NORME INTERNATIONALE CEI IEC INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 61922 Première édition First edition 2002 06 Installations de chauffage par induction haute fréquence – Méthodes d''''essai pour la détermination de la[.]
Charge par calorimètre conique
The conical calorimeter charge is typically utilized as part of the test load This calorimeter facilitates easy load adjustment and allows for modifications to inductive elements without the need to disconnect components from the system, such as the water supply to the calorimeter.
Méthode de la température du filament
Cette méthode de la température du filament est utilisée pour les applications jusqu’à environ
20 kW Il est possible d’adapter la charge en choisissant les lampes ou en en combinant plusieurs en parallèle ou en série.
Charges résistives adaptées
Une charge résistive adaptée peut être utilisée pour les applications ó la charge résistive peut être connectée aux bornes de sortie haute fréquence.
Le champ électromagnétique des emplacements occupés par le personnel d’essai doit être conforme aux règlements de sécurité nationaux et/ou internationaux.
Measurement devices should not be affected by high-frequency fields Specifically, mercury thermometers should not be exposed to high magnetic fields.
Pour toutes les méthodes de mesure calorimétriques indiquées, on doit veiller à mesurer la température de sortie aussi près que possible de la charge.
In addition to the indicated calorimetric methods, direct electrical measurement techniques can also be employed It is essential that the current and voltage transformers, as well as the measuring device, are suitable for the power factor, operating frequency, and harmonics The total sum of all errors must not exceed 5%.
NOTE Dans les cas particuliers ó il est nécessaire de mesurer les puissances dans la plage de 100 W à 500 W, il convient que les erreurs supérieures à 5 % soient acceptées.
Charge par calorimètre conique
An example is illustrated in Figure 2, where the outer walls of the calorimeter are made of carbon steel The use of high-alloy steel is not recommended due to its lower magnetic permeability compared to most loads used in practical applications The wall thickness must provide adequate mechanical strength, especially in cases of overheating The inner cone may also be constructed from steel It is important that the cross-section of the water circulation components is as uniform as possible to ensure an appropriate water velocity for optimal heat exchange.
For simulating the load above the Curie point, a calorimeter with external walls made of brass or austenitic stainless steel can be utilized.
The external dimensions of the cone should be selected to ensure that the surface power density in the areas of the calorimeter covered by the inductive element does not exceed 0.5 kW/cm² Typical dimensions are provided in Figure 2.
A higher surface power density can lead to excessive heating of the calorimeter walls, resulting in increased radiation losses and greater errors in power determination.
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The conical calorimeter load serves as a crucial component of the test load, facilitating seamless load matching and allowing for the modification of inductors without the need to disconnect any installation parts.
(e.g water connections to the calorimeter).
The lamp load temperature method is suitable for applications up to approximately 20 kW Load matching can be achieved through the careful selection of individual lamps or by combining multiple lamps in parallel and/or series configurations.
A matched resistive load can be used for applications where the resistive load can be connected to the high-frequency output terminals.
Electromagnetic fields in places occupied by attending personnel shall conform with national and/or international safety regulations.
High-frequency fields should not affect measuring devices In particular, mercury thermometers should not be placed in magnetic fields of great strength.
For all listed calorimetric measurement methods, care shall be taken that the outlet temperature will be measured as close as possible to the load.
In addition to calorimetric methods, direct electric measurement techniques can be employed, provided that the current and voltage transformers, along with the measurement instruments, are compatible with the power factor, operating frequency, and its harmonics It is essential that the total error remains within a limit of 5%.
NOTE In special cases when it is necessary to measure powers in the range from 100 W to 500 W, the errors greater than 5 % should be accepted.
Figure 2 illustrates a typical calorimeter design, featuring external walls constructed from carbon steel High alloy steel is discouraged due to its lower magnetic permeability compared to commonly used loads The wall thickness must ensure sufficient mechanical strength, particularly under overheating conditions Additionally, the inner cone may also be made of steel, and the cross-sectional area for water flow should be uniform to maintain optimal water velocity for effective heat exchange.
NOTE 1 For the simulation of the load above the Curie point, the calorimeter with external walls made of brass or austenitic stainless steel can be used.
