
Détermination du cycle des essais sans charge régénératrice
Le cycle de performance de décharge dynamique doit être représenté par un micro-cycle répété de 60 s ayant trois niveaux de courant:
Définition du cycle des essais avec charge régénératrice
Le cycle de performance de décharge dynamique doit être représenté par un micro-cycle répété de 60 s ayant quatre niveaux de courant:
Le fabricant peut prescrire une tension maximale qui ne doit pas être dépassée pendant la phase de recharge I rc
Définition des performances de décharge dynamique
4.2.4.1 Cycle d'essai sans charge régénératrice
The dynamic capacity C da (measured in ampere-hours, Ah) represents the amount of electricity that charged accumulator elements can deliver during a discharge cycle, as outlined in section 4.2.2, until reaching a final voltage of U f (V) per element after being rested according to section 3.3.
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Before starting the test, the battery shall be conditioned according to the manufacturer’s specifications.
Battery conditioning should stop once the rated capacity is reached during the first cycle If the battery does not achieve the rated value within 10 cycles, testing will be halted.
The aim of this test is to determine the conditions necessary to calculate the battery capacity, which is directly linked to the usable capacity in electric road vehicle applications.
In electric vehicle applications, propulsion batteries must deliver a range of current rates to accommodate different driving conditions These driving profiles typically include high-rate current for acceleration, low-rate current for maintaining constant speed, and zero current during rest periods.
When considering battery recharging during vehicle braking (regenerative charging), a high- rate recharge pulse is incorporated in the test profile.
4.2.2 Test cycle definition without regenerative charging
The dynamic discharge performance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle having three current levels:
4.2.3 Test cycle definition with regenerative charging
The dynamic discharge performance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle having four current levels:
The manufacturer can prescribe a maximum voltage that shall not be exceeded during the I rc pulse.
4.2.4 Definition of dynamic discharge performance
4.2.4.1 Test cycle without regenerative charging
The dynamic capacity C da, expressed in ampere-hours (Ah), represents the total discharge of cells during a repeated cycle, as outlined in section 4.2.2 This process begins with a fully charged battery, which has been stored according to the guidelines in section 3.3, and concludes at a final discharge voltage of U f (V) per cell.
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4.2.4.2 Cycle d'essai avec charge régénératrice
The dynamic capacity C dar (measured in ampere-hours, Ah) represents the net amount of electricity that a charged accumulator can deliver after resting, calculated by subtracting the regenerative charge capacity from the total discharged capacity This capacity is determined according to the repeated cycle described in section 4.2.3, until reaching a final discharge voltage of U f (V) per cell.
Essai d'endurance dynamique
Considérations de base
The aim of this essay is to ascertain the number of discharge cycles accumulated until the actual capacity (C da or C dar) decreases to 80% of its initial capacity, in accordance with the procedures outlined in sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3 during testing.
Cycle d'essai sans charge régénératrice
Le cycle d’endurance dynamique doit être représenté par un micro-cycle répété de 60 s comme défini en 4.2.2 (voir figure 1).
La durée du cycle de décharge doit être fixée à 80 % de la valeur obtenue lorsque l'accu- mulateur a été essayé selon 4.2.2 et évalué en accord avec 4.2.4.1, avant l'essai d'endurance.
Cycle d'essai avec charge régénératrice
Le cycle d’endurance dynamique doit être représenté par un micro-cycle répété de 60 s comme défini en 4.2.3 (voir figure 2).
La durée du cycle de décharge doit être fixée à 80 % de la valeur obtenue lorsque l'accumulateur a été essayé selon 4.2.3 et évalué en accord avec 4.2.4.2, avant l'essai d'endurance.
Essai d'endurance
Charging should be initiated within one hour after the previous discharge It is important that the charging profile, as defined by the manufacturer, ideally allows for a full recharge within 8 hours.
Après la recharge, l'accumulateur doit être mis au repos pendant une période allant de 1 h à 4 h.
La décharge doit être entreprise en utilisant le cycle d'essai décrit en 4.3.2 ou 4.3.3.
