NORME EUROPÉENNE ICS 53.020.20 English Version Cranes - Light crane systems Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Systèmes de This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 Novem
General
Light crane systems and jib cranes must adhere to the safety requirements and protective measures outlined in Clause 5 Furthermore, the design of these cranes should align with established engineering principles.
EN ISO 12100 for relevant but not significant hazards, which are not dealt with by this European Standard
The design of the crane must adhere to the service conditions outlined in EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-2, which should be detailed in the crane's technical file Additionally, the design duty classification should be defined using classes U and Q, along with the average movement distances For further guidance and examples of typical application classifications, refer to Annex A.
Light crane systems and jib cranes shall be in accordance with EN 13135, e.g design of electrical equipment and design for high-risk applications
Machinery included in light crane systems and jib cranes shall be in accordance with the following European Standards as applicable:
Proof of competence calculations shall be in accordance with EN 13001 series as applicable, i.e
— EN 13001-1, duty classes and limit state method in general;
— EN 13001-2, loads and load combinations;
Local stresses in wheel supporting flanges shall be calculated in accordance with EN 15011
For aluminium structures, see additional requirements in 5.2
To prevent injuries during installation, it is essential to deburr sharp edges Additionally, appropriate corrosion protection for crane tracks and components must be implemented based on the crane's intended use.
All connections shall be secured, so that they cannot get loose and wear of parts shall not lead to any risk of load drop or other dangerous situation
To ensure safety, the design and installation must prevent any uncontrolled movements Additionally, the crane should be engineered to allow the operator to maintain control over all movements at all times.
Where hand powered trolleys or bridges are used, the force needed to move the trolley or bridge shall not exceed 200 N.
Aluminium structures
General
The competence proof must adhere to the methodology outlined in EN 13001-3-1, incorporating the modifications and design parameters specified in section 5.2 For aluminium, the yield stress \( f_y \) should be considered as the 0.2% proportional limit.
Products and materials
European Standards specify materials and their specific values For structural members made of aluminium, materials in accordance with the following European Standards should be used:
— extruded products: EN 755-1 and EN 755-2
Table 2 shows a preferred selection of materials for extruded products in accordance with the
The EN 755 series specifies that the design values for strength, denoted as \$f_y\$ and \$f_u\$, are outlined in Table 2 and are applicable for temperatures up to 80 °C For additional details, refer to the relevant European Standard.
Grades and qualities not listed in the European Standards and Table 2 can be utilized if their mechanical properties and chemical composition are clearly defined in accordance with the applicable European Standard, provided that specific conditions are met.
— the design value of fy is limited to fu/1,1 for materials with fu /fy < 1,1;
— the percentage elongation at fracture A ≥ 7 % on a gauge length L 0 =5,65× S 0 (where S 0 is the original cross-sectional area);
— temper conditions shall be specified and defined in accordance with EN 515
Table 2 — Design values of material strength in accordance with EN 755–2
Alloy Temper Thickness t Design strength f y yield f u ultimate mm N/mm 2 N/mm 2
350 Temper designations: refer to EN 515.
Proof of static strength
In calculating the limit design stress for structural members, excluding bolted and pin connections, the general resistance factor is established at γ m = 1.1 Additionally, the specific resistance factor for all material types and stress directions is set to γ sm = 1.
Proof of fatigue strength
Characteristic fatigue strength Δσc shall be taken in accordance with Table 3 The slope constant shall be set to m = 7
When a member features geometric details that lead to local stress concentration, such as holes or stepped discontinuities with edges perpendicular to the direction of normal stress, the nominal stress must be adjusted by the appropriate stress concentration factor when assessing fatigue strength.
Table 3 — Characteristic fatigue strength of aluminium structures
Non-welded structural member under normal stresses
Proof of elastic stability
The material parameter values shall be set as follows:
Dimensional tolerances of extruded structural members shall conform to EN 755-9.
Actions on supporting structures
Actions on supporting structures shall be given in technical documentation in accordance with Annex B.
General components
Joints in crane tracks, crane bridges and monorails
Joints shall ensure specified alignment of the connected parts and the continuity of the rolling surface of trolleys
Joints must be engineered to withstand the maximum forces exerted on them, considering impacts from end stops, buffers, and other dynamic loads In the absence of alternative measures to prevent the joint from opening during operation, it is essential to incorporate a design that ensures the joint remains securely closed, such as through positive locking mechanisms.
The installation and maintenance instructions must clearly specify and document the allowable distance (D) between a joint and the nearest support, along with the permissible gap (G) and step (S) of the running surface, as illustrated in Figure 1.
D distance from the joint to the nearest support
Suspensions
Means shall be provided in order to limit excessive horizontal displacement of the light crane system Suspensions should have means for height and position adjustment.
Bridge skewing
The bridge attachment to the trolley must be designed to provide essential degrees of freedom around both the horizontal and vertical axes, ensuring that the light crane system remains undamaged Specifically, the vertical axis should allow for adequate movement to prevent any obstruction of the crane bridge on the track during operation.
Backup devices for trolleys and suspensions
A trolley or track suspension equipped with a backup device serves as a safeguard against primary component failure The design of this backup device must consider the dynamic effects resulting from the failure of the primary component.