The cone's external dimensions must be selected to ensure that the surface power density in the calorimeter areas covered by the inductor remains below 0.5 kW/cm² Typical dimensions are illustrated in Figure 2.
NOTE 2 Higher surface power density may cause excessive heating of the calorimeter walls and, in consequence, greater losses for radiation and greater errors of power determination.
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A higher surface power density and a non-coaxial placement of the calorimeter within the inductive element can lead to local overheating and wall perforation If a higher surface power density is required for a specific test, a simple cylindrical calorimeter with a reduced wall thickness—no less than 0.6 mm—and intensive cooling can be utilized However, such a device is prone to damage, making it essential for the outer casing to be easily replaceable.
Le calorimètre doit être refroidi à l’eau Le débit d’eau recommandé serait d’environ 1 l/min par kW, mais pas moins de 0,5 l/min par kW Ce débit d’eau doit être stable.
Pour éviter la formation de vapeur, il convient que le débit d’eau soit surveillé par exemple au moyen de contrôleurs de débit.
NOTE 3 Une faible surchauffe locale des parois à une température inférieure à 500 °C (couleur rouge foncé à peine visible) est acceptable et n’affecte pas les résultats de manière significative.
La température de l’eau en entrée ne doit pas dépasser 35 °C.
La température de l’eau en sortie ne doit pas dépasser 60 °C.
La différence entre température de sortie et température d’entrée doit être d’au moins 10 °C pour obtenir des résultats d’une précision acceptable.
On peut utiliser toute eau du robinet.
Measurements should be taken when the load is at thermal equilibrium It is essential to use high-precision thermometers and flow meters to ensure that the output power measurement accuracy is within ±5%.
The calorimeter is positioned coaxially within the test inductive element connected to the output terminals of the testing equipment The load can be adjusted by moving the calorimeter up and down within the inductive element For this purpose, a load processing machine can be utilized, with the rotational movement disabled.
The inductance of the test inductive element should be comparable to that of inductive components commonly used in practice This test inductive element may have one or more turns and should ideally be made of copper tubing.
High-frequency current connections to the test inductive element should be as short and wide as possible, placed side by side to minimize parasitic inductance, especially for single-turn inductive elements.
The inductive element is positioned 5 mm away from the calorimeter (see Figure 2) In specific applications, this distance can be reduced to 1.5 mm However, shorter distances are not advisable due to the potential risk of bypassing or uneven heating.
Il convient que la plupart des éléments inductifs d’essai (à l’exception de ceux de très faible puissance) soient refroidis à l’eau.
Méthode de la température du filament
This method is applicable only to generator types that do not produce harmonic power in the test load If harmonic generation occurs, a harmonic suppression filter, such as a complementary resonant circuit, must be employed Additionally, the losses in this circuit should also be measured.
Figure 6 illustrates a typical example of loading test equipment using multiple lamps connected in parallel, forming a load lamp group The load lamp group h1 is connected to the output terminals of the generator in place of the inductive element This method is feasible when a high-frequency transformer reduces the high-frequency output voltage of the equipment It is essential to connect the lamps with equal and as short as possible low-inductance wires The number of lamps required depends on the assigned output power of the test equipment, and the lamps must be capable of dissipating this power For frequencies up to approximately 1 MHz, any type of lamp can be used, while for frequencies above 1 MHz, short filament lamps are recommended.
When the equipment is operational, the filament temperature must be measured by comparing it with another H2 lamp of the same type as those in the H1 lamp group connected to the mains through a voltage regulator The voltage of the comparison lamp is adjusted to match the temperature of the H1 lamp By measuring the voltage and current flowing through the H2 lamp, the product of these values multiplied by the number of lamps in the H1 group yields the dissipated power, which also represents the high-frequency output power of the high-frequency generator.
Pour améliorer la comparaison, il convient de faire fonctionner les lampes à 70 % maximum de leur tension assignée L’utilisation de lampes dont les ampoules ne sont pas transparentes n’est pas recommandée.
Les dispositifs types de mesure des températures peuvent comporter des cellules photoélectriques (voir annexe A à la CEI 61308) ou des pyromètres.
