NORME INTERNATIONALE CEI IEC INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 60652 Deuxième édition Second edition 2002 06 Essais mécaniques des structures de lignes aériennes Loading tests on overhead line structures Numéro[.]
Essais de conception
Design testing is typically conducted on prototypes with at least one of the following objectives: a) to form part of a research and/or development program for an innovative support; b) to verify the compliance of a support with specifications (also known as type testing); c) to develop and/or validate a new design method or standard; d) to develop and/or validate a new manufacturing process.
When testing is aimed at verifying design parameters, the tested support should, as much as possible, be identical to the production models Additionally, full-scale tests on sections or parts of supports may also be conducted.
Les essais de conception doivent être réalisés jusqu’aux chargements nominaux ou jusqu’à la ruine, particulièrement lorsqu’il s’agit d’essais dont les objectifs sont ceux décrits en 4.1b) et/ou 4.1c).
Essais sur prélèvement
Quality control checks are conducted either before or during the production of a batch of materials to ensure the quality of the manufacturing process and the materials used Random samples may be selected from the materials currently in production.
Les essais sur prélèvement sont réalisés jusqu’à un pourcentage spécifié des chargements nominaux (généralement 100 %), comme stipulé dans la demande d’essais.
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3.3 failure load point at which the support cannot carry any additional load
NOTE It is also known as the limit state failure load and is determined during a destruction test on the support.
3.4 test report document summarizing all the relevant aspects of the tests
With respect to the purpose of the test, the level of instrumentation and the method of execution, this standard refers to two categories of tests: a) design tests; b) sample tests.
Design tests on prototype supports serve several key purposes: they are conducted as part of research and development for innovative support designs, to ensure that the support meets specified compliance standards (type tests), to establish or validate new design standards or methodologies, and to assess new fabrication processes.
To ensure accurate verification of design parameters, test supports must closely resemble production supports Additionally, testing can be conducted on full-scale sections or specific parts of the support.
Design tests shall be carried out to at least the design load or to failure, especially when testing according to 4.1b) and/or 4.1c).
These checks are designed to ensure the quality of fabrication and the materials used, either before or during the production of a batch of supports.
The support may be taken at random from the production supports during manufacture.
Sample tests are taken to a specific percentage of the design load (usually 100 %), as stipulated in the test specification.
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If it is a design test (according to 4.1b or 4.1c), the materials used and the manufacturing process of the support prototype must adhere to the same specifications as those used as a reference for the production of series supports.
The specifications must detail the properties of the bars, the specifics of the connections, such as the dimensions of bolts or welds, the quality of materials, and the manufacturing processes Additionally, the surface coating of the prototype should be defined prior to its fabrication.
De même, la responsabilité du contrôle du support doit être définie avant les essais.
Si un essai de prélèvement est demandé sur un support de production, les composants peuvent être choisis au hasard dans le lot.
Que ce soit pour des essais de conception (selon 4.1b)) ou pour des essais sur prélèvement, le support choisi doit supporter avec succès les charges spécifiées par le client.
If requested by the client, the testing station must be accredited by an external organization to conduct such tests in accordance with the quality assurance procedures outlined by ISO/IEC 17025.
Selon un délai convenu avant la livraison du support, le client doit formaliser et transmettre à la station d’essais les éléments adéquats suivants:
• Les plans d’atelier et/ou d’assemblage du support.
• La masse de chaque tronỗon du support.
• Les précautions de déchargement et d'ouverture de colis à observer.
• Une notice de montage ou de démontage du support, comprenant si nécessaire les informations relatives au levage du support depuis le plan horizontal.
• Les spécifications de serrage des boulons.
• Les tensions dans tous les haubans.
• L’effort nominal d’emboợtement à appliquer et/ou la longueur d’emboợtement et leurs tolérances respectives.
• Les tolérances géométriques à respecter pour les points d’ancrage du support et pour sa verticalité.
• La catégorie de l’essai (conception ou sur prélèvement).
• La position exacte des points d’application des efforts pour chaque cas de chargement.
• Les chargements nominaux à appliquer sur le support pour chaque hypothèse.
• Tous les efforts et les moments induits sur les points d’ancrage du support pour chaque hypothèse de chargement.
• S’il faut réaligner le support entre chaque essai.
• La position des points de mesure de déplacement pour chaque hypothèse.
• La position et l’orientation des jauges de déformation.
• Les zones du support essayé à filmer pendant les essais.