Instructions shall be provided for actions after the failure, e.g inspection of the structure, repair and putting light crane system back to service, see 7.3.3.
Turntables and switches
The mechanism must be designed to prevent a trolley from falling or being obstructed by moving parts during operation, ensuring that any obstruction does not result in a hazardous situation Examples of this mechanism include a turntable and a switch, as illustrated in Figure 2.
Interlock
Mechanism shall be such as to prevent a trolley from falling or from becoming obstructed when passing from one side to the other Figure 3 shows a typical example of an interlock
Loading/unloading station
The mechanism must ensure that a trolley remains secure and unobstructed while moving to and from the loading/unloading station, as illustrated in Figure 4 Additionally, the lifting machinery at the loading station must comply with the European crane standards specified in section 5.1.
Telescopic and cantilevered crane systems
In the case of a cantilevered load, it is essential to implement measures such as counterweights or counter wheels to prevent the wheels from lifting off their normal running surfaces, which can lead to uncontrolled movements and jamming of moving parts An example of a telescopic system is illustrated in Figure 5.
Trolleys
Trolleys must be designed with safety features to avoid unintentional derailment, accidental falls, or climbing on the rail This can be achieved through the implementation of guide rollers and wheel flanges Additionally, trolleys should be equipped to prevent falling or overturning in the case of a single-wheel failure.
End stops and motion limiters
Motion that is intentionally restricted requires the use of motion limiters, such as electrical switches or mechanical end stops These end stops must effectively halt movement at maximum speed without causing overload to the crane.
Bridges and tracks must have mechanical end stops at their ends, with parallel runways for cranes or tracks properly aligned Additionally, any electrical motion limiters installed should comply with EN 12077-2 standards.
End stops for the crane or trolley are secured by a bolt tightening friction grip joint that relies solely on friction, allowing for adjustable travel range.
— a positive locking provided behind the end stop as a back-up means or
— the end stop construction shall be designed with a risk coefficient γ n = 1,6
Where the design permits only limited rotation of a jib crane, end stops for the rotation movement shall be provided.
Power supply
The electric power supply shall conform to EN 60204-32
Means to shut off the pneumatic power shall be provided
In certain situations, the power supply can independently move the lifting device, such as when influenced by the weight of the festoon cable If this movement is not a desired function, it is essential for the lifting device or bridge to have a braking system installed.
Tandem operation of cranes/trolleys from a single control station
When multiple cranes or trolleys are employed to manage a single load from a unified control station, it is essential to interconnect the control systems of each crane This interconnection guarantees safe and efficient tandem operation.
— the hoisting speeds are the same within the tolerances required for the particular application;
— the horizontal speeds are the same within the tolerances required for the particular application;
Any disruption in the operation of one crane or trolley will impact the other However, this rule does not apply to cranes or trolleys that are fully powered and operated by pneumatic or hydraulic systems, provided their horizontal speeds are below 15 m/min and their hoisting speeds are under 2 m/min.
For horizontal speeds over 60 m/min or hoisting speeds above 20 m/min, motion control systems must ensure self-correcting synchronization, meaning that any operational interruption in one crane or trolley will directly impact the other.
Where the cranes can be used separately and in tandem, the controls shall be clearly marked accordingly.
Use of multiple lifting devices
To prevent overloading any component of a crane when using multiple lifting devices, it is essential to implement measures that safeguard against mechanical or electrical overload.
— crane bridge capacity is less than the combined capacity of the lifting devices;
— several adjacent lifting devices loading one suspension of a monorail;
— several adjacent bridges loading one suspension of a track;
— telescopic system and cantilevered beams of tracks/bridges with several lifting devices;
— two jibs on one pillar capable to operate in the same slewing zone.
Man-machine interface
Control devices and control stations
Control devices and control stations shall be in conformance with EN 13557
More information on ergonomic design principles of controls and control stations is given in EN 614-1.
Horizontal speeds
Power driven horizontal motions that are not automated shall have a maximum speed allowing the operator
— to have full control of the movement of the load;
Speeds of movements with pendant control shall not exceed 63 m/min In case of cableless controlled (e.g radio control) movements, the speed shall not exceed 80 m/min.
Guarding and access
The crane shall have permanent access to all control stations, in accordance with EN 13586
The crane shall be designed such that access to maintenance and inspection points is possible in one of the following ways or by a combination of those:
— the crane has permanent access ways for maintenance and inspection, designed in accordance with
— access is through external access ways on the surrounding building or similar permanent construction;
— access is from a mobile elevating work platform
Access to the crane in these instances depends on external means not included with the crane itself These external means must be clearly specified, and their usage should be detailed in the crane's maintenance instructions Additionally, when maintenance or inspection necessitates access to enclosures, the openings must meet specific standards.
For requirements not covered by EN 13586, the following clearances are generally recommended as minimum values:
— clearance above the crane with access ways to the interrupted roof: 500 mm;
— clearance between two cranes mounted above each other with access ways in either of the cranes:
— if it is foreseeable for personnel to access the top of a permanent obstacle, then clearance under the crane to that permanent obstacle: 500 mm;
— clearance between the end carriage and the building taking into account the maximum skew position and allowable wear and there is no permanent access: 50 mm
NOTE Guidance is also given in ISO 11660-5
Some maintenance and inspection work may require the use of a safety harnesses Where such equipment is required attachment points in conformity with EN 795 shall be provided
To prevent crushing and shearing hazards, the minimum distance between moving parts of the crane must comply with EN 349, unless alternative safety measures, such as a person detector and motion limiter system, are implemented.
