Microsoft Word 947 5 6f ed1 doc NORME INTERNATIONALE CEI IEC INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 60947 5 6 Première édition First edition 1999 12 Appareillage à basse tension – Partie 5 6 Appareils et éléments de[.]
Entrée de commande de l'amplificateur de commande
The binary output signal of the control amplifier should only change when the operating point of the control circuit is within the corresponding operating range.
Interaction entre le capteur de proximité et l'amplificateur de commande
The proximity sensor must be designed so that, when intentionally activated, the voltage-current curve reliably reaches both high and low impedance states.
L'ộtat de ôhaute impộdanceằ est montrộ à la figure 4 et l'ộtat de ôbasse impộdanceằ à la figure 5.
NOTE Les limites pour le domaine caractéristique autorisé du capteur de proximité et de l'amplificateur de commande ont ộtộ sộlectionnộes de faỗon à mộnager une marge de sộcuritộ.
Courbe continue
In the operational domain (∆l1), the output signal from the proximity sensor must be adjustable Additionally, the transfer slope of the curve should be either positive or negative, and there should be no hysteresis present (refer to the example in Figure 1).
Courbe discontinue
Dans le domaine de fonctionnement (∆l1): a) le signal de sortie du capteur de proximité ne doit pas être ajustable, et b) la courbe doit avoir de l'hytérésis (voir l'exemple à la figure 2).
Courant différentiel
La valeur préférentielle du courant différentiel est 0,2 mA La position préférentielle du courant différentiel est le centre du domaine de fonctionnement (∆l1).
Résistance de ligne
La résistance de ligne ne doit pas excéder 50 Ω.
Résistance d'isolement
La résistance d'isolement ne doit pas être inférieure à 1 MΩ.
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5.1 Control input of the switching amplifier
The binary output signal of the switching amplifier shall only change when the operating point of the control circuit is within the relevant actuating range (see figure 3).
5.2 Interaction between proximity sensor and switching amplifier
The proximity sensor shall be designed in such a way, that when actuated by the intended influence the current-voltage characteristic reliably reaches the “high impedance” and “low impedance” states.
The “high impedance” state is shown in figure 4 and the “low impedance” state in figure 5.
NOTE The limits for the permitted characteristic range of the proximity sensor and the switching amplifier have been selected so as to provide a safety margin.
The output signal of the proximity sensor must be adjustable within the actuating range (∆I1), with the characteristic slope being either positive or negative and without any hysteresis.
Within the actuating range (∆I1): a) the output signal of the proximity sensor shall not be adjustable, and b) the characteristic shall have hysteresis (see the example in figure 2).
The preferred value of the switching current difference is 0,2 mA The preferred position of the switching current difference is the centre of the actuating range (∆I1).
The line resistance shall not exceed 50 Ω.
The insulation resistance shall not be less than 1 MΩ.
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Les données caractéristiques relatives au produit doivent être déclarées par le constructeur, ainsi que des détails sur la procédure de mesure.
Capteurs de proximité
Proximity sensors must include key characteristic data such as operating frequency, transfer slope for continuous curves, differential travel for discontinuous curves, nominal range, and availability delay.
The data above must be linked to the operating conditions as per section 9.2, including the operating, transport, and storage temperature range; the direction of operation, detailing how to achieve low or high impedance states; installation instructions; the degree of protection IP according to IEC 60947-1, Annex C; and the impact of variations in supply voltage and ambient temperature on the characteristic data.
Amplificateurs de commutation
For switching amplifiers, the manufacturer's specifications should include the following key elements: a) assigned supply voltage(s); b) operating frequency and switching time; c) differential current; d) switching point positions for the differential current as per item c); e) operating, transport, and storage temperature ranges; f) output signal assignments based on monitoring and operating ranges; g) description of output signals; h) effects of supply voltage and ambient temperature variations on characteristic data; i) installation instructions; and j) IP protection degree according to IEC 60947-1, Annex C.
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Characteristic product data shall be stated by the manufacturer together with details of the measuring procedure.
For proximity sensors such characteristic data shall include the following: a) operating frequency; b) slope with continuous characteristic; c) switching travel difference with discontinuous characteristic; d) rated operating distance; e) time delay before availability.