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For design tests under sections 4.1b or 4.1c, the materials and manufacturing processes for the prototype support must match the specifications used for production supports This includes member sectional properties, connection details such as bolt or weld sizes, material grades, and fabrication processes Before starting the fabrication of the prototype support, it is essential to reach an agreement on the surface coating.
Agreement shall also be made with respect to the organization responsible for the checking of the support prior to the testing.
If a sample test is required on a production support, the components may be chosen at random from the batch.
Whether it is for the design test (according to 4.1b)) or the sample test, the support shall successfully withstand the loads specified by the client.
The testing station must be accredited by an external organization to conduct this type of test, adhering to the quality assurance procedures specified by the client.
The client shall prepare and transmit to the testing station, at an agreed time prior to the delivery of the support, the following appropriate information:
• Workshop and/or erection drawings of the support.
• The mass of each section of the support.
• Precautions to be observed during the unloading and unpacking.
• Requirements for the support assembly or disassembly, including if necessary details for lifting the support from the horizontal.
• The tensions for any guys.
• Nominal force to be applied during slip-joining of sections and/or slip-joint length and their respective tolerances.
• Foundation setting tolerances and verticality tolerances of the support.
• The category of the test (design or sample).
• The exact position of the load application points for each loading case.
• The design loads to be applied on the support for each loading case.
• All reactions induced on the foundations of the test support for each loading case.
• If the support is to be realigned between individual tests.
• The location of the deflection measuring points for each loading case.
• The position and the orientation of strain gauges.
• The areas of the test support to be filmed during the test.
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The testing program must be submitted to the client by an agreed-upon date prior to the tests This document requires client approval and must be returned to the testing station within a previously established timeframe.
Le programme d’essais doit comporter au moins les informations suivantes:
• La date prévisionnelle des essais.
• Une description du mode de fixation au sol du support.
• La méthode d’application des charges.
• Un plan d’élingage et des détails relatifs aux points d’accrochage.
• La position des différents dynamomètres et/ou capteurs d’efforts et la position des capteurs d’angles dans le cas de combinaisons d’efforts en résultantes.
• La position des points ó sont mesurés les déplacements.
• La position et l’orientation des jauges de contraintes, le cas échéant.
• Les tolérances (efforts, angles, déplacements, jauges de contrainte).
• Le détail des charges appliquées pour chaque cas de chargement d’essai, des incréments de charge et des paliers.
• La durée du palier final.
• La vitesse de chargement pour les matériaux élasto-plastiques et sensibles au fluage.
• La catégorie de l’essai (essai de conception ou essai sur prélèvement).
Le support d'essai doit être installé sur une embase qui simule les hypothèses de conception.
La station d’essais doit procéder à l’assemblage du support conformément à la notice d’assemblage fournie par le client.
Dans le cas ó la station d’essais rencontrerait des difficultés pour assembler ou pour lever le support, le client doit en être avisé et doit décider de la modification à apporter.
If requested by the client, the testing station must provide an assembly report This report may include a video documenting the various stages of assembly and any challenges encountered.
Les différents cas de charges (valeurs, directions et points d'application des charges) sont donnés par le client dans la demande d’essais.
Groupement de charges
For practical testing purposes, certain loads, such as those caused by wind on the structure, need to be combined The resultant value, its direction, and the point of application must be specified in the testing program.
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The test program must be submitted to the client by a mutually agreed date prior to testing This document requires client approval and should be returned to the testing station within a specified timeframe.
The test programme shall include but not be limited to the following information:
• A description of the proposed foundations for the test support.
• The method of load application.
• A drawing of the test rigging arrangement and attachment details.
• The position of the dynamometers and/or load cells and the position of angle transducers in the case of resultant load applications.
• The position of deflection measurement points.
• The position and orientation of strain gauges if appropriate.
• The tolerances (loads, resultant angles, deflections, strain gauges).
• Details of applied loads for each test load case, load increment and holding period.
• Holding period for the final level.
• Loading rate for elastic-plastic materials and creep-sensitive materials.
• The category of the test (design or sample).
The test support shall be erected on a footing that simulates the design assumption.
The testing station shall proceed with the assembly of the support in accordance with the instructions provided by the client.
In the case where the testing station encounters a difficulty in the assembly or erection of the support, the client shall be informed and shall decide on the modifications required.
Upon client request, the testing station will provide an assembly report, which may feature a video documenting various assembly phases and any specific challenges faced.
Loading cases (loads, directions, and load application points) are stated by the client in the test specification.
For practical applications, it is essential to combine specific loads, such as wind effects on the support The resultant value, direction, and point of application must be clearly outlined in the test program.