To mitigate shearing or falling hazards on access ways, transfer points must be equipped with gates These gates should include an interlocking device that disables the associated motion for enhanced safety.
Running surfaces located less than 2.5 meters above access levels must be safeguarded according to EN ISO 13857 standards The gap between the running surface and the guard should not exceed 6 mm.
Power transmissions such as open gears and chain drives in areas where personnel work or traffic occurs must be protected in compliance with EN ISO 14120 However, guarding for slewing gears is not necessary if the pinion/gear's drawing-in point is located at a safe distance from access routes, as specified by EN ISO 13857.
Lighting
The manufacturer shall clarify needs for crane-mounted lights depending on the availability of other lights on site Attention shall be paid on lighting
— on the current area where the load attachment is at a given time (i.e working area);
— on access walkways, stairs and ladders
The crane must have lighting that ensures a minimum illumination of 50 lux in the working area, unless adequate lighting is already available from the general illumination at the installation site.
Reduction of noise by design
Noise is generally not a major concern in light crane systems or jib cranes However, it can pose a significant hazard if the operator is positioned near high-power or high-speed mechanisms and components.
When noise is a significant hazard, there is need for low noise design In this case, the methodology for low noise design in EN ISO 11688-1 shall be considered
NOTE EN ISO 11688-2 gives useful information on noise generation mechanisms in machinery
On light crane systems and jib cranes, the main sources of noise are the following:
— hoisting mechanism (motor, gear, brakes);
— trolley traversing mechanism (motor, gear, brakes, especially rail/wheel contact);
— crane travel mechanism (motor, gear, brakes, especially rail/wheel contact);
— crane and trolley festoon and energy chains;
— pneumatic and hydraulic pumps, either on the trolley or in the load lifting attachment
5.7.5.3 Measures to reduce noise at the source
Typical measures to reduce noise are
— selection of low noise components;
— use of elastic mountings that prevent the transmission of structure born noise from the components to the structures
Other measures of identical or better efficacy can be used
Typical measure is the use of noise reducing housing around noisy components
5.7.5.5 Determination of noise emission values
Noise emission values shall be determined as specified in the noise test code given in Annex C
NOTE Effects of the supporting structure and the surrounding building (if applicable) are outside of the scope of this European Standard
The information on residual noise shall be given to the user, see Clause 7.
Equipment for warning
General
Warning labels and markings must be displayed to alert crane operators, service personnel, inspectors, slingers, and others in proximity to the crane about potential hazards associated with its operations, as well as the necessary actions to mitigate risks.
NOTE 1 EN ISO 12100 gives the principles of presenting hazard information using labels
NOTE 2 EN 12644–2 gives requirements and information on the marking of cranes
NOTE 3 Visual warning means are safety colours, pictorial signs, text warnings and warning lights.
Warning markings
Warning markings must feature contrasting colors to ensure visibility in the operating environment, as specified by ISO 3864 (all parts) Additionally, these markings should be durable enough to withstand the expected conditions of use.
Cableless control warning light
For cableless controlled cranes means for warning as specified in EN 13557:2003+A2:2008, C.8 b), are not required.
Location of the visual display unit
The placement of visual display units must adhere to EN 894-1 and EN 894-2 standards to reduce operator head movements while ensuring an unobstructed view of the working area.
Safety related functions of control systems
For control systems in a machinery, which is in the scope of a particular harmonised standard (e.g EN 14492-2, EN 14238), the required performance level shall be as given in such standard
Safety related functions of other control systems shall fulfil at least Performance Level c of
— control circuits built with electromechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic components shall fulfil at least Performance Level c and category 1;
— control circuits built with electronic or programmable components, respectively, shall fulfil at least Performance Level c and category 2
In high-risk applications, as specified in EN 13135, a risk assessment shall be undertaken to establish a higher performance level requirement than described above
Generally for light crane systems and jib cranes, at least the following safety related functions shall be addressed where applicable:
— limiting of motions at the ends of ranges of movements (e.g hoisting, travel, traverse, slewing);
— limiting of motions at the turntables, interlocks, switches and at the loading stations;
The stop function in cableless control systems as laid down in EN 13557:2003+A2:2008, Annex C (C.3), i.e when:
— either the communication is lost or disturbed or
The stop button on the transmitter must meet at least Performance Level c and category 3 standards This requirement is not applicable during normal operation, such as when using hold-to-run push buttons to control crane movement.
According to EN ISO 12100:2010, Annex A, the control system encompasses elements such as mechanical brakes, load holding valves, and gearboxes, which are part of the operating system rather than the safety-related control system Additionally, warning, indicating, and monitoring systems are generally not classified as safety-related control functions.