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The power in the calorimeter is calculated from the following equation:
P is the power in the calorimeter, in kW;
Q is the water flow rate, in l/min;
∆T is the temperature difference, in °C, between water inlet and outlet temperatures.
Power losses in the inductor and connections to the generator's output terminals will be measured calorimetrically and calculated using the same equation as the calorimeter To determine the high-frequency output power of the generator, these losses will be combined with the power dissipated in the calorimeter.
The accuracy of power output measurement shall be within ±5 %.
Inserting the calorimeter deeply into the inductor may lead to equipment overload during testing When evaluating the electromagnetic compatibility of an electronic valve generator, as per CISPR 11, it is possible to intentionally induce overload to assess the generator's susceptibility to parasitic oscillations To prevent overheating of the anode, it may be necessary to reduce the anode voltage.
The high-frequency output power generated in non-ferrous charges can often be significantly less than the power dissipated in a steel calorimeter.
This method is applicable solely to generator types that do not produce harmonic power in the test load If harmonic power is present, it is essential to employ a harmonic suppression filter, such as an additional resonant circuit, and to measure the losses within this circuit as well.
In the testing setup illustrated in Figure 6, a load lamp group consisting of several parallel-connected lamps is utilized to load the equipment under test This configuration replaces the inductor and is feasible when a high-frequency transformer is present to lower the high-frequency output voltage It is essential to connect the lamps with short, low-inductance leads of equal length The quantity of lamps required is determined by the rated output power of the equipment, and they must be capable of dissipating this power For frequencies up to 1 MHz, any type of lamp is suitable, while for frequencies exceeding 1 MHz, lamps with short filament leads are recommended.
To measure the temperature of the filaments when the equipment is powered on, a comparison is made with another lamp (h2) of the same type as those in the load lamp group (h1) This comparison lamp is connected to the mains supply via a voltage regulating device, and its voltage is adjusted to match the temperature of lamp h1 By measuring the voltage and current through lamp h2, and multiplying this product by the number of lamps (n) in group h1, the power dissipated is calculated, which also represents the high-frequency output power of the high-frequency generator.
To enhance the comparison, it is advisable to operate the lamps at no more than 70% of their rated voltage Additionally, using lamps with non-transparent bulbs is discouraged.
Typical temperature measuring devices may include photoelectric cells (see annex A to
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La précision de la mesure de la puissance de sortie doit être dans les limites de ±5 %.
It is important to note that starting certain induction heating generators on cold filament lamps can lead to overload In some instances, a low-power preheating of the filament is required, after which it is possible to switch to full power immediately.
Conical calorimeter load
The conical calorimeter load serves as a crucial component of the test load, facilitating seamless load matching and allowing for the modification of inductors without the need to disconnect any installation components.
(e.g water connections to the calorimeter).
Lamp load temperature method
The lamp load temperature method is suitable for applications up to approximately 20 kW, allowing for effective load matching through the careful selection of individual lamps or by combining multiple lamps in parallel and/or series configurations.
Matched resistive loads
A matched resistive load can be used for applications where the resistive load can be connected to the high-frequency output terminals.
Electromagnetic fields in places occupied by attending personnel shall conform with national and/or international safety regulations.
High-frequency fields should not affect measuring devices In particular, mercury thermometers should not be placed in magnetic fields of great strength.
For all listed calorimetric measurement methods, care shall be taken that the outlet temperature will be measured as close as possible to the load.
In addition to calorimetric methods, direct electric measurement techniques can be employed It is essential that the current and voltage transformers, along with the measurement instrument, are compatible with the power factor, operating frequency, and its harmonics Furthermore, the total error must remain within a limit of 5%.
NOTE In special cases when it is necessary to measure powers in the range from 100 W to 500 W, the errors greater than 5 % should be accepted.
Conical calorimeter load
Figure 2 illustrates a typical calorimeter design, featuring external walls constructed from carbon steel High alloy steel is discouraged due to its lower magnetic permeability compared to commonly used loads The wall thickness must ensure sufficient mechanical strength, particularly under overheating conditions Additionally, the inner cone may also be made of steel, and the cross-section of water flow areas should be uniform to maintain optimal water velocity for effective heat exchange.