The data pertains to the rated operating conditions as outlined in section 9.2, including the operating, transport, and storage temperature range, the method for achieving low or high impedance states, installation instructions, the IP degree of protection per IEC 60947-1, annex C, and the impact of supply voltage and ambient temperature variations on the characteristic data.
Manufacturers of switching amplifiers must provide essential data, including the rated supply voltage(s), operating frequency, and switching times Additionally, they should specify the switching current difference and the position of the switching points related to this difference It's important to include the operating, transport, and storage temperature range, as well as the assignment of output signals to monitoring and actuating ranges A description of the output signals and the impact of supply voltage and ambient temperature variations on characteristic data should also be provided Furthermore, installation instructions and the IP degree of protection according to IEC 60947-1, annex C, are necessary for comprehensive understanding and proper usage.
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7 Conditions normales de service, de montage et de transport
Conditions normales de service
Les capteurs de proximité et les amplificateurs de commutation conformes à cette norme doivent être capables de fonctionner dans les conditions suivantes.
7.1.1 Température ambiante (pendant le fonctionnement)
Les caractéristiques de fonctionnement doivent être maintenues sur toute la gamme admissible de température ambiante.
7.1.1.1 Capteurs de proximité inductifs, capacitifs et magnétiques
Ils doivent fonctionner à une température ambiante comprise entre –25 °C et +70 °C.
Ils doivent fonctionner à une température ambiante comprise entre –5 °C et +55 °C.
Ils doivent fonctionner à une température ambiante comprise entre –5 °C et +55 °C.
Le paragraphe 6.1.2 de la CEI 60947-1 s’applique.
L'humidité relative (RH) de l'air ne doit pas excéder 50 % à 70 °C Des valeurs d'humidité relative plus élevées sont autorisées à des températures plus basses, par exemple 90 % à 20 °C.
Condensation on the sensitive surface and changes in humidity can affect the ranges It is advisable to pay attention to condensation that may result from temperature variations, particularly at 50% relative humidity.
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7 Normal service, mounting and transport conditions
Proximity sensors and switching amplifiers complying with this standard shall be capable of operating under the following conditions.
The operating characteristics shall be maintained over the permissible range of ambient temperature.
7.1.1.1 Inductive, capacitive and magnetic proximity sensors
These shall operate in an ambient temperature between –25 °C and +70 °C.
These shall operate in an ambient temperature between –5 °C and +55 °C.
These shall operate in an ambient temperature between –5 °C and +55 °C.
The relative humidity (RH) of the air shall not exceed 50 % at 70 °C Higher relative humidities are permitted at lower temperatures, e.g 90 % at 20 °C.
Condensation on the sensing face and fluctuations in humidity can affect operating distances It is important to be cautious of condensation that may arise from temperature variations, as 50% relative humidity (RH) at 70 °C is equivalent to 100% RH at 54 °C.
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Figure 1 – Exemple de courbe continue pour un capteur de proximité
Figure 2 – Exemple de courbe discontinue pour un capteur de proximité
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Figure 1 – Example of a continuous characteristic of a proximity sensor
Figure 2 – Example of a discontinuous characteristic of a proximity sensor
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Sauf indication contraire du constructeur, un capteur de proximité est prévu pour être installé dans des conditions d'environnement de degré de pollution 3 tel que défini en 6.1.3.2 de la
CEI 60947-1 Toutefois, d'autres degrés de pollution peuvent être applicables en fonction du micro-environnement.
Pour l'amplificateur de commande, le degré de pollution doit être déclaré par le constructeur.
Identification des connexions et marquage
L'identification des connexions et le marquage doivent être conformes au tableau 2.
Tableau 2 – Identification des connexions et du câblage
Type Fonction Couleur des fils Numéro de la borne ou numéro de la broche d'un connecteur intégré
Conditions pendant le transport et le stockage
A special agreement must be established between the user and the manufacturer if the conditions during transport and storage, such as temperature and humidity, differ from those specified in section 7.1.
Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM)
Les exigences de CEM doivent être vérifiées conformément à 9.4.
8 Dispositions relatives à la construction et au fonctionnement
Le paragraphe 7.1.9.1 de la CEI 60947-5-2 s'applique.
Amplificateur de commutation
The input command's voltage-current curve must be plotted, and the operating range (∆l1) should be monitored, along with the differential current and, when applicable, the supervision of the control circuit (see Figure 3).