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Précautions pour l’application du chargement
Les dynamomètres et/ou capteurs d’effort doivent être situés dans l'élingage, le plus près possible du point d’application de la charge sur le support.
De mờme, il est recommandộ de disposer l’ộlingage de faỗon à minimiser toute excentration de charge.
La station d’essais doit réduire au maximum l’influence des contacts entre l’élingage et le support; quand cela n’est pas possible, le client doit en être averti.
Unless otherwise agreed, it is advisable that the difference between the requested load and the measured load does not exceed 5% at each individual load application point and at all times during the test.
Le chargement doit être appliqué de manière à empêcher les effets dynamiques Cependant, le glissement des assemblages doit être accepté pendant l’essai du support.
Paliers de charge
Les efforts doivent être appliqués en paliers de 50 %, 75 %, 90 %, 95 % et 100 % des charges spécifiées.
Si le client le demande, des paliers supplémentaires peuvent être réalisés.
Tolérances sur les charges appliquées
A chacun des paliers, les mesures d’effort sont considérées comme acceptables si elles sont comprises dans les limites indiquées dans le tableau 1 ci-après:
Vitesse d’application des charges et durée des paliers
Pour chaque palier, la vitesse d’application des charges dépend de l'équipement de la station d'essais, et du temps nécessaire à l'ajustement des efforts selon le tableau indiqué en 9.4.
Pour le palier final à 100 %, les charges doivent être maintenues pendant 1 min au minimum et
5 min au maximum La durée retenue pour le palier final doit être précisée dans le programme d’essai.
Pour les supports comportant des matériaux sensibles au fluage, différentes vitesses d’application des chargements et durées de paliers peuvent être appliquées.
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The dynamometer/load cells shall be located in the test rigging as close as practical to the load application point on the support.
Similarly, it is recommended that the test rigging should be arranged so as to minimize any load eccentricity.
The testing station must reduce the impact of contact between the test rigging and the support If minimizing this contact is not feasible, it is essential to inform the client.
It is advisable that, unless stated otherwise, the discrepancy between the required load and the measured load at any specific load application point during the test should not surpass 5%.
Loads shall be applied in such a way as to avoid any dynamic effect However, joint slippage during the support test shall be accepted.
The test loads shall be applied in increments to 50 %, 75 %, 90 %, 95 % and 100 % of the specified loads.
If required by the client, additional load levels may be considered.
For each load level, the applied load measurements shall be considered acceptable if they are within the limits shown in table 1 below:
9.5 Loading rate and holding period
The duration for applying each load increment is influenced by the capabilities of the testing station and the time required to adjust the loads as specified in section 9.4.
For the final 100% level, loads must be sustained for a minimum of 1 minute and a maximum of 5 minutes, with the selected holding period incorporated into the test program.
For supports made of creep-sensitive materials, different loading rates and holding periods may apply.
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Mesure des efforts et des angles
The accuracy of dynamometers, load cells, and inclinometers must ensure that measurement errors do not exceed 1% of the full scale, including rigging This specified accuracy is based on a standard deviation of 3 σ.
All dynamometers, force sensors, and inclinometers must be calibrated before and after each test series Additionally, the calibration instruments used for this process should be calibrated at least once a year.
Toutes les charges appliquées et/ou les angles résultants doivent être enregistrés.
Mesure des déplacements
At each level, and when the support is stable, the movements of the support must be measured as specified in the testing request The measurement accuracy should ensure that errors do not exceed 25 mm, with the specified precision referring to a standard deviation of 3 σ.
Mesures des contraintes
If requested by the client, strain measurements must be conducted in accordance with the applicable standards The testing station should ensure the accuracy of the strain measurements and/or the instrumented bars, while synchronizing the measurements with the applied loads.
11 Succession des différents cas de chargement
The order of the various load cases must be determined by the client and specified in the testing request It is advisable to prioritize tests that have the least impact on the results of subsequent tests With the client's consent, the testing station may adjust the order of load cases to simplify the necessary maneuvers or to reduce testing costs.
Il est recommandé de filmer la totalité des essais et il convient que les images vidéo soient synchronisées avec les mesures.
The mechanical strength of the support is deemed satisfactory if it can withstand the specified nominal load (100% bearing) for 1 minute without any failure of its components or assemblies, even if a longer duration has been specified.
Des déformations locales permanentes de courbure ou de vrillage de treillis secondaires ou d’éléments sont acceptables L'ovalisation des trous et les déformations permanentes des boulons doivent être acceptées.