NOTE 1 For the simulation of the load above the Curie point, the calorimeter with external walls made of brass or austenitic stainless steel can be used.
The cone's external dimensions must be selected to ensure that the surface power density in the calorimeter areas covered by the inductor remains below 0.5 kW/cm² Typical dimensions are illustrated in Figure 2.
NOTE 2 Higher surface power density may cause excessive heating of the calorimeter walls and, in consequence, greater losses for radiation and greater errors of power determination.
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A higher surface power density and a non-coaxial placement of the calorimeter within the inductive element can lead to local overheating and wall perforation If a higher surface power density is required for a specific test, a simple cylindrical calorimeter with a reduced wall thickness—no less than 0.6 mm—and intensive cooling can be utilized However, such a device is prone to damage, making it essential for the outer casing to be easily replaceable.
Le calorimètre doit être refroidi à l’eau Le débit d’eau recommandé serait d’environ 1 l/min par kW, mais pas moins de 0,5 l/min par kW Ce débit d’eau doit être stable.
Pour éviter la formation de vapeur, il convient que le débit d’eau soit surveillé par exemple au moyen de contrôleurs de débit.
NOTE 3 Une faible surchauffe locale des parois à une température inférieure à 500 °C (couleur rouge foncé à peine visible) est acceptable et n’affecte pas les résultats de manière significative.
La température de l’eau en entrée ne doit pas dépasser 35 °C.
La température de l’eau en sortie ne doit pas dépasser 60 °C.
La différence entre température de sortie et température d’entrée doit être d’au moins 10 °C pour obtenir des résultats d’une précision acceptable.
On peut utiliser toute eau du robinet.
Measurements should be taken when the load is at thermal equilibrium It is essential to use high-precision thermometers and flow meters to ensure that the output power measurement accuracy is within ±5%.
The calorimeter is positioned coaxially within the test inductive element connected to the output terminals of the testing equipment The load can be adjusted by moving the calorimeter up and down within the inductive element For this purpose, a load processing machine can be utilized, with the rotational movement disabled.
The inductance of the test inductive element should be comparable to that of inductive components commonly used in practice This test inductive element may have one or more turns and should ideally be made of copper tubing.
High-frequency current connections to the test inductive element should be as short and wide as possible, placed side by side to minimize parasitic inductance, especially for single-turn inductive elements.
The inductive element is positioned 5 mm away from the calorimeter (see Figure 2) In specific applications, this distance can be reduced to 1.5 mm However, shorter distances are not advisable due to the potential risk of bypassing or uneven heating.
Il convient que la plupart des éléments inductifs d’essai (à l’exception de ceux de très faible puissance) soient refroidis à l’eau.
The inductance of inductive elements with a coil can be minimized, allowing for uniform heating of the calorimeter This can be achieved by attaching a copper sheet to the winding through strong brazing, ensuring that the sheet conforms to the contour of the calorimeter section where the inductive element is located.
L’exemple d’élément inductif d’essai est représenté à la figure 4 et les équations pour le calcul de l’inductance sont données à l’annexe A.
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Higher surface power density or non-coaxial placement of the calorimeter in the inductor can lead to local overheating and wall perforation If increased surface power density is essential for specific tests, a simple cylindrical calorimeter with a wall thickness of at least 0.6 mm and enhanced cooling can be utilized However, due to its susceptibility to damage, the outer shell of the calorimeter should be designed for easy interchangeability.
The calorimeter shall be water cooled A recommended water flow would be about 1 l/min per kW, but not less than 0,5 l/min per kW The water flow rate shall be stable.
To avoid the formation of steam, the water flow should be monitored, for instance, by means of flow interlocking switches.
NOTE 3 Small local overheating of the walls to a temperature less than 500 °C (hardly visible dark red colour) is acceptable and does not significantly affect the results.
The water inlet temperature shall not exceed 35 °C.
The water outlet temperature shall not exceed 60 °C.
The difference between the outlet temperature and the inlet temperature shall be at least 10 °C in order to obtain results of an acceptable accuracy.
Any tap water can be used.
Measurements should be conducted when the load is in thermal equilibrium To achieve an accuracy of power output measurement within ±5%, it is essential to utilize high-precision thermometers and flow meters.