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Unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer, a proximity sensor is intended for installation under environmental conditions of pollution degree 3 as defined in 6.1.3.2 of IEC 60947-1.
However, other pollution degrees may apply depending upon the micro-environment.
For the switching amplifier the pollution degree shall be stated by the manufacturer.
Connection identification and marking shall be in accordance with table 2.
Table 2 – Connection and wiring identification
Type Function Wire colour Terminal number or pin number of integral connector
1 2 a In the absence of a target.
7.3 Conditions during transport and storage
A special agreement shall be made between the user and the manufacturer if the conditions during transport and storage, e.g temperature and humidity conditions, differ from those defined in 7.1.
EMC requirements shall be verified according to 9.4.
The current-voltage characteristic of the control input shall be plotted and the actuating range
(∆I1) shall be checked, as well as the switching current difference and, where included, the control circuit monitoring (see figure 3).
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Exemple d'une courbe tension-courant La courbe peut prendre n'importe quelle allure entre les limites montrées.
The operational range for the switching state change is defined by a current difference (\(\Delta I_1\)) of 1.2 mA to 2.1 mA The circuit interruption command operates within a current difference (\(\Delta I_2\)) of 0.05 mA to 0.35 mA Monitoring for interruptions occurs when the current is less than or equal to 0.05 mA The operational range for short circuits in the command circuit is specified by a resistance difference (\(\Delta R\)) of 100 Ω to 360 Ω, while monitoring for short circuits is indicated when the resistance is less than or equal to 100 Ω.
Figure 3 – Entrée de commande de l'amplificateur de commande
Capteur de proximité
Les essais suivants doivent être réalisés conformément aux conditions spécifiées ci-dessous.
Tension du circuit ouvert: (8,2 ± 0,1) V courant continu
Résistance de la source de l'amplificateur de commande: (1 000 ± 10) Ω
Elément de commutation: Conformes aux spécifications techniques ou aux conditions de fonctionnement.
9.2.1 Les valeurs du courant en rộgime ộtabli, respectivement pour l'ộtat de ôbasse impộdanceằ et pour l'ộtat de ôhaute impộdanceằ, doivent ờtre mesurộes et reportộes sur la courbe.
9.2.2 La courbe course-courant en régime établi doit être tracée.
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Example of a current-voltage characteristic The characteristic may assume any curve between the limits shown.
The actuating range for changing the switching state is between 1.2 mA and 2.1 mA, while the actuating range for interruption in the control circuit is from 0.05 mA to 0.35 mA The monitoring range for interruption is defined as I ≤ 0.05 mA Additionally, the actuating range for short-circuit in the control circuit spans from 100 Ω to 360 Ω, with the monitoring range for short-circuit set at R ≤ 100 Ω.
Figure 3 – Control input of the switching amplifier
The following tests shall be carried out in accordance with the conditions specified below.
Source resistance of the switching amplifier: (1 000 ± 10) Ω
Actuating element: In accordance with data sheet or operating conditions.
9.2.1 The steady-state current values for the “low impedance” state and for the “high impedance” state respectively shall be measured and plotted.
9.2.2 The steady-state distance-current characteristic shall be plotted.
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Résultats à obtenir
Les résultats doivent être dans les limites des figures 4 et 5.
7 V/7 mA zone de travail normal zone non autorisée
Figure 4 – Courbes de capteur de proximité dans l'état de haute impédance
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Results shall be within the limits of figures 4 and 5.
7 V/7 mA normal working area non permissible area
Figure 4 – Characteristics of proximity sensor in the high impedance state
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R = 400Ω zone de travail normal zone non autorisée
Figure 5 – Courbes de capteur de proximité dans l'état de basse impédance
Control input of the switching amplifier
The binary output signal of the switching amplifier shall only change when the operating point of the control circuit is within the relevant actuating range (see figure 3).
Interaction between proximity sensor and switching amplifier
The proximity sensor shall be designed in such a way, that when actuated by the intended influence the current-voltage characteristic reliably reaches the “high impedance” and “low impedance” states.
The “high impedance” state is shown in figure 4 and the “low impedance” state in figure 5.
NOTE The limits for the permitted characteristic range of the proximity sensor and the switching amplifier have been selected so as to provide a safety margin.