Functional test
All light crane systems and jib cranes must be operated without load across their full range of movements, reaching maximum speeds For hand-powered cranes, the maximum travel speed is equivalent to walking speed Motion limiters and buffer positions should be approached slowly before making contact at maximum speed Buffer stops, when used without additional motion limiters, should only be engaged once at full speed During testing, it is essential to monitor the crane for smooth operation, effective braking systems, and accurate motion limiter and indicator settings All crane functions, especially safety-related features like back-up brake sequencing, must be thoroughly tested for proper operation.
In power-driven lifting movements, a secondary (backup) limiter must be tested at both low and maximum specified speeds, with the primary limiter bypassed during the test In each scenario, the secondary limiter should ensure the system is brought to a safe condition.
Static test
The light crane systems and jib cranes shall be tested with a load of 125 % of rated capacity positioned
100 mm to 200 mm above the ground
The test must be conducted in all essential hoist positions, including the bridge's middle span, the maximum reach of a jib crane, and the extreme movement positions, including any cantilever, to ensure compliance with overload and stability standards.
Cranes with multiple lifting devices must undergo individual testing before the overall crane test, unless previously tested by the manufacturer Testing should account for the most unfavorable loading combinations of the lifting devices in their intended use A test load must be applied for at least 10 minutes to allow for necessary observations and measurements, ensuring that deflections remain within specified limits to evaluate the crane's fitness for purpose.
Successful tests of cranes are indicated by the absence of visible fractures, permanent deformations, or damages that could compromise their function or safety, as well as no signs of loosened or damaged connections Additionally, hand-powered lifting equipment must undergo separate testing as stand-alone equipment in compliance with EN 13157 standards.
Dynamic test
Dynamic testing will be conducted using a test load set at 110% of the rated capacity This testing will encompass repeated starting and stopping of each motion, including all combined movements as specified for intended use throughout the entire sequence and range of movements.
During these tests, the crane shall be continuously monitored to check for
— smooth operation of the crane;
— effective operation of the braking systems;
— effectiveness and accuracy of limiting and indicating devices
Dynamic tests are deemed successful when the components perform their intended functions, no damage is found in the drive or supporting structure during subsequent inspections, and all connections remain secure without any signs of loosening or damage.
The performance of the rated capacity limiter shall be tested in accordance with the relevant product standard prior to installation of the lifting equipment onto the crane
General
The crane shall be provided with instructions in accordance with EN ISO 12100 and EN 12644-1 except as otherwise given in this European Standard
The manufacturer shall specify the crane's design life in years, taking into account the chosen service conditions, average load or load distribution, and annual usage.
The design life of a crane serves as a calculation reference rather than a guarantee of its lifespan It provides valuable guidance for long-term maintenance and refurbishment, as outlined in ISO 12482 To effectively monitor usage, cycle counter devices can be employed, particularly for special applications as specified in EN 13135.
Operator’s manual
When multiple lifting devices are present on a crane or track, or when there are rated capacity limitations in specific areas, it is essential to provide a detailed description of the permissible loads for each lifting device and the allowable load combinations Additionally, the operation of any load limiter and indicator systems should be clearly outlined.
Information regarding the operation of other performance limiters shall be provided in the instruction manual
To ensure safety during slinging operations, it is crucial to follow proper instructions to prevent accidental release from the hook, which could lead to the load falling The manual will also highlight the potential hazards associated with falling loads or load components, particularly in the event of improper loading and attachment practices.
The manual shall give information on correct operation of the crane by the operator to avoid impact, by the moving load, with persons or property
The manual shall describe the necessary daily checks to ensure that, e.g the motion limiters, indicators and warning devices are performing satisfactorily
The instructions shall inform the correct ways of using multiple motion commands in order to suppress load sway
The manual shall describe the procedure for shutting down the crane and leaving it in an out-of-service condition
The manual shall indicate the manner in which the operator shall receive instruction/information regarding current wind speeds and the action to be taken to shut down the crane
Crane operators must be trained to refuse lifting operations when the load lifting attachment or typical loads are shaped in a way that allows a person to enter and remain on them during the lift.
User’s manual
General
The user’s manual shall inform on safe use of the crane and training for the slingers and the crane operator
NOTE 1 Information is available in ISO 9926-1, ISO 12480-1 and ISO 15513
In situations where crane-generated or ambient noise disrupts communication between the operator and slingers or other personnel, the user’s manual should emphasize alternative communication methods, such as hand signals or radio use.
The manual must specify the recommended ambient lighting conditions necessary for the safe operation of the crane Additionally, it should indicate that any alterations to the clearances surrounding the crane must comply with section 5.7.3.1.
The forces transmitted by the crane to the supporting structures shall be provided
NOTE 2 Information on the forces to be taken into account is given in Annex B
Emission sound pressure levels at the operator positions, generated by the crane, determined in accordance with Annex C shall be indicated
Where the A weighted emission sound pressure level at operator positions exceeds 80 dB(A), the A- weighted sound power level emitted by the crane shall also be indicated
Due to the challenges of achieving suitable environmental conditions for measuring sound power levels as per EN ISO 3744:2010, Annex A, or in cases where the crane is exceptionally large, it is permissible to assess and report sound pressure levels at designated locations around the crane, as outlined in Annex C.
Instructions for installation
Instructions on erection, assembly and fitness for purpose testing (see Clause 6) shall be provided Instructions shall include structural details of the attachments of the crane to the supporting building
The manufacturer must specify the dimensional tolerances for the support points of the tracks, which are crucial for the crane's operation and safety This includes addressing any misalignments of the support points from a straight line in both vertical and horizontal directions, as illustrated in Figures 6 to 8.