De plus, les exigences de l'article 15 doivent être satisfaites.
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The dynamometers, load cells, and angle transducers must maintain measurement errors within 1% of the full scale, accounting for the influence of test rigging This accuracy requirement is based on a standard deviation of 3 σ.
All dynamometers and/or load cells and/or angle transducers shall be calibrated before and after every test series The calibration instruments shall be certified at least once a year.
All applied loads and/or resultant angles shall be recorded.
Support deflection must be measured at each load level when the support is stable, following the test specifications The required measurement accuracy is 25 mm, which is based on a standard deviation of 3 σ.
Strain measurement will be conducted according to industry standards upon client request The testing station is responsible for ensuring the accuracy of the strain gauges and instrumented members, as well as synchronizing the measurements with the applied loads.
11 Sequence of test loading cases
The client will determine the sequence of test loading cases, which will be outlined in the test specification It is advisable to prioritize tests that have minimal impact on the outcomes of subsequent tests With the client's consent, the testing station may modify the test sequence to streamline operations or lower testing costs.
It is recommended that the entire test should be video recorded and the video cross-referenced with the measurements.
The support's performance is deemed acceptable if it can withstand the specified design loads at 100% for one minute without any component or assembly failure, regardless of whether a longer holding period was required.
Permanent local deformations such as bowing or twisting of secondary members and components are acceptable Ovalization of holes and permanent deformation of bolts shall be accepted.
Additionally, the requirement of clause 15 shall be fulfilled.
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Essais de conception
In the event that failure occurs at less than 95% of the specified nominal load, the damaged components may be replaced with one or more new elements The modified structure must then undergo retesting and be capable of supporting 100% of the specified nominal load.
If failure occurs between 95% and less than 100% of the specified nominal load, except in the last loading case (often the destructive load case), the support must be modified and retested However, if failure occurs in the last loading case, the client has the option to forgo retesting the modified support.
Dans le cas d’une ruine qui intervient à 100 % du chargement nominal spécifié mais à une durée de maintien inférieure à 1 min, le client peut accepter le support sans modification.
Essais sur prélèvement
In cases where failure occurs at less than 100% of the specified nominal load, the broken components must be replaced with identical ones, and the support must be retested If a new failure arises, the client has the right to reject the batch of supports from which the tested support was selected.
In the event of a failure occurring at 100% of the specified nominal load but with a hold duration of less than 1 minute, the client may accept the batch of supports from which the tested support was selected.
Design tests
Design tests on prototype supports serve several key purposes: they are conducted as part of research and development for innovative support designs, to ensure that the support meets specified compliance standards (type tests), to establish or validate new design standards or methodologies, and to assess new fabrication processes.
To ensure accurate verification of design parameters, test supports must closely resemble production supports Additionally, testing can be conducted on full-scale sections or specific parts of the support.
Design tests shall be carried out to at least the design load or to failure, especially when testing according to 4.1b) and/or 4.1c).
Sample tests
These checks are designed to ensure the quality of fabrication and the materials used, either before or during the production of a batch of supports.
The support may be taken at random from the production supports during manufacture.
Sample tests are taken to a specific percentage of the design load (usually 100 %), as stipulated in the test specification.
LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.
If it is a design test (according to 4.1b or 4.1c), the materials used and the manufacturing process of the support prototype must adhere to the same specifications as those used as a reference for the production of series supports.
The specifications must detail the properties of the bars, the specifics of the connections, such as the dimensions of bolts or welds, the quality of materials, and the manufacturing processes Additionally, the surface coating of the prototype should be defined prior to its fabrication.
De même, la responsabilité du contrôle du support doit être définie avant les essais.
Si un essai de prélèvement est demandé sur un support de production, les composants peuvent être choisis au hasard dans le lot.
Que ce soit pour des essais de conception (selon 4.1b)) ou pour des essais sur prélèvement, le support choisi doit supporter avec succès les charges spécifiées par le client.
If requested by the client, the testing station must be accredited by an external organization to conduct such tests in accordance with the quality assurance procedures outlined by ISO/IEC 17025.
Selon un délai convenu avant la livraison du support, le client doit formaliser et transmettre à la station d’essais les éléments adéquats suivants:
• Les plans d’atelier et/ou d’assemblage du support.
• La masse de chaque tronỗon du support.
• Les précautions de déchargement et d'ouverture de colis à observer.
• Une notice de montage ou de démontage du support, comprenant si nécessaire les informations relatives au levage du support depuis le plan horizontal.