The calorimeter is positioned coaxially within the test inductor, linked to the output terminals of the equipment being tested The load can be modified by adjusting the calorimeter's position vertically within the inductor, utilizing a charge handling machine with the rotational movement disabled for this adjustment.
The test inductor's inductance should match the typical inductance values found in practical applications It can consist of one or more turns and must be constructed from copper pipe.
To minimize stray inductance in high-frequency current connections to test inductors, particularly for one-turn inductors, it is essential to keep the connections as short as possible, broad, and positioned side by side.
The standard separation between the inductor and the calorimeter is 5 mm, as illustrated in figure 2 In specific applications, this distance may be reduced to 1.5 mm; however, smaller separations are discouraged due to the risk of flashovers and uneven heating.
Most test inductors (except for those with the lowest power) should be water cooled.
Lamp load temperature method
This method is applicable solely to generator types that do not produce harmonic power in the test load If harmonic power is present, it is essential to employ a harmonic suppression filter, such as an additional resonant circuit Additionally, the losses within this circuit must also be measured.
In the testing setup illustrated in Figure 6, a load lamp group consisting of several lamps connected in parallel is utilized to load the equipment under test This load lamp group, labeled h1, is connected to the generator's output terminals in place of the inductor This method is feasible when a high-frequency transformer is present, which lowers the high-frequency output voltage of the equipment It is essential to connect the lamps with short, low-inductance leads of equal length The quantity of lamps required is determined by the rated output power of the equipment, and they must be capable of dissipating this power For frequencies up to 1 MHz, any type of lamps can be employed, while for frequencies exceeding 1 MHz, lamps with short filament leads are recommended.
To measure the temperature of the filaments when the equipment is powered on, a comparison is made with another lamp (h2) of the same type as those in the load lamp group (h1) This comparison lamp is connected to the mains supply via a voltage regulating device, and its voltage is adjusted to match the temperature of lamp h1 By measuring the voltage and current through lamp h2, and multiplying this product by the number of lamps in group h1, the power dissipated is calculated, which corresponds to the high-frequency output power of the high-frequency generator.
To enhance the comparison, lamps should be operated at no more than 70% of their rated voltage, and it is advisable to avoid using lamps with non-transparent bulbs.
Typical temperature measuring devices may include photoelectric cells (see annex A to
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La précision de la mesure de la puissance de sortie doit être dans les limites de ±5 %.
It is important to note that starting certain induction heating generators on cold filament lamps can lead to overload In some instances, a low-power preheating of the filament is required, after which it is possible to switch to full power immediately.
The appropriate resistive load, without reactive components, takes the form of a resistance that can be cooled by natural air convection, forced air, or water It is connected to the low-voltage output terminals of the generator, rather than to the inductive element The required resistance value depends on the radio frequency output voltage of the device under test This method is only applicable to generators that do not produce harmonic power in the test load; otherwise, a harmonic suppression filter, such as a complementary resonant circuit, must be employed, and the losses in this circuit should also be measured.
Power is measured by assessing the current or voltage across a resistor, with measuring devices capable of directly indicating power as either \$I^2 R\$ or \$\frac{V^2}{R}\$ Suitable resistive loads are available on the market, ranging from a few dozen watts to several hundred kilowatts.
La figure 3 présente l’exemple de résistance à l’eau.
The output power is measured by the direct current flow in water To achieve this, two electrodes are placed inside a box Water flows through the box, which is made of insulating material.
The maximum charge to prevent steam bubbles is 200 W/cm², with a minimum electrode spacing of 10 mm Greater distances may be beneficial for higher load resistance Charge adaptation can be achieved by varying the immersion depth of the electrodes The maximum power characteristics of the electrodes can vary from 1 to 4 Electrodes can be made from non-magnetic materials such as copper or stainless steel The specific conductivity of water should be within the range of 300 µS/cm.
500 àmho/cm Le volume de la chambre de mộlange doit ờtre d’au moins 0,1 Q x 1 min Q est donné en l/min (voir l’équation 1).
La composante réactive de la charge peut être simulée par l’inductance complémentaire.
L’exemple de cette inductance en tuyau de cuivre avec élément coulissant pour la régulation de l’inductance est donné à la figure 5.