L 1 , L 2 distances between supports Δh 1 , Δh 2 vertical misalignments
Figure 6 — Vertical misalignment of supports
D vertical misalignment of parallel bridge tracks
S span ΔS tolerance of the span
Figure 7 — Vertical misalignment of parallel bridge tracks
B total misalignment at the whole length of the track b local misalignment at a specified measuring length
Figure 8 — Horizontal misalignments, plan view of a crane track
Instructions for maintenance
Instructions for maintenance shall comply with EN 12644-1, EN 60204-32 and EN 13135 except as otherwise given in this subclause
Instructions shall be given on:
— criteria for the replacement of components;
— criteria replacement of worn out or damaged parts;
— tests to be carried out after replacement of components;
— test to be carried out periodically;
— access to maintenance zone when external means of access are used
Instructions shall include the deflection limits under the rated load
NOTE Periodic test can be subject to national regulations
Abrasion and wearing limits shall be given for components subject to wear, for example:
— ropes (for information, see ISO 4309), pins and rope terminals;
— current collectors used in slip-ring systems and in conductor bars;
Instructions shall also be given for maintaining the braking capacity of mechanical brakes that are subject to minimal wear due to the performance of their operational systems
Instructions will be provided to verify the operation and settings of safety systems, such as the rated capacity limiter This process may involve marking the original setting values on the equipment or documenting them accordingly.
Information shall be given on required personal protective equipment
Identify potentially hot components and describe their guarding and marking Provide instructions for the disposal of materials replaced during maintenance and final dismantling when necessary.
Marking of rated capacities
The rated capacity of a lifting device indicates the maximum load it can safely lift when using a fixed load lifting attachment, and this capacity must be clearly marked on the device, such as “500 kg” or “RC 500 kg.” Unless otherwise specified, this rated capacity can be utilized at any position along the bridge or track where the lifting device is capable of moving.
The rated capacity and any associated limiting conditions must be clearly and permanently marked on the monorail, crane bridge, or jib, ensuring visibility for the operator.
Guidance for specifying the operating duty
Table A.1 provides guidance on selection of duty classes U and Q of EN 13001-1 for cranes in the scope of this European Standard
Table A.1 — Guidance for selection of classes U and Q
No Description of application U class Q class
2 Painting shop feeding crane, intermittent operation U0-U1 Q2-Q4
4 Assembly and maintenance cranes, intermittent operation U1-U3 Q0-Q2
8 Assembly line cranes, intermittent operation U3-U6 Q2-Q4
9 Assembly line cranes, continuous operation U6-U7 Q3-Q5
12 Workshop cranes in general, intermittent operation U2-U5 Q0-Q2
Actions on supporting structures and installation dimensions
Loads and load combinations
Table B.1 outlines the dynamic load factors that the crane manufacturer must supply to the designer of the supporting structure Meanwhile, Table B.2 details the relevant load actions and their combinations necessary for calculating the total load actions on the supports.
NOTE 1 For light crane systems and jib cranes only a selection of all load combinations as given EN 13001–2 are necessary
Each entry in Table B.2 must include a set of simultaneously acting forces and moments, such as [M, V] illustrated in Figure B.1, and similarly represented in Figures B.2 to B.4 These forces and moments should be specified as characteristic static values, derived from load actions without incorporating partial load factors or dynamic factors.
In order to find the maximum forces, the critical positions of lifting devices, bridges and jibs shall be taken into account
Structural details of the attachments of the crane to the supporting building shall be provided by the crane manufacturer
The crane manufacturer provides a specified format for load actions, allowing designers of supporting structures to develop appropriate load combinations in accordance with EN 1991–3.
The dynamic factors for crane operations are crucial for ensuring safety and efficiency The factor load action is amplified by various dynamic factors: ϕ1 accounts for hoisting and gravity effects on the crane's mass, while ϕ2 addresses inertial and gravity effects when hoisting an unrestrained grounded load Additionally, ϕ3 considers the effects of suddenly releasing part of the hoist load Factors ϕ5T* and ϕ5B* represent the dynamic loads caused by the acceleration of traversing and travelling, respectively, and are defined as the ratio of maximum dynamic support force to static support force Furthermore, ϕ6 pertains to test loads, ϕ7 to buffer force, and ϕL to the operation of overload protection mechanisms, such as a slipping clutch.
This definition differs from that in EN 13001–2.
Table B.2 — Load combinations for determining the crane actions on supporting structures
Basic load action Regular load combinations Exceptional load combinations
Dead weight of the crane ϕ1 ϕ1 1 1 1
Mass of the hoist load(s) ϕ2 ϕ3 - - ϕL
Acceleration of traversing ϕ5T* ϕ5T* - - - Acceleration of travelling ϕ5B* ϕ5B* - - -
Jib cranes
Pillar jib crane
Actions on supporting structures are expressed as the vertical force (V) and overturning moment (M) at the base plate, see Figure B.1
Figure B.1 — Actions on supporting structures, pillar jib crane
Wall-mounted jib crane
Actions on supporting structures are expressed as the vertical force (V) and horizontal force (H) at the supporting wall; see Figure B.2
D distance between the fixing points
Figure B.2 — Actions on supporting structures, wall-mounted jib crane
Suspended light crane systems
Actions on supporting structures are represented by vertical force (V) and horizontal forces (Fx, Fy) at the suspension point, as illustrated in Figure B.3 For rigid suspension systems, it is also necessary to include the moments (Mx, My, Mz).