Continuous characteristic
In the actuating range (∆I1), the output signal of the proximity sensor must be adjustable, with the characteristic slope being either positive or negative, and it is essential that there is no hysteresis.
Discontinuous characteristic
Within the actuating range (∆I1): a) the output signal of the proximity sensor shall not be adjustable, and b) the characteristic shall have hysteresis (see the example in figure 2).
Switching current difference
The preferred value of the switching current difference is 0,2 mA The preferred position of the switching current difference is the centre of the actuating range (∆I1).
Line resistance
The line resistance shall not exceed 50 Ω.
Insulation resistance
The insulation resistance shall not be less than 1 MΩ.
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Les données caractéristiques relatives au produit doivent être déclarées par le constructeur, ainsi que des détails sur la procédure de mesure.
Proximity sensors must include key characteristic data such as operating frequency, transfer slope for continuous curves, differential travel for discontinuous curves, nominal range, and availability delay.
The data must be linked to the operating conditions as per section 9.2, including the operating, transport, and storage temperature range; the direction of operation, detailing how to achieve low or high impedance states; installation instructions; the degree of protection IP according to IEC 60947-1, Annex C; and the impact of variations in supply voltage and ambient temperature on the characteristic data.
For switching amplifiers, the manufacturer's specifications should include the following key elements: assigned supply voltage(s), operating frequency and switching time, differential current, switching point positions for the differential current, operating, transport, and storage temperature ranges, output signal assignments based on monitoring and operating ranges, output signal descriptions, the impact of supply voltage and ambient temperature variations on characteristic data, installation instructions, and the IP protection rating according to IEC 60947-1, Annex C.
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Characteristic product data shall be stated by the manufacturer together with details of the measuring procedure.
Proximity sensors
For proximity sensors such characteristic data shall include the following: a) operating frequency; b) slope with continuous characteristic; c) switching travel difference with discontinuous characteristic; d) rated operating distance; e) time delay before availability.
The data pertains to the rated operating conditions as outlined in section 9.2, including the operating, transport, and storage temperature range, the method for achieving low or high impedance states, installation instructions, the IP degree of protection per IEC 60947-1, annex C, and the impact of supply voltage and ambient temperature variations on the characteristic data.
Switching amplifiers
Manufacturers of switching amplifiers must provide essential data, including the rated supply voltage(s), operating frequency, and switching times Additionally, they should specify the switching current difference and the position of the switching points related to this difference It's important to include the operating, transport, and storage temperature range, as well as the assignment of output signals to monitoring and actuating ranges A description of the output signals and the impact of supply voltage and ambient temperature variations on characteristic data should also be provided Furthermore, installation instructions and the IP degree of protection according to IEC 60947-1, annex C, are necessary for proper usage.
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7 Conditions normales de service, de montage et de transport
Les capteurs de proximité et les amplificateurs de commutation conformes à cette norme doivent être capables de fonctionner dans les conditions suivantes.
7.1.1 Température ambiante (pendant le fonctionnement)
Les caractéristiques de fonctionnement doivent être maintenues sur toute la gamme admissible de température ambiante.
7.1.1.1 Capteurs de proximité inductifs, capacitifs et magnétiques
Ils doivent fonctionner à une température ambiante comprise entre –25 °C et +70 °C.
Ils doivent fonctionner à une température ambiante comprise entre –5 °C et +55 °C.
Ils doivent fonctionner à une température ambiante comprise entre –5 °C et +55 °C.
Le paragraphe 6.1.2 de la CEI 60947-1 s’applique.
L'humidité relative (RH) de l'air ne doit pas excéder 50 % à 70 °C Des valeurs d'humidité relative plus élevées sont autorisées à des températures plus basses, par exemple 90 % à 20 °C.
Condensation on the sensitive surface and changes in humidity can affect the ranges It is advisable to pay attention to condensation that may result from temperature variations, particularly at 50% relative humidity.
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7 Normal service, mounting and transport conditions
Normal service conditions
Proximity sensors and switching amplifiers complying with this standard shall be capable of operating under the following conditions.
The operating characteristics shall be maintained over the permissible range of ambient temperature.
7.1.1.1 Inductive, capacitive and magnetic proximity sensors
These shall operate in an ambient temperature between –25 °C and +70 °C.
These shall operate in an ambient temperature between –5 °C and +55 °C.