• Les spécifications de serrage des boulons.
• Les tensions dans tous les haubans.
• L’effort nominal d’emboợtement à appliquer et/ou la longueur d’emboợtement et leurs tolérances respectives.
• Les tolérances géométriques à respecter pour les points d’ancrage du support et pour sa verticalité.
• La catégorie de l’essai (conception ou sur prélèvement).
• La position exacte des points d’application des efforts pour chaque cas de chargement.
• Les chargements nominaux à appliquer sur le support pour chaque hypothèse.
• Tous les efforts et les moments induits sur les points d’ancrage du support pour chaque hypothèse de chargement.
• S’il faut réaligner le support entre chaque essai.
• La position des points de mesure de déplacement pour chaque hypothèse.
• La position et l’orientation des jauges de déformation.
• Les zones du support essayé à filmer pendant les essais.
LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.
For design tests under sections 4.1b or 4.1c, the materials and manufacturing processes for the prototype support must match the specifications used for production supports This includes member sectional properties, connection details such as bolt or weld sizes, material grades, and fabrication processes Before starting the fabrication of the prototype support, it is essential to reach an agreement on the surface coating.
Agreement shall also be made with respect to the organization responsible for the checking of the support prior to the testing.
If a sample test is required on a production support, the components may be chosen at random from the batch.
Whether it is for the design test (according to 4.1b)) or the sample test, the support shall successfully withstand the loads specified by the client.
The testing station must be accredited by an external organization to conduct this type of test, adhering to the quality assurance procedures specified by the client.
The client shall prepare and transmit to the testing station, at an agreed time prior to the delivery of the support, the following appropriate information:
• Workshop and/or erection drawings of the support.
• The mass of each section of the support.
• Precautions to be observed during the unloading and unpacking.
• Requirements for the support assembly or disassembly, including if necessary details for lifting the support from the horizontal.
• The tensions for any guys.
• Nominal force to be applied during slip-joining of sections and/or slip-joint length and their respective tolerances.
• Foundation setting tolerances and verticality tolerances of the support.
• The category of the test (design or sample).
• The exact position of the load application points for each loading case.
• The design loads to be applied on the support for each loading case.
• All reactions induced on the foundations of the test support for each loading case.
• If the support is to be realigned between individual tests.
• The location of the deflection measuring points for each loading case.
• The position and the orientation of strain gauges.
• The areas of the test support to be filmed during the test.
LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.
The testing program must be submitted to the client by an agreed-upon date prior to the tests This document requires client approval and must be returned to the testing station within a previously established timeframe.
Le programme d’essais doit comporter au moins les informations suivantes:
• La date prévisionnelle des essais.
• Une description du mode de fixation au sol du support.
• La méthode d’application des charges.
• Un plan d’élingage et des détails relatifs aux points d’accrochage.
• La position des différents dynamomètres et/ou capteurs d’efforts et la position des capteurs d’angles dans le cas de combinaisons d’efforts en résultantes.
• La position des points ó sont mesurés les déplacements.
• La position et l’orientation des jauges de contraintes, le cas échéant.
• Les tolérances (efforts, angles, déplacements, jauges de contrainte).
• Le détail des charges appliquées pour chaque cas de chargement d’essai, des incréments de charge et des paliers.
• La durée du palier final.
• La vitesse de chargement pour les matériaux élasto-plastiques et sensibles au fluage.
• La catégorie de l’essai (essai de conception ou essai sur prélèvement).
Le support d'essai doit être installé sur une embase qui simule les hypothèses de conception.
La station d’essais doit procéder à l’assemblage du support conformément à la notice d’assemblage fournie par le client.
Dans le cas ó la station d’essais rencontrerait des difficultés pour assembler ou pour lever le support, le client doit en être avisé et doit décider de la modification à apporter.
If requested by the client, the testing station must provide an assembly report This report may include a video documenting the various stages of assembly and any challenges encountered.
Les différents cas de charges (valeurs, directions et points d'application des charges) sont donnés par le client dans la demande d’essais.
For practical testing purposes, certain loads, such as those caused by wind on the structure, must be combined The resultant value, its direction, and the point of application should be specified in the testing program.
LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.
The test program must be submitted to the client by a mutually agreed date prior to testing, and it requires client approval before being returned to the testing station within a specified timeframe.
The test programme shall include but not be limited to the following information:
• A description of the proposed foundations for the test support.
• The method of load application.
• A drawing of the test rigging arrangement and attachment details.