F x , F y , V, forces at the support point
M x , M y , M v moments at the support point
Figure B.3 — Actions on supporting structures, suspended light crane system
Free-standing systems
Actions on supporting structures are expressed as the vertical force (V), horizontal forces (Fx, Fy) and moments (Mx, My, Mz) at the support point, see Figure B.4
F x , F y , V, forces at the support point
M x , M y , M v moments at the support point
Figure B.4 — Actions on supporting structures, free-standing light crane system
General
This noise test code outlines the essential information required for the efficient determination, declaration, and verification of noise emission characteristics for light crane systems and jib cranes under standardized conditions.
Noise emission characteristics include emission sound pressure levels at operator's positions The determination of these quantities is necessary for
— manufacturers to declare the noise emitted;
— comparing the noise emitted by machines in the family concerned;
— purposes of noise control at the source at the design stage
This noise test code guarantees the reproducibility of noise emission characteristics within defined limits based on the accuracy of the primary noise measurement method employed The European Standard permits specific methods for noise determination.
— a calculation method (C.3) to determine the overall noise emitted by the noisiest components of the crane
This method shall be used systematically and the value resulting from the calculation shall be given in the instructions for use (see 7.3.1) unless the measured values are available
Noise generated from rail-wheel contact during travel, along with noise from runway structures and crane power supply systems, is excluded from consideration, as these factors may not be entirely controllable by the crane manufacturer.
This method underestimates the actual noise emission value of the crane when installed at the user's place,
— a measurement method (C.4) of the sound pressure level at the operator's position once the crane is installed at the user's place
The sound pressure level discussed here differs from the emission sound pressure level, as it encompasses the crane, the structure it is attached to, and the acoustic properties of the surrounding environment.
This method has priority over the calculated values, when the sound pressure value added by the uncertainty exceeds 70 dB(A) at a working place
The measurement of a crane involves two key values: one for hoisting and traversing, and another for travelling, which must be included in the user instructions (refer to section 7.3.1) When assessing the sound pressure level at the operator's position, both values should be taken into account It's important to note that the actual sound pressure level may exceed the higher of these two values if hoisting, traversing, and travelling occur simultaneously.
Cranes with an A-weighted emission sound pressure level exceeding 80 dB at the operator's position must have their sound power level clearly indicated The process for determining these required values is outlined in section C.4.1.2.
The C-weighted peak emission sound pressure levels in the light crane systems and jib cranes are typically so low that they need not to be measured and reported.
Description of machinery family
This annex pertains to individual light crane systems as defined by this European Standard, specifically when they are fully assembled and in their intended working condition, including the fixed load lifting attachment.
Determination of a conventional emission sound pressure level by calculation
Principle of the method
The conventional emission sound pressure level at the operator's position is determined by summing the contributions from the main noise sources on the crane These contributions are based on the sound power levels specified by the manufacturers of these noise sources.
Calculation
The contribution of a given noise source with A-weighted sound power level L WA is given by Formula (C.1):
L pA is the resulting A-weighted sound pressure level at the operator's position;
L WA is the A-weighted sound power level of the source, in decibels; reference: 1 pW;
S = 2πr 2 , where r is the distance between the considered place and the sound source;
The values of the sound power level of the components to be used in the calculation shall correspond to the rated loads and speeds of the crane
The noise sources to be taken into account in the calculation are
— fixed load lifting attachment, when power operated
The values shall include the noise of the electrical control cubicles and power source
The typical locations of noise sources are illustrated in Figure C.1, with the operator positioned in a vertical plane containing these sources When assessing the power operated load lifting attachment, the nearest normal operating distance is taken into consideration.
The values of the A-weighted sound power levels and the distances r used for the calculations shall be reported a) b)
Figure C.1 — Noise sources of a light crane system and jib cranes
The A-weighted emission sound pressure level at a specific location, influenced by various sound sources, is determined by summing the sound pressure levels from each source, as outlined in Formula (C.2).
L pA(total) is the conventional A-weighted emission sound pressure level, i.e the total A-weighted sound pressure level at the considered position resulting from N sources;
L pAi is the A-weighted sound pressure level resulting from sound source i;
N is the total number of sound sources
The uncertainty of the calculation is that with which the sound power levels of the components have been determined
This calculation method overlooks the impact of structure-borne noise and sound reflection from the ground, resulting in calculated noise levels that are typically lower than those that would be measured in practice.
NOTE Formula (C.3) below illustrates the method for the addition of two A-weighted sound pressure levels,
Determination of emission sound pressure level at control stations and other
Measurement method and points
C.4.1.1 Measurement of sound pressure level at working positions
Emission sound pressure level measurements shall be made in accordance with EN ISO 11201 at the following positions
The measurements shall be made in or at all control stations
For movable pendant control stations, the measurement point should be located at a height of 1.6 meters within the vertical plane defined by the pendant controls This point must be positioned either one quarter of the crane span away from the vertical plane of the runway rail or one quarter of the jib outreach from the slew center Refer to Figure C.2 for visual guidance.