These shall operate in an ambient temperature between –5 °C and +55 °C.
The relative humidity (RH) of the air shall not exceed 50 % at 70 °C Higher relative humidities are permitted at lower temperatures, e.g 90 % at 20 °C.
Condensation on the sensing face and fluctuations in humidity can affect operating distances It is important to be cautious of condensation that may arise from temperature variations, as 50% relative humidity (RH) at 70 °C is equivalent to 100% RH at 54 °C.
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Figure 1 – Exemple de courbe continue pour un capteur de proximité
Figure 2 – Exemple de courbe discontinue pour un capteur de proximité
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Figure 1 – Example of a continuous characteristic of a proximity sensor
Figure 2 – Example of a discontinuous characteristic of a proximity sensor
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Sauf indication contraire du constructeur, un capteur de proximité est prévu pour être installé dans des conditions d'environnement de degré de pollution 3 tel que défini en 6.1.3.2 de la
CEI 60947-1 Toutefois, d'autres degrés de pollution peuvent être applicables en fonction du micro-environnement.
Pour l'amplificateur de commande, le degré de pollution doit être déclaré par le constructeur.
7.2 Identification des connexions et marquage
L'identification des connexions et le marquage doivent être conformes au tableau 2.
Tableau 2 – Identification des connexions et du câblage
Type Fonction Couleur des fils Numéro de la borne ou numéro de la broche d'un connecteur intégré
7.3 Conditions pendant le transport et le stockage
A special agreement must be established between the user and the manufacturer if the conditions during transport and storage, such as temperature and humidity, differ from those specified in section 7.1.
Les exigences de CEM doivent être vérifiées conformément à 9.4.
8 Dispositions relatives à la construction et au fonctionnement
Le paragraphe 7.1.9.1 de la CEI 60947-5-2 s'applique.
The input command's voltage-current curve must be plotted, and the operating range (∆l1) should be monitored, along with the differential current and, when applicable, the supervision of the control circuit (see Figure 3).
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Unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer, a proximity sensor is intended for installation under environmental conditions of pollution degree 3 as defined in 6.1.3.2 of IEC 60947-1.
However, other pollution degrees may apply depending upon the micro-environment.
For the switching amplifier the pollution degree shall be stated by the manufacturer.
Connection identification and marking
Connection identification and marking shall be in accordance with table 2.
Table 2 – Connection and wiring identification
Type Function Wire colour Terminal number or pin number of integral connector
1 2 a In the absence of a target.
Conditions during transport and storage
A special agreement shall be made between the user and the manufacturer if the conditions during transport and storage, e.g temperature and humidity conditions, differ from those defined in 7.1.
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
EMC requirements shall be verified according to 9.4.
Switching amplifier
The current-voltage characteristic of the control input shall be plotted and the actuating range
(∆I1) shall be checked, as well as the switching current difference and, where included, the control circuit monitoring (see figure 3).
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Exemple d'une courbe tension-courant La courbe peut prendre n'importe quelle allure entre les limites montrées.
The operational range for the switching state change is defined by a current difference (\(\Delta I_1\)) of 1.2 mA to 2.1 mA The circuit interruption command operates within a current difference (\(\Delta I_2\)) of 0.05 mA to 0.35 mA Monitoring for interruptions occurs when the current is less than or equal to 0.05 mA The operational range for short circuits in the control circuit is specified by a resistance difference (\(\Delta R\)) of 100 Ω to 360 Ω, while monitoring for short circuits is indicated when the resistance is less than or equal to 100 Ω.
Figure 3 – Entrée de commande de l'amplificateur de commande
Les essais suivants doivent être réalisés conformément aux conditions spécifiées ci-dessous.
Tension du circuit ouvert: (8,2 ± 0,1) V courant continu
Résistance de la source de l'amplificateur de commande: (1 000 ± 10) Ω
Elément de commutation: Conformes aux spécifications techniques ou aux conditions de fonctionnement.
9.2.1 Les valeurs du courant en rộgime ộtabli, respectivement pour l'ộtat de ôbasse impộdanceằ et pour l'ộtat de ôhaute impộdanceằ, doivent ờtre mesurộes et reportộes sur la courbe.
9.2.2 La courbe course-courant en régime établi doit être tracée.
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Example of a current-voltage characteristic The characteristic may assume any curve between the limits shown.
