When calculations ar car ied out in ac ordanc with A nnex B, no lmit s ates shal be ex ce ded at combinations of lo ds as g iven in B.2.. 4.1.2.3 Use of plastic Wher ever the risk as es
Structural integrity
General
The assessment of structural integrity and stability of the equipment can be conducted through one of the following methods: a) calculations as outlined in Annex A and Annex B; b) physical testing in accordance with Annex C; or c) a combination of both calculations and physical testing.
When calculations are carried out in accordance with Annex B, no limit states shall be exceeded at combinations of loads as given in B.2
In some cases, these specific calculations or tests are not appropriate but the structural integrity shall be at least equivalent
Each structure shall resist both the permanent and variable loads acting on equipment and parts of equipment as described in Annex C
No allowance for accidental loads, i.e loads produced by fire, collision by vehicles or earthquake has to be made for swimming pool equipment
Fatigue loads are significantly lower than the loads calculated with appropriate load factors as per B.2 Consequently, there is no need to verify swimming pool equipment for fatigue.
Structural parts shall resist the worst case loading condition
If a piece of equipment is made by components, it has to be constructed in such a way that every component is secured in its working position.
Materials
Any material may be used provided it is fit for purpose, also considering the particular characteristics of the swimming pool environment (e.g oxidizing atmosphere, humidity, ageing)
Where stainless steel is used, see 4.1.2.2, and where plastic material is used, see 4.1.2.3
Risk assessment should be developed according to EN ISO 12100
As stress corrosion cracking may affect stainless steel in the swimming pool atmosphere, wherever the use of stainless steel is considered a design risk assessment shall be carried out
For the selection and use of stainless steel with safety critical load bearing function in the swimming pool atmosphere, see !Annex F"
To ensure user safety, it is essential to take appropriate actions when risk assessments reveal potential hazards due to the progressive degradation of plastic components This may include specifying a maximum lifespan for the components and the necessity for regular inspections.
Wherever the design risk assessment identifies the possibility of fracture or failure due to degradation, the component shall be subject to continuing risk assessment
NOTE For a possible ageing test see ! NF T54-405-1 "
Minimum space
The manufacturer/supplier shall indicate the minimum space needed for the installation, operation and use of their equipment.
Handrails, barriers, safety barriers
Handrails
Handrails intended for general use must be positioned between 800 mm and 1,100 mm above the foot position, while handrails specifically designed for children should be set between 600 mm and 850 mm above the foot position.
Barriers
The design of the barriers shall not encourage the users to stand or sit on them and shall prevent climbing
Barriers may be in form of gratings, full faced panels or walls
NOTE The design should consider the visual needs connected with the use of the facility.
Safety barriers
Safety barriers shall be used to prevent users from falling from heights > 600 mm, except in situations where a risk assessment shows that a safety barrier is not necessary
Safety barriers must have a maximum gap width of 110 mm When multiple safety barriers, such as ladders, stairs, and platforms, are used together, they should be designed to provide continuous protection.
Safety barriers shall have a height ≥ 1 000 mm, measured from the highest point on which a person can stand within 1 000 mm from the barriers themselves, see Figure 3
3 safety barrier within 1 000 mm from a higher standpoint
4 safety barrier outside 1 000 mm from a higher standpoint
3, 4 different possibilities for placing barriers
X height of highest point on which a person can stand
Figure 3 — Height of the safety barriers
Grip
The cross section of any component intended for gripping must measure between 16 mm and 50 mm across its center in any direction.
Finger hold
The minimum space for clutching shall be at least 15 mm high and at least 20 mm wide For an example, see Figure 4
Surfaces
Surface finishing
The surface finishing in the