This measurement pertains to non-fixed operator positions, such as radio control When measuring crane travel or jib slewing, it is essential to maintain a stationary measuring point Key factors to consider include crane span and jib outreach.
C.4.1.2 Determination of sound power level or sound pressure level at determined positions
When the A-weighted sound pressure level at a working position exceeds 80 dB(A), it is necessary to determine the sound power level For large machinery, the A-weighted emission sound pressure levels at specified positions around the machinery may be reported instead In the case of light crane systems and jib cranes, if the A-weighted sound pressure level exceeds 80 dB(A), specific conditions apply Indoor cranes are typically installed near reflecting and absorbing surfaces, which can vary by location, and these conditions may not satisfy the acoustic environment requirements for sound power level determination (refer to EN ISO 3744:2010, Annex A) Consequently, A-weighted sound pressure levels must be measured and reported at six defined positions based on specific coordinates.
3) z = 1,6 m; and at two positions: x = 0,10 l; 0,90 l; y = 0; z = 1,6 m where l is the span (S) of the crane or the jib outreach (R); h is the height from the floor level to the top of a lifting device; x is the coordinate below and parallel with the essential symmetry line of the girder(s), at floor level, origin at the vertical line of one of the supporting travel rails; y is the horizontal coordinate parallel with the tracks of the crane bridge or the coordinate in direction of the slew circle; z is the vertical coordinate
The measurement cycle must adhere to the guidelines outlined in C.4.3.2, 1) In a qualified acoustic environment, the A-weighted sound power levels for the hoisting and traversing motions of the lifting device under load, as well as for the fixed load lifting attachment, can be reported instead of the overall crane power level It is essential that the lifting device travels along the running surface(s) during the traversing measurement to accurately reflect its actual usage.
Custom-built lifting devices are usually unique and cannot operate with a load in a qualified acoustic environment until they are installed at the end user's site, unlike serially manufactured lifting devices.
Installation and mounting conditions
The crane must be installed on its designated tracks or foundation as intended for use, with the sound alarm signals disconnected during noise measurements.
The mechanisms of the non-fixed load lifting attachments causing noise may be switched off during the noise measurement cycle
NOTE Noise caused by the non-fixed load lifting attachments is the matter of the manufacturer of the equipment.
Operating conditions
In all cases, the testing position of the light crane system for the measurements should be so selected that the reflections and other environmental disturbances are minimized
During work cycles, it is ideal to handle the rated load; however, if this is not feasible, a typical load that weighs at least 50% of the rated load can be utilized.
The work cycle during measurement shall be as follows:
1) hoist the load with maximum speed at the point one quarter of span or outreach (beside the measuring point) Duration shall correspond to one-half of the total lifting height
2) start traversing during the hoisting (about at the mid height of hoist path) and go on to the point 3/4 of the span or outreach
3) start lowering before stopping the traversing motion and go on to the ground level
4) return the load to the start position in the reverse manner
5) in case of jib crane with powered slewing, this shall be operated during traversing
Where there are limitations in making movements simultaneously, the cycle description shall be modified accordingly
Test cycles and measurements shall be repeated at least three times
The test result L pA 1 is the arithmetic mean of the measured maximum values
Noise measurement during bridge travelling shall be made separately holding the load at the mid span of the bridge
The measuring period shall start when the reference box reaches the stationary microphone, and it shall end when the other side of the reference box has passed the microphone
The reference box is a theoretical construct defined as the smallest rectangular parallelepiped that completely encloses the noise sources, specifically the entire crane structure, and extends to the reflecting plane, which is the floor.
Test cycles and measurements shall be repeated at least three times
The test result L pA 2 is the arithmetic mean of the measured maximum values.
Uncertainties
Currently, there is no technical data available on noise emission to estimate the standard deviation of reproducibility for the machinery covered by this noise test code As a result, the standard deviation values stated in the basic noise emission standards should be considered interim upper limits for determining the uncertainty K in noise declarations Collaborative investigations among manufacturers are essential to establish a potentially lower standard deviation of reproducibility, which would lead to a reduced uncertainty K The findings from these investigations will be included in a future version of this European Standard.
Information to be recorded
Measurements shall be recorded in accordance with EN ISO 11202:2010, Clause 12
For the calculation method, the information to be recorded shall be as specified in EN ISO 11203:2009, Clause 7.
Information to be reported
The reports shall include the A-weighted emission sound pressure levels and the positions where they were measured or calculated
The A-weighted sound power level of the crane and its mechanisms during work cycles must be reported when necessary, along with the method used to determine these power levels.
When sound pressure levels are reported at specific locations instead of the required sound power level, this must be noted Additionally, the acoustic environment conditions should be documented, with guidance available in EN ISO 3744:2010, Table A.1.
Noise measurements taken during crane travel should be reported independently from those associated with the specified work cycle, as they can be significantly influenced by noise produced in the runways and the building structure.
In the calculation method, it is essential to report the assumptions made, the exact locations of sound sources and operators, the sound power input data values used, and the outcomes of the calculations.