The actuating range for changing the switching state is between 1.2 mA and 2.1 mA, while the actuating range for interruption in the control circuit is from 0.05 mA to 0.35 mA The monitoring range for interruption is defined as I ≤ 0.05 mA Additionally, the actuating range for short-circuit in the control circuit spans from 100 Ω to 360 Ω, and the monitoring range for short-circuit is R ≤ 100 Ω.
Figure 3 – Control input of the switching amplifier
Proximity sensor
The following tests shall be carried out in accordance with the conditions specified below.
Source resistance of the switching amplifier: (1 000 ± 10) Ω
Actuating element: In accordance with data sheet or operating conditions.
9.2.1 The steady-state current values for the “low impedance” state and for the “high impedance” state respectively shall be measured and plotted.
9.2.2 The steady-state distance-current characteristic shall be plotted.
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Les résultats doivent être dans les limites des figures 4 et 5.
7 V/7 mA zone de travail normal zone non autorisée
Figure 4 – Courbes de capteur de proximité dans l'état de haute impédance
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Results to be obtained
Results shall be within the limits of figures 4 and 5.
7 V/7 mA normal working area non permissible area
Figure 4 – Characteristics of proximity sensor in the high impedance state
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R = 400Ω zone de travail normal zone non autorisée
Figure 5 – Courbes de capteur de proximité dans l'état de basse impédance
9.4 Vérification de la compatibilité électromagnétique
Le paragraphe 8.6 de la CEI 60947-5-2 s’applique avec le complément suivant: durant les essais, l'état de l’impédance du capteur ne doit pas changer.
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R = 400Ω normal working area non permissible area
Figure 5 – Characteristics of proximity sensor in the low impedance state
Verification of the electromagnetic compatibility
Subclause 8.6 of IEC 60947-5-2 applies, with the following addition: during the tests the impedance state of the sensor shall not change.
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Q7 Please assess the standard in the following categories, using the numbers:
(6) not applicable timeliness quality of writing technical contents logic of arrangement of contents tables, charts, graphs, figures other
Q8 I read/use the: (tick one)
English text only R both English and French texts R
Q9 Please share any comment on any aspect of the IEC that you would like us to know:
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The CEI aims to provide you with the highest possible standards To ensure we continue to meet your expectations, we kindly request some information from you Please take a moment to complete the questionnaire below and return it to us by fax.
+41 22 919 03 00 ou par courrier à l’adresse ci-dessous Merci !
Centre du Service Clientèle (CSC)
Nous vous remercions de la contribution que vous voudrez bien apporter ainsi à la Normalisation Internationale.
Centre du Service Clientèle (CSC)
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Q2 En tant qu’acheteur de cette norme, quelle est votre fonction?
(cochez tout ce qui convient)
Je suis le/un: agent d’un service d’achat R bibliothécaire R chercheur R ingénieur concepteur R ingénieur sécurité R ingénieur d’essais R spécialiste en marketing R autre(s)
(cochez tout ce qui convient) dans l’industrie R comme consultant R pour un gouvernement R pour un organisme d’essais/ certification R dans un service public R dans l’enseignement R comme militaire R autre(s)
Q4 Cette norme sera utilisée pour/comme
This article serves as a reference work for product research, product development studies, specifications, submissions, quality assessments, certifications, technical documentation, theses, manufacturing, and other related areas The effectiveness of these processes can vary from not at all to approximately, fairly well, or perfectly.
Q6 Si vous avez répondu PAS DU TOUT à
Q5, c’est pour la/les raison(s) suivantes:
The standard requires revision due to its incompleteness and overly theoretical nature Additionally, it is perceived as superficial, and the title may be misleading There may also be concerns about making the right choice regarding its application.
Q7 Veuillez évaluer chacun des critères ci- dessous en utilisant les chiffres
(2) au-dessous de la moyenne,
(4) au-dessus de la moyenne,
(6) sans objet publication en temps opportun qualité de la rédaction contenu technique disposition logique du contenu tableaux, diagrammes, graphiques, figures autre(s)
Q8 Je lis/utilise: (une seule réponse) uniquement le texte franỗais R uniquement le texte anglais R les textes anglais et franỗais R
Q9 Veuillez nous faire part de vos observations éventuelles sur la CEI:
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