5.3.3 Autres charges de résistance à l’eau
The water resistance load, as outlined in section 3.1.1 of IEC 61308, can be utilized in situations where it is feasible to match the impedance of this load to the output impedance of the generator.
For devices operating at frequencies above 1 MHz and equipped with a high-frequency output transformer, the load should be connected in parallel to the output terminals of the unloaded work coil The load resistance must be at least
The load should be five times greater than the reactance of the working coil If this condition cannot be met, it may be possible to connect the load to the output terminals instead of the working coil However, disconnecting the working coil can impact the frequency, so the effect on the generator's behavior must be assessed.
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The accuracy of power output measurement shall be within ±5 %.
Induction heating generators can cause overloading when switched on with cold filament lamps To prevent this, it may be necessary to preheat the filament at a low power level before switching to full power.
Matched resistive loads
A matched resistive load, consisting solely of a resistor, can be effectively cooled through natural air convection, forced air, or water This load can be connected to the low voltage output terminals of the generator in place of an inductor, with the required resistance value determined by the radio-frequency output voltage of the device being tested This approach is applicable only to generators that do not produce harmonic power in the test load; otherwise, a harmonic suppression filter, such as an additional resonant circuit, must be employed, and the losses in this circuit should also be measured.
Power can be determined by measuring the current or voltage across a resistor, with meters capable of directly indicating power as \$I^2 R\$ or \$\frac{V^2}{R}\$ Matched resistor loads are available commercially, ranging from tens of watts to hundreds of kilowatts.
The example of the water resistance is shown in figure 3.
The output power is determined by the direct current flowing through the water, facilitated by two electrodes positioned within an insulated box Water flows through this box, ensuring accurate measurements of the electrical output.
To prevent vapor bubbles, the maximum load should not exceed 200 W/cm², with a minimum electrode gap of 10 mm Increasing the distance between electrodes can be beneficial when a larger load resistor is required Load matching can be achieved by adjusting the immersion depth of the electrodes, allowing for a power rating variation of 1 to 4 Electrodes can be constructed from non-magnetic materials like copper or stainless steel, and the specific conductivity of water should range between 300 and 500 µmho/cm.
The volume of the mixing chamber shall be 0,1 Q × 1 min, at least Q is given in l/min (see equation 1).
The load's reactive component can be represented by an added inductance, exemplified by a copper pipe design featuring a sliding element for inductance adjustment, as illustrated in Figure 5.
The water-resistance load outlined in section 3.1.1 of IEC 61308 is applicable when the impedance of the load can be aligned with the output impedance of the generator.
For devices operating at frequencies above 1 MHz and utilizing a high-frequency output transformer, the load must be connected in parallel to the empty workcoil at the output terminals The load resistance should be at least five times greater than the workcoil's reactance If this requirement cannot be met, the load may be connected directly to the output terminals instead of the workcoil However, disconnecting the workcoil may influence the frequency, necessitating an assessment of its impact on the generator's performance.
Harmonics can emerge in electrical systems, necessitating the use of methods to eliminate them One effective approach is to implement a complementary resonant circuit It is also essential to measure the losses within this circuit to ensure optimal performance.
3 Bornes de sortie du générateur
Figure 1 – Définition de la puissance de sortie
MECON Limited is licensed for internal use in Ranchi and Bangalore, with materials supplied by the Book Supply Bureau To suppress certain frequencies, an additional resonant circuit can be employed, and it is essential to measure the losses associated with this circuit.
3 output terminals of the generator
Figure 1 – Definition of the output power
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Dimensions de l’appareil en mm
Modèle Sortie nominale kW b c d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 max d 5 s 1 s 2
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Dimensions of the device Model Nominal mm output kW b c d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 max d 5 s 1 s 2
Figure 2 – Example of the calorimeter
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6 Electrodes en matériau non magnétique
Figure 3 – Exemple de résistance à eau pour la mesure de la puissance
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6 electrodes made of non-magnetic material
Figure 3 – Example of the water resistor for the power measurement
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Légende a Vers les bornes de sortie radiofréquence
L’angle de convergence du cône doit être égal à celui de la paroi externe du calorimètre.