• The position of the dynamometers and/or load cells and the position of angle transducers in the case of resultant load applications.
• The position of deflection measurement points.
• The position and orientation of strain gauges if appropriate.
• The tolerances (loads, resultant angles, deflections, strain gauges).
• Details of applied loads for each test load case, load increment and holding period.
• Holding period for the final level.
• Loading rate for elastic-plastic materials and creep-sensitive materials.
• The category of the test (design or sample).
The test support shall be erected on a footing that simulates the design assumption.
The testing station shall proceed with the assembly of the support in accordance with the instructions provided by the client.
In the case where the testing station encounters a difficulty in the assembly or erection of the support, the client shall be informed and shall decide on the modifications required.
Upon client request, the testing station will provide an assembly report, which may feature a video documenting various assembly phases and any specific challenges faced during the process.
Loading cases (loads, directions, and load application points) are stated by the client in the test specification.
Combined loads
For practical applications, when specific loads, such as wind pressure on the support, need to be combined, the test program must clearly indicate the resultant value, its direction, and the point of application.
LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.
9.2 Précautions pour l’application du chargement
Les dynamomètres et/ou capteurs d’effort doivent être situés dans l'élingage, le plus près possible du point d’application de la charge sur le support.
De mờme, il est recommandộ de disposer l’ộlingage de faỗon à minimiser toute excentration de charge.
La station d’essais doit réduire au maximum l’influence des contacts entre l’élingage et le support; quand cela n’est pas possible, le client doit en être averti.
Unless otherwise agreed, it is advisable that the difference between the requested load and the measured load does not exceed 5% at each individual load application point and at all times during the test.
Le chargement doit être appliqué de manière à empêcher les effets dynamiques Cependant, le glissement des assemblages doit être accepté pendant l’essai du support.
Les efforts doivent être appliqués en paliers de 50 %, 75 %, 90 %, 95 % et 100 % des charges spécifiées.
Si le client le demande, des paliers supplémentaires peuvent être réalisés.
9.4 Tolérances sur les charges appliquées
A chacun des paliers, les mesures d’effort sont considérées comme acceptables si elles sont comprises dans les limites indiquées dans le tableau 1 ci-après:
9.5 Vitesse d’application des charges et durée des paliers
Pour chaque palier, la vitesse d’application des charges dépend de l'équipement de la station d'essais, et du temps nécessaire à l'ajustement des efforts selon le tableau indiqué en 9.4.
Pour le palier final à 100 %, les charges doivent être maintenues pendant 1 min au minimum et
5 min au maximum La durée retenue pour le palier final doit être précisée dans le programme d’essai.
Pour les supports comportant des matériaux sensibles au fluage, différentes vitesses d’application des chargements et durées de paliers peuvent être appliquées.
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Precautions for load application
The dynamometer/load cells shall be located in the test rigging as close as practical to the load application point on the support.
Similarly, it is recommended that the test rigging should be arranged so as to minimize any load eccentricity.
The testing station must reduce the impact of any contact between the test rigging and the support If minimizing this contact is not feasible, it is essential to inform the client.
It is advisable that, unless stated otherwise, the discrepancy between the required load and the measured load at any specific load application point during the test should not surpass 5%.
Loads shall be applied in such a way as to avoid any dynamic effect However, joint slippage during the support test shall be accepted.
Load levels
The test loads shall be applied in increments to 50 %, 75 %, 90 %, 95 % and 100 % of the specified loads.
If required by the client, additional load levels may be considered.
Tolerances on applied loads
For each load level, the applied load measurements shall be considered acceptable if they are within the limits shown in table 1 below:
Loading rate and holding period
The duration for applying each load increment is influenced by the capabilities of the testing station and the time required to adjust the loads as specified in section 9.4.
For the final 100% level, loads must be sustained for at least 1 minute and no longer than 5 minutes The selected holding period for this final level should be incorporated into the test program.
For supports made of creep-sensitive materials, different loading rates and holding periods may apply.
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10.1 Mesure des efforts et des angles
The accuracy of dynamometers, load cells, and inclinometers must ensure that measurement errors do not exceed 1% of the full scale, including rigging This specified accuracy is based on a standard deviation of 3 σ.
All dynamometers, force sensors, and inclinometers must be calibrated before and after each test series Additionally, the calibration instruments used for this process should be calibrated at least once a year.
Toutes les charges appliquées et/ou les angles résultants doivent être enregistrés.
At each level, and when the support is stable, the movements of the support must be measured as specified in the testing request The measurement accuracy should ensure that errors do not exceed 25 mm, with the specified precision referring to a standard deviation of 3 σ.