Les périodes de charge et de repos doivent être organisées, si possible, pour permettre au moins deux cycles de charge/décharge par jour.
A des intervalles réguliers de 50 cycles, des essais de performance de décharge dynamique doivent être pratiqués selon 4.2.2 ou 4.2.3 pour enregistrer l’évolution de capacité.
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4.2.4.2 Test cycle with regenerative charging
The dynamic capacity C dar (measured in ampere-hours (Ah)) is the net amount of discharge
The regenerative charge capacity, when subtracted from the total discharged capacity, is analyzed during the repeated discharge cycles outlined in section 4.2.3 This process begins with a battery that has been charged and stored as described in section 3.3, ultimately reaching a final discharge voltage of U f (V) per cell.
The purpose of this test is to assess the total number of discharge cycles until the actual capacity (C da or C dar) decreases to 80% of its initial value, following the procedures outlined in sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3.
4.3.2 Test cycle without regenerative charging
The dynamic endurance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle as defined in 4.2.2 (see figure 1).
The discharge cycle duration shall be fixed to 80 % of the value obtained when the battery was tested according to 4.2.2, and assessed according to 4.2.4.1, prior to the endurance test.
4.3.3 Test cycle with regenerative charging
The dynamic endurance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle as defined in 4.2.3 (see figure 2).
The discharge cycle duration shall be fixed to 80 % of the value obtained when the battery was tested according to 4.2.3, and assessed according to 4.2.4.2, prior to the endurance test.
The recharge shall follow within 1 h after the previous discharge The charge profile, as stated by the manufacturer, preferably should allow for a full recharge within 8 h.
After the recharge, the battery shall be stored for 1 h to 4 h.
The discharge shall be carried out using the test cycle described in 4.3.2 or 4.3.3.
When possible, the charge and rest periods shall be arranged to allow at least two charge/discharge cycles per day.
At regular intervals of 50 cycles, a dynamic discharge performance test shall be performed according to 4.2.2 or 4.2.3 to record the capacity development.
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Un cycle de régénération des accumulateurs spécifié par le fabricant est permis à des intervalles de non moins de 50 cycles de charge/décharge.
4.3.4.7 Critère de fin de vie
The end of life is reached when the capacity drops to 80% of the capacity obtained during the accumulator test as per sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3, conducted prior to the endurance test, or falls below this threshold during two consecutive cycles.
L'essai d'endurance est alors considéré comme terminé.
Les valeurs suivantes doivent être enregistrées:
– capacité calculée pour chaque cycle de décharge;
– nombre total de cycles de décharge accomplis.
Remarques
Comparaison d'accumulateurs
Les résultats de ces essais de performance de décharge dynamique et d’endurance dynamique sont destinés à la comparaison d’accumulateurs d'un même système électro- chimique.
Définition de la tension d’un élément
La tension d’un élément doit être la tension de l'unité à l'essai divisé par le nombre d'éléments.
Séquence d'essais
– l'essai de performance de décharge dynamique (voir 4.2),
– l'essai d'endurance dynamique (voir 4.3) doivent être exécutés dans l'ordre stipulé dans cette norme.
Nombre d'éléments d'essai lors de l'essai de capacité dynamique
L'essai de performance de décharge dynamique (voir 4.2) peut être exécuté soit sur une nouvelle batterie d’accumulateurs complète soit sur une partie représentative de celle-ci.
Nombre d'éléments d'essai lors de l'essai d'endurance
The dynamic endurance test is a destructive procedure that must be conducted on a battery pack consisting of at least five identical cells connected in series This test can be performed on either a complete new battery pack or a representative portion of it.
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A reconditioning cycle specified by the manufacturer is allowed at intervals of not less than
The end of a battery's life is defined as the point when its capacity drops to 80% of the original capacity measured during testing, as outlined in sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3, prior to the endurance test, or when it falls below this threshold over two consecutive cycles.
The endurance test is then considered as completed.
The following shall be recorded:
– calculated capacity for each discharge cycle;
– total number of discharge cycles achieved.
The results of the dynamic discharge performance and dynamic endurance test are intended for the comparison of batteries of the same electrochemical system.