Declaration and verification of noise emission values
The declaration and verification of noise emission values shall be made in accordance with
EN ISO 4871 These values shall be preferably the measured values obtained in accordance with C.4 or the calculated values (C.3) Example is given in Table C.1
The noise declaration must include a dual number declaration as per EN ISO 4871, specifying both the noise emission level and the associated uncertainty separately It should present the A-weighted emission sound pressure level at control stations and other designated working positions, indicating values exceeding 70 dB If the level does not exceed 70 dB, this must also be clearly stated.
The noise declaration must explicitly state that the noise emission values were obtained following the specified noise test code, referencing the basic standard EN ISO 11201 Additionally, it should clearly outline any deviations from the noise test code or the basic standard utilized.
Table C.1 — Example of information declared, either calculated or measured values, for each position
Model number, operating conditions and other identifying information: type, model, rated capacity, position, etc
Calculated sound pressure value according to C.3
Measured sound pressure values at working positions according to C.4 Hoisting and traversing pA 1
Within the range of 1,5 dB to
Within the range of 1,5 dB to 4 dB
Within the range of 1,5 dB to
A-weighted sound power level(s) according to C.4.1.2, b)
Measured sound pressure values at specified points according to C.4.1.2, a)
Specified points Pi(xi, yi, zi)
Where the information to be declared in Table C.1 is available both by calculation and by measurement, only the information obtained by measurement shall be declared
Noise emission data shall also be given in the sales literature
To verify the noise emission values of a crane, measurements must be taken under the same mounting, installation, and operating conditions as those used during the initial determination of these values.
Selection of a suitable set of European Standards for cranes in a given application
Is there a product standard in the following list that suits the application?
EN 14439 Cranes — Safety — Tower cranes
EN 14985 Cranes — Slewing jib cranes
EN 15011 Cranes — Bridge and gantry cranes
EN 13852–1 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 1: General-purpose offshore cranes
EN 13852–2 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 2: Floating cranes
EN 14492–1 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 1: Power driven winches
EN 14492–2 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 2: Power driven hoists
EN 13157 Cranes — Safety — Hand powered cranes
EN 13155 Cranes — Safety — Non-fixed load lifting attachments
EN 14238 Cranes — Manually controlled load manipulating devices
Use it directly, plus the standards that are referred to
EN 13001–1 Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001–2 Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions
EN 13001–3–1 Cranes — General Design — Part 3–1: Limit States and proof competence of steel structure
EN 13001–3–2 Cranes — General design — Part 3–2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems
EN 13001–3–3 Cranes — General design — Part 3–3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts
EN 13001–3–5 Cranes — General design — Part 3–5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks
EN 13135 Cranes — Safety — Design — Requirements for equipment
EN 13557 Cranes — Controls and control stations
EN 12077–2 Cranes safety — Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting and indicating devices
EN 14502–1 Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 1: Suspended baskets
EN 14502–2 Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 2: Elevating control stations
EN 12644–1 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 1: Instructions
EN 12644–2 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 2: Marking
Relationship between this European Standard and the essential requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered
This European Standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request “M/396” to provide one voluntary means of conforming to essential requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC Machinery
Citing this standard in the Official Journal of the European Union under Directive 2006/42/EC establishes that adherence to the normative clauses outlined in Table ZA.1 provides a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive and related EFTA regulations, within the standard's defined scope.
Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Annex I of
Directive 2006/42/EC Clause(s)/subclause(s) of this EN Remarks/Notes all requirements all clauses all requirements are covered
WARNING 1 — Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to this European
The standard is upheld in the list published in the Official Journal of the European Union Users are encouraged to regularly check the latest updates in this official publication.
WARNING 2 — Other Union legislation may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this standard
[1] EN 755 (all parts), Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles
[2] EN 1991-3, Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery
[3] EN 12644-2, Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 2: Marking
[5] EN 13155, Cranes — Safety — Non-fixed load lifting attachments
[7] EN 13852–1, Cranes - Offshore cranes - Part 1: General-purpose offshore cranes
[8] EN 13852–2, Cranes - Offshore cranes - Part 2: Floating cranes
[9] EN 14439, Cranes — Safety — Tower cranes
[10] EN 14492–1, Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 1: Power driven winches
[11] EN 14502–1, Cranes - Equipment for the lifting of persons - Part 1: Suspended baskets
[12] EN 14502–2, Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 2: Elevating control stations
[13] EN 14985, Cranes - Slewing jib cranes
[14] EN 61000-6-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-2: Generic standards - Immunity for industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-2)
[15] EN ISO 11688-2, Acoustics - Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment - Part 2: Introduction to the physics of low-noise design (ISO/TR 11688-2)
[16] ISO 7752-4, Cranes — Controls — Layout and characteristics — Part 4: Jib cranes
[17] ISO 9926-1, Cranes — Training of drivers — Part 1: General
[18] ISO 11660-5, Cranes — Access, guards and restraints — Part 5: Bridge and gantry cranes
[19] ISO 12480-1, Cranes — Safe use — Part 1: General
[20] ISO 12482, Cranes — Monitoring for crane design working period
[21] ISO 15513, Cranes — Competency requirements for crane drivers (operators), slingers, signallers and assessors