If requested by the client, strain measurements must be conducted in accordance with the applicable standards The testing station should ensure the accuracy of the strain measurements and/or the instrumented bars, while synchronizing the measurements with the applied loads.
11 Succession des différents cas de chargement
The order of the various load cases must be established by the client and specified in the testing request It is advisable to prioritize tests that have the least impact on the results of subsequent tests With the client's consent, the testing station may adjust the order of load cases to facilitate testing procedures or to lower testing costs.
Il est recommandé de filmer la totalité des essais et il convient que les images vidéo soient synchronisées avec les mesures.
The mechanical strength of the support is deemed satisfactory if it can withstand the specified nominal load (100% bearing) for 1 minute without any failure of its components or assemblies, even if a longer bearing duration has been specified.
Des déformations locales permanentes de courbure ou de vrillage de treillis secondaires ou d’éléments sont acceptables L'ovalisation des trous et les déformations permanentes des boulons doivent être acceptées.
De plus, les exigences de l'article 15 doivent être satisfaites.
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Load and angle measurements
The dynamometers, load cells, and angle transducers must maintain measurement errors within 1% of the full scale, accounting for the influence of test rigging This accuracy requirement is based on a standard deviation of 3 σ.
All dynamometers and/or load cells and/or angle transducers shall be calibrated before and after every test series The calibration instruments shall be certified at least once a year.
All applied loads and/or resultant angles shall be recorded.
Deflection measurements
Support deflection must be measured at each load level when the support is stable, following the test specifications The required measurement accuracy is 25 mm, which is based on a standard deviation of 3 σ.
Strain measurements
Strain measurement will be conducted according to established industry standards upon client request The testing station is responsible for ensuring the accuracy of the strain gauges and instrumented members, as well as synchronizing the measurements with the applied loads.
11 Sequence of test loading cases
The client will determine the sequence of test loading cases, which will be outlined in the test specification It is advisable to prioritize tests that have minimal impact on the outcomes of subsequent tests With the client's consent, the testing station may modify the test sequence to streamline operations or lower testing costs.
It is recommended that the entire test should be video recorded and the video cross-referenced with the measurements.
The support's performance is deemed acceptable if it can withstand the specified design loads at 100% for one minute without any component or assembly failure, regardless of whether a longer holding period was required.
Permanent local deformations such as bowing or twisting of secondary members and components are acceptable Ovalization of holes and permanent deformation of bolts shall be accepted.
Additionally, the requirement of clause 15 shall be fulfilled.
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In the event that failure occurs at less than 95% of the specified nominal load, the damaged components may be replaced with one or more new elements The modified structure must then undergo retesting to ensure it can support 100% of the specified nominal load.
If failure occurs between 95% and less than 100% of the specified nominal load, except in the last loading case (often a destructive load case), the support must be modified and retested However, if failure occurs in the last loading case, the client has the option to forgo retesting the modified support.
Dans le cas d’une ruine qui intervient à 100 % du chargement nominal spécifié mais à une durée de maintien inférieure à 1 min, le client peut accepter le support sans modification.
In cases where failure occurs at less than 100% of the specified nominal load, broken components must be replaced with identical ones, and the support must be retested If a new failure arises, the client has the right to reject the batch of supports from which the tested support was selected.
In the event of a failure occurring at 100% of the specified nominal load but with a hold duration of less than 1 minute, the client may accept the batch of supports from which the tested support was selected.
Le remplacement partiel ou complet ou la modification d’éléments, d’assemblages, et de profilés complets du support est de la responsabilité du client.
Le choix des matériaux, des tolérances de fabrication et des propriétés mécaniques (c’est- à-dire les caractéristiques géométriques et mécaniques) du support sont de la res- ponsabilité du client.
Les matériaux mis en oeuvre pour la fabrication du support prototype doivent être représen- tatifs des matériaux utilisés pour la production des structures et conformes aux spécifications industrielles adéquates.
A la fin des séries d’essais, il est recommandé de prélever des échantillons sur le support prototype pour vérifier la conformité des matériaux avec les spécifications.
Le nombre et l’emplacement des échantillons sont de la responsabilité du client.
Si les composants du support ne satisfont pas aux exigences des normes industrielles en vigueur, le client peut déclarer l’essai invalide et refuser le support.
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Design tests
If a component fails under 95% of its designated load, it can be replaced with a different component The updated structure must then undergo retesting to ensure it can withstand the required loads.
100 % of the specified design loads.