The cell voltage shall be the voltage of the test unit divided by the number of cells.
– dynamic discharge performance test (see 4.2),
– dynamic endurance test (see 4.3) shall be carried out in the order stated in this standard.
4.4.4 Number of test cells in the dynamic capacity test
The dynamic discharge performance test (see 4.2) may be carried out either on a new complete battery or on a representative part thereof.
4.4.5 Number of test cells in the endurance test
The dynamic endurance test, as outlined in section 4.3, is a destructive evaluation performed on a battery consisting of at least five identical cells connected in series This test can be conducted on either a new complete battery or a representative sample of it.
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Scope
IEC 61982 outlines the testing and requirements for capacity and endurance of secondary batteries utilized in vehicle propulsion The standard aims to define key characteristics of cells and batteries for electric road vehicles, along with the appropriate testing methods for their specification.
The tests may be used specifically to test batteries developed for use in vehicles such as light passenger vehicles, motor cycles, light commercial vehicles, etc.
Normative references
The referenced documents are essential for the application of this document For dated references, only the specified edition is applicable, while for undated references, the most recent edition, including any amendments, is relevant.
IEC 60050-486:1991, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 486:
IEC 60051, (all parts) Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and their accessories
IEC 60359, Expression of the Functional Performance of Electronic Measuring Equipment
IEC 60485, Digital electronic d.c voltmeters and d.c electronic analogue-to-digital converters
For the purpose of this part of IEC 61982, the following definitions and those of IEC 60050-486 apply.
2.1 nominal voltage numerical value of the voltage of a cell, dependent on the electrochemical system
NOTE 1 The symbol used for the nominal voltage of a cell is “U n (V)”.
NOTE 2 Nominal voltages are given in annex A.
2.2 rated capacity quantity of electricity which a fully charged cell or battery can deliver, when discharged at a constant current I n to a final voltage U f over a period of n hours and at a specified temperature
NOTE The rated capacity C n of a cell or battery is declared by the manufacturer.
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3.1 Précision des instruments de mesure
3.1.1.1 Gamme des dispositifs de mesure
The instruments used must enable accurate measurement of voltage and current values The scale and measurement methods of these instruments should be selected to ensure the specified precision for each test For analog instruments, this means that readings should be taken from the last third of the graduated scale.
Tout autre instrument de mesure peut être utilisé dans la mesure ó il donne une précision équivalente.
Instruments for measuring voltage should be voltmeters with a minimum accuracy class of 0.5 Additionally, the resistance of the voltmeters used must be at least a specified value.
1 000 Ω/V (voir la CEI 60051 ou la CEI 60485).
Instruments for measuring current must be ammeters with a minimum precision class of 0.5 The complete assembly of ammeters, shunts, and cables should also meet a precision class of at least 0.5, as outlined in IEC 60051 or referenced in IEC 60359.
Les instruments de mesure de la température doivent avoir une échelle de graduation qui convient et dans laquelle la valeur de chaque division graduée ne dépasse pas 1 K.
La précision absolue de l'instrument doit être au moins de 0,5 K.
3.1.3 Mesure de la densité des électrolytes
Pour mesurer la densité des électrolytes, des hydromètres doivent être utilisés avec des échelles graduées de telle sorte que la valeur de chaque division ne dépasse pas 5 kg/m 3
La précision absolue de l’instrument doit être d’au moins 5 kg/m 3
Les instruments utilisés pour mesurer le temps doivent avoir une précision d’au moins ±1 %.
NOTE N'importe quel instrument peut être utilisé à condition que les exigences de précision de 3.1 soient maintenues.
3.2.1 Régime de vitesse de réponse du courant
Le régime de vitesse de réponse du courant pendant les essais de dynamique doit être ≤1 s d'un état stable à un autre.
La température de l’élément doit être mesurée en utilisant une sonde immergée dans l'électrolyte au-dessus des plaques.
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Accuracy of measuring instruments
Electrical measuring instruments
The instruments used shall enable the values of voltage and current to be correctly measured.
To ensure the specified accuracy for each test, the selection of instruments and measuring methods must be appropriate For analogue instruments, it is essential to take readings in the final third of the graduated scale.
Any other measuring instruments may be used provided they give an equivalent accuracy.
The instruments used for voltage measurement shall be voltmeters of an accuracy class equal to 0,5 or better The resistance of the voltmeters used shall be at least 1 000 Ω/V (see
For accurate current measurement, ammeters must have an accuracy class of 0.5 or better Additionally, the complete setup, including the ammeter, shunt, and leads, should also meet the same accuracy standard of 0.5 or higher, in accordance with IEC 60051 and IEC 60359.
Temperature measurement
Temperature measuring instruments must have an appropriate range, ensuring that no graduated division exceeds 1 K Additionally, the instruments should maintain an absolute accuracy of at least 0.5 K.
Electrolyte density measurement
To measure electrolyte densities, hydrometers must be utilized with scales that have divisions not exceeding 5 kg/m³ Additionally, the instrument's absolute accuracy should be a minimum of 5 kg/m³.
Time measurement
The instruments used for measuring time shall have an accuracy of ±1 % or better.
NOTE Any instrument may be used on condition that the accuracy requirements of 3.1 are maintained.
General provisions
Current slew rate
The current slew rate during the dynamic tests shall be ≤1 s from one steady state to the next.
Temperature – electrolyte accessible
The cell temperature shall be measured by use of a temperature probe immersed in the electrolyte above the plates.
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The temperature of the element should be measured using a surface temperature measurement system It is essential to measure the temperature at a location that best reflects the temperature of the electrolyte.
3.2.4 Lecture de la densité des électrolytes
Due to varying stabilization times among elements, density readings of electrolytes should be taken at the most suitable moments for the test sample, while also considering the constraints of the testing regime.
The components of the test unit, which are subject to dynamic discharge performance tests or dynamic endurance tests, must have previously achieved a real capacity that is at least equal to the assigned capacity.
The dynamic endurance test should be conducted with the test unit, ideally partially submerged in an oil or water bath It is essential to maintain the temperature within the specified range of ±2 °C, and the circulation in the bath must ensure effective cooling of the components Testing temperatures are detailed in Annex A.
When physical constraints prevent the use of liquid coolers, air coolers can be utilized In such cases, and for accumulators with an integrated thermal control system, the same testing conditions as those used with liquid thermal control must be applied.
Pendant l'essai, si applicable et si nécessaire, le niveau de l'électrolyte doit être maintenu dans les limites recommandées par le fabricant.
3.5 Charge et repos après la charge
The elements must be charged according to the manufacturer's specified charging procedure and within the limits of this standard before the discharge test After charging, the test sample should rest for 1 to 4 hours at ambient temperature prior to the discharge test.
Pour les besoins de cet essai, la capacité assignée (C n ) doit être considérée comme la capacité de 3 h utilisant la température et la tension finale (U f3 ) définies à l'annexe A.
La décharge en courant constant est: h 3 n C n
I n est le courant constant, en ampères (A);
C n est la capacité assignée, en ampères-heures (Ah).
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Temperature – electrolyte not accessible
The cell temperature shall be measured by use of a surface temperature-measuring device.
The temperature shall be measured at a location, which most closely reflects the electrolyte temperature.
Electrolyte density readings
Electrolyte density readings should be conducted at optimal times for the test sample, considering the different stabilization rates of cells while adhering to the testing protocol.
Preparation of the test samples
Cells in the test unit must demonstrate an actual capacity that meets or exceeds the rated capacity before undergoing dynamic discharge performance or endurance testing.
Test conditions
The dynamic endurance test should be conducted with the test unit, ideally partially submerged in an oil or water bath It is essential to maintain the temperature within ±2 °C of the specified value, and the bath must ensure effective circulation for optimal cooling of the cells Detailed test temperatures can be found in annex A.
In situations where physical limitations restrict the use of liquid coolants, air-cooling becomes a viable alternative For batteries equipped with an integrated thermal management system, it is essential to apply the same testing conditions as those used in liquid thermal management.
During the test, if applicable and necessary, the electrolyte level shall be kept within the limits recommended by the manufacturer.
Charging and rest after charge
Cells must be charged according to the manufacturer's specified procedure and within the limits set by this standard before conducting the discharge test Following the charging process, the test sample should be stored for a duration of 1 to 4 hours at the ambient temperature designated for the test.
Rated capacity and conditioning
Basic considerations
For the purpose of this test, the rated capacity (C n ) shall be regarded as the 3 h capacity using the temperature and final voltage (U f3 ) defined in annex A.
The constant discharge current is: h 3 n C n
I n is the constant current, in amperes (A);
C n is the rated capacity, in ampere-hours (Ah).
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Avant de commencer l'essai, l'accumulateur doit être conditionné selon les spécifications du fabricant.
The conditioning of accumulators should be halted after the first cycle once the assigned capacity is reached If the accumulator fails to achieve the assigned capacity within 10 cycles, the test is terminated.
4.2 Essai de performance de décharge dynamique
The aim of this essay is to outline the conditions under which it is possible to determine the capacity value of the accumulator, which is closely related to the available capacity for an electric road vehicle application.
In electric vehicle applications, propulsion batteries must deliver varying current levels Driving profiles can be simplified into high current for acceleration, low current for constant speed driving, and zero current during rest periods Additionally, during vehicle braking, regenerative charging incorporates a high-rate recharge phase into the testing profile.
4.2.2 Détermination du cycle des essais sans charge régénératrice
Le cycle de performance de décharge dynamique doit être représenté par un micro-cycle répété de 60 s ayant trois niveaux de courant:
4.2.3 Définition du cycle des essais avec charge régénératrice
Le cycle de performance de décharge dynamique doit être représenté par un micro-cycle répété de 60 s ayant quatre niveaux de courant:
Le fabricant peut prescrire une tension maximale qui ne doit pas être dépassée pendant la phase de recharge I rc
4.2.4 Définition des performances de décharge dynamique
4.2.4.1 Cycle d'essai sans charge régénératrice
The dynamic capacity C da, measured in ampere-hours (Ah), represents the amount of electricity that charged accumulator elements can deliver during a discharge cycle, as outlined in section 4.2.2, until reaching a final voltage of U f (V) per element.
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Conditioning
Before starting the test, the battery shall be conditioned according to the manufacturer’s specifications.
Battery conditioning should stop once the rated capacity is reached during the first cycle If the battery does not achieve the rated value within 10 cycles, testing will be halted.
Dynamic discharge performance test
Basic considerations
The aim of this test is to establish the conditions necessary to determine the battery capacity, which is directly linked to the usable capacity in electric road vehicle applications.
In electric vehicle applications, propulsion batteries must deliver a range of current rates to meet varying driving demands These driving profiles can be categorized into three main phases: high-rate current for acceleration, low-rate current for maintaining constant speed, and zero current during rest periods.
When considering battery recharging during vehicle braking (regenerative charging), a high- rate recharge pulse is incorporated in the test profile.
Test cycle definition without regenerative charging
The dynamic discharge performance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle having three current levels:
Test cycle definition with regenerative charging
The dynamic discharge performance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle having four current levels:
The manufacturer can prescribe a maximum voltage that shall not be exceeded during the I rc pulse.
Definition of dynamic discharge performance
4.2.4.1 Test cycle without regenerative charging
The dynamic capacity C da, expressed in ampere-hours (Ah), represents the total discharge of cells during a repeated cycle, as outlined in section 4.2.2 This process begins with a fully charged battery, which has been stored according to the guidelines in section 3.3, and concludes at a final discharge voltage of U f (V) per cell.
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4.2.4.2 Cycle d'essai avec charge régénératrice
The dynamic capacity C dar (measured in ampere-hours, Ah) represents the net amount of electricity that a charged accumulator can deliver after being rested, calculated by subtracting the regenerative charge capacity from the total discharged capacity This capacity is determined based on the repeated cycle described in section 4.2.3, until reaching a final discharge voltage of U f (V) per cell.
The aim of this essay is to establish the number of discharge cycles accumulated until the actual capacity (C da or C dar) decreases to 80% of its initial capacity, in accordance with the procedures outlined in sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3.
4.3.2 Cycle d'essai sans charge régénératrice
Le cycle d’endurance dynamique doit être représenté par un micro-cycle répété de 60 s comme défini en 4.2.2 (voir figure 1).
La durée du cycle de décharge doit être fixée à 80 % de la valeur obtenue lorsque l'accu- mulateur a été essayé selon 4.2.2 et évalué en accord avec 4.2.4.1, avant l'essai d'endurance.
4.3.3 Cycle d'essai avec charge régénératrice
Le cycle d’endurance dynamique doit être représenté par un micro-cycle répété de 60 s comme défini en 4.2.3 (voir figure 2).
La durée du cycle de décharge doit être fixée à 80 % de la valeur obtenue lorsque l'accumulateur a été essayé selon 4.2.3 et évalué en accord avec 4.2.4.2, avant l'essai d'endurance.
Charging should occur within one hour after the previous discharge It is important that the charging profile, as defined by the manufacturer, ideally allows for a full recharge within 8 hours.
Après la recharge, l'accumulateur doit être mis au repos pendant une période allant de 1 h à 4 h.
La décharge doit être entreprise en utilisant le cycle d'essai décrit en 4.3.2 ou 4.3.3.
Les périodes de charge et de repos doivent être organisées, si possible, pour permettre au moins deux cycles de charge/décharge par jour.
A des intervalles réguliers de 50 cycles, des essais de performance de décharge dynamique doivent être pratiqués selon 4.2.2 ou 4.2.3 pour enregistrer l’évolution de capacité.
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4.2.4.2 Test cycle with regenerative charging
The dynamic capacity C dar (measured in ampere-hours (Ah)) is the net amount of discharge
The regenerative charge capacity, when subtracted from the total discharged capacity, is analyzed during the repeated discharge cycles outlined in section 4.2.3 This process begins with a battery that has been charged and stored as described in section 3.3, ultimately reaching a final discharge voltage of U f (V) per cell.
Dynamic endurance test
Basic considerations
The purpose of this test is to assess the total number of discharge cycles until the actual capacity (C da or C dar) decreases to 80% of its initial value, following the procedures outlined in sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3.
Test cycle without regenerative charging
The dynamic endurance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle as defined in 4.2.2 (see figure 1).
The discharge cycle duration shall be fixed to 80 % of the value obtained when the battery was tested according to 4.2.2, and assessed according to 4.2.4.1, prior to the endurance test.
Test cycle with regenerative charging
The dynamic endurance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle as defined in 4.2.3 (see figure 2).
The discharge cycle duration shall be fixed to 80 % of the value obtained when the battery was tested according to 4.2.3, and assessed according to 4.2.4.2, prior to the endurance test.
Endurance test
The recharge shall follow within 1 h after the previous discharge The charge profile, as stated by the manufacturer, preferably should allow for a full recharge within 8 h.
After the recharge, the battery shall be stored for 1 h to 4 h.
The discharge shall be carried out using the test cycle described in 4.3.2 or 4.3.3.
When possible, the charge and rest periods shall be arranged to allow at least two charge/discharge cycles per day.
At regular intervals of 50 cycles, a dynamic discharge performance test shall be performed according to 4.2.2 or 4.2.3 to record the capacity development.
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Un cycle de régénération des accumulateurs spécifié par le fabricant est permis à des intervalles de non moins de 50 cycles de charge/décharge.
4.3.4.7 Critère de fin de vie
The end of life is reached when the capacity drops to 80% of the capacity obtained during the accumulator test as per sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3, conducted prior to the endurance test, or falls below this threshold during two consecutive cycles.
L'essai d'endurance est alors considéré comme terminé.
Les valeurs suivantes doivent être enregistrées:
– capacité calculée pour chaque cycle de décharge;
– nombre total de cycles de décharge accomplis.
Les résultats de ces essais de performance de décharge dynamique et d’endurance dynamique sont destinés à la comparaison d’accumulateurs d'un même système électro- chimique.
4.4.2 Définition de la tension d’un élément
La tension d’un élément doit être la tension de l'unité à l'essai divisé par le nombre d'éléments.
– l'essai de performance de décharge dynamique (voir 4.2),
– l'essai d'endurance dynamique (voir 4.3) doivent être exécutés dans l'ordre stipulé dans cette norme.
4.4.4 Nombre d'éléments d'essai lors de l'essai de capacité dynamique
L'essai de performance de décharge dynamique (voir 4.2) peut être exécuté soit sur une nouvelle batterie d’accumulateurs complète soit sur une partie représentative de celle-ci.
4.4.5 Nombre d'éléments d'essai lors de l'essai d'endurance
The dynamic endurance test is a destructive procedure that must be conducted on a battery pack consisting of at least five identical cells connected in series This test can be performed on either a complete new battery pack or a representative portion of it.
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A reconditioning cycle specified by the manufacturer is allowed at intervals of not less than
The end of a battery's life is defined as the point when its capacity drops to 80% of the original capacity measured during testing, as outlined in sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3, prior to the endurance test, or when it falls below this threshold for two consecutive cycles.
The endurance test is then considered as completed.
The following shall be recorded:
– calculated capacity for each discharge cycle;
– total number of discharge cycles achieved.
Remarks
Comparison of batteries
The results of the dynamic discharge performance and dynamic endurance test are intended for the comparison of batteries of the same electrochemical system.
Definition of cell voltage
The cell voltage shall be the voltage of the test unit divided by the number of cells.
Test sequence
– dynamic discharge performance test (see 4.2),
– dynamic endurance test (see 4.3) shall be carried out in the order stated in this standard.
Number of test cells in the dynamic capacity test
The dynamic discharge performance test (see 4.2) may be carried out either on a new complete battery or on a representative part thereof.
Number of test cells in the endurance test
The dynamic endurance test, as outlined in section 4.3, is a destructive procedure that must be performed on a battery consisting of at least five identical cells connected in series This test can be conducted on either a new complete battery or a representative sample of it.
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If necessary, it is advisable to provide mechanical support for the test samples to ensure they maintain the same dimensions as when the sample elements are installed in a battery configuration.
Profil de décharge dynamique sans charge régénératrice
Figure 1 – Profil d'essai sans charge régénératrice
Profil de décharge dynamique avec charge régénératrice
Figure 2 – Profil d'essai avec charge régénératrice
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Mechanical support
If necessary, mechanical support should be provided for the test samples in order to maintain the same dimensions as when installed in batteries.
Dynamic discharge profile without regenerative charging
Figure 1 – Test profile without regenerative charging
Dynamic discharge profile with regenerative charging
Figure 2 – Test profile with regenerative charging
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Liste de paramètres pour quelques systèmes d'accumulateurs
Tableau A.1 – Liste de paramètres pour quelques systèmes d'accumulateurs
Paramètre Plomb-acide Ni/Cd Ni/MH Na/NiCI 2
Phase de décharge courant haut I dh (A) 5,2 × I 3 5,2 × I 3 5,2 × I 3 5,2 × I 3
Phase de décharge courant bas I dl (A) 1,3 × I 3 1,3 × I 3 1,3 × I 3 1,3 × I 3
Phase de charge régénératrice I rc (A) 2,6 × I 3 2,6 × I 3 2,6 × I 3 2,6 × I 3
Les valeurs typiques pour les accumulateurs en voie de développement seront indiquées ultérieurement par le fabricant.
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List of parameters for some battery systems
Table A.1 – List of parameters for some battery systems
Parameter Lead-acid Ni/Cd Ni/MH Na/NiCl 2
High-current discharge pulse I dh (A) 5,2 × I 3 5,2 × I 3 5,2 × I 3 5,2 × I 3
Low-current discharge pulse I dl (A) 1,3 × I 3 1,3 × I 3 1,3 × I 3 1,3 × I 3
Typical values for developmental batteries will be stated by the manufacturer.
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