Figure 4 – Exemple d’élément inductif d’essai à une spire
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The angle of convergence of the cone shall be equal to that of the external wall of the calorimeter.
Figure 4 – Example of the one-turn test inductor
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4 Tuyau en cuivre a Distance entre les deux parties de l’inductance d Diamètre du tuyau e Longueur effective du conducteur
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3 sliding element made of copper
4 copper pipe a distance between the two parts of the inductance d diameter of the pipe e effective length of the conductor
Figure 5 – Example of the adjustable inductance
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T Transformateur de sortie r Résistance de régulation h 1 Groupe de lampes de charge h 2 Lampe de comparaison
U h2 Tension de lampe de comparaison
I n Courant de lampe de comparaison
NOTE Si nécessaire, une inductance complémentaire est connectée en série ou en parallèle à la sortie.
Figure 6 – Exemple du circuit pour la mesure par la méthode de la température du filament
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T output transformer r regulation resistor h 1 load lamp group h 2 comparison lamp
NOTE In case of necessity, additional inductance is connected in series or in parallel to the output.
Figure 6 – Example of the circuit for the measurement by the lamp load temperature method
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Calcul de l’inductance de l’élément inductif d’essai
L’inductance de l’élément inductif d’essai (sans charge) peut être calculée avec une précision adéquate (1 %) à partir des équations approchées suivantes: pour les éléments inductifs longs (D/b ≤ 2,5):
≈ + pour les éléments inductifs courts (D/b ≥ 2,5):
L est l’inductance de l’élément inductif sans charge, en microhenrys; n est le nombre de spires de l’élément inductif;
D est le diamètre intérieur de l’élément inductif, en centimètres; b est la longueur de l’élément inductif, en centimètres.
Pour l’élément inductif conique, comme D la valeur de la moyenne arithmétique des diamètres internes minimaux et maximaux de l’élément inductif doit être fixée.
Dans le cas d’un élément inductif sous la forme d’un tuyau rond (sans feuille brasée) pour la détermination de D le diamètre moyen doit être fixé (voir la figure A.1).
Pour l’élément inductif à une spire sous la forme d’un tuyau rond (sans feuille brasée) comme b le diamètre extérieur de la section du tuyau doit être fixé.
Les calculs de l’inductance ci-dessus sont pour l’élément inductif Il faut réaliser un calcul complémentaire et prévoir des tolérances pour les fils de connexion.
For practical applications involving inductive elements with a load or when using an inserted test calorimeter, the resulting inductance is lower and influenced by the load material, temperature, and magnetic coupling between the load and the inductive element The differences in inductance between the loaded inductor and the unloaded state can reach several dozen percent However, due to the potential for shifting the conical calorimeter within the inductive element, which alters the magnetic coupling, these differences hold little practical significance for high-frequency output power measurements as outlined by this standard.
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Calculation of the test inductor inductance
The inductance of the test inductor (without charge) can be calculated with adequate accuracy
(1 %) from the following approximate equations: for long inductors (D/b ≤ 2,5):
L is the inductance of the inductor without charge, in microhenrys; n is the number of turns of the inductor;
D is the internal diameter of the inductor, in centimetres, b is the length of the inductor, in centimetres.
For conical inductor the arithmetic mean value of minimal and maximal internal diameters of the inductor is to be set as D.
In the case of the inductor made of round pipe (without soldered-on sheet) the mean diameter is to be set for the determination of D (see figure A.1).
For the one-turn inductor made of round pipe (without soldered-on sheet) the outer diameter of the cross-section of the pipe is to be set as b.
The above inductance calculations are for the inductor An additional calculation and allowances are to be made for the connecting leads.
The inductance of an inductor with a charge or inserted test calorimeter is typically lower and influenced by the charge's material, temperature, and the magnetic coupling between the charge and the inductor While the differences in inductance can reach several percent, the ability to adjust the position of the conical calorimeter within the inductor alters the magnetic coupling, rendering these variations insignificant for high-frequency output power measurements as outlined in this standard.
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Figure A.1 – Dimensions principales des éléments inductifs d’essai pour le calorimètre conique
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Figure A.1 – Main dimensions of test inductors for the conical calorimeter
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