If a failure occurs between 95% and less than 100% of the specified design loads, excluding the final load case, the support must be modified and retested However, if the failure happens in the final load case, the client has the option to forgo retesting the modified support.
In the event of failure at 100 % of the specified design loads but at less than 1 min into the holding period, the client may accept the support without modification.
Sample tests
If a component fails under 100% of the specified design load, it must be replaced with an identical component, and the support should be retested Should another failure occur, the client has the right to reject the entire batch of supports from which the tested support was taken.
In cases where a failure occurs at 100% of the specified design load within the first minute of the holding period, the client has the option to accept the batch of supports from which the tested support was taken.
Replacement of components
The partial or complete replacement or modification of elements, assemblies and complete sections of the support is the responsibility of the client.
The selection of materials, manufacturing tolerances and engineering properties (i.e geo- metrical and mechanical characteristics) for the support are the responsibility of the client.
The materials used for the fabrication of a prototype support shall be representative of the materials used in production structures and within the appropriate industry specification.
On completion of the test series, it is recommended to take samples from the prototype support in order to verify the compliance of the material with the specifications.
The number and location of samples are the responsibility of the client.
If the components of the support do not fulfil the requirements of the applicable industry standards, the client may declare the test invalid and reject the support.
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La station d’essais doit indiquer toutes les informations et les données relatives aux essais.
The test report must include the following elements: the applicable standard for support testing (IEC 60652), designation, type, and description of the support, the name of the support manufacturer and designer, the client's name, dates and location of the tests, and the names of individuals present during the tests Additionally, it should contain a list of workshop and/or assembly plans related to the tested support, including any modifications, methods used, and measurements taken during assembly A description of any anomalies and difficulties encountered, along with corrective measures adopted by the client, should be provided The report must also include the rigging plan used for applying test loads, a brief description of the testing means, and a list of all force and angle sensors, detailing their positions, calibration, measurement chain accuracy, and calibration or verification reports Furthermore, it should specify the requested loads for different support points for each bearing, the duration of the final bearing, calibration certificates, displacement measurements, and strain gauge measurements, if applicable In the event of failure, relevant details must be documented.
• les charges maximales appliquées au support juste avant la ruine;
• une description de la ruine;
• les caractéristiques dimensionnelles et mécaniques des éléments rompus, si le client le demande;
Upon client request, a video documenting the ruin may be provided, along with photographs capturing the entire support before, during, and after testing, including details of the ruin if applicable Local weather data during testing sequences, such as wind speed and direction, and temperature, will also be included Additionally, if requested, information regarding any visible permanent deformations observed during dismantling will be provided The laboratory's accreditation number for conducting tests in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025 will be included when relevant, as well as the mechanical and dimensional characteristics of samples taken from the support, if requested by the client.
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The testing station shall document all relevant test information and data.
The test report must encompass essential data, including the applicable testing standard (IEC 60652), a detailed description of the support, and the names of the manufacturer, designer, and client It should specify the testing dates and location, list attendees, and include workshop or erection drawings with modifications Additionally, the report must outline the methods and measurements for joint assembly, document any anomalies encountered along with corrective actions, and provide rigging drawings for test loads A brief overview of the test facility is necessary, detailing the calibration and accuracy of load measuring devices Furthermore, it should specify the required loads at various support points, the holding period for the final load level, and include calibration records, deflection measurements, and strain gauge readings if applicable In the event of failure, the results must be clearly documented.
• maximum loads applied to the support prior to failure;
• when required by the client, engineering properties of the failed component(s);
The client may request a video documenting the failure, along with comprehensive photographs of the support before, during, and after testing, including any failure details Local meteorological data, such as wind speed, direction, and temperature, will be recorded throughout the testing series Additionally, if needed, observations of any significant permanent deformations during dismantling will be provided When applicable, the quality assurance certificate number for the station, in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025, will be included Lastly, the client may also request the engineering properties of component samples taken from the support.
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The testing station is required to retain all testing information for a minimum period of 10 years or for a duration agreed upon with the client This information includes the test report, various calibrations, testing parameters, the history of applied loads and measured displacements, rigging plans, and, if applicable, video footage and photographs.
La mise à disposition du support essayé ou son stockage est de la responsabilité du client.
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The testing station shall keep a record of all relevant information for a time period of at least
The retention period for relevant information, including test reports, calibration and test data, deflection and load time histories, rigging drawings, and available video and still images, is set at 10 years or as specified by the client.
The disposition or storage of the test support is the responsibility of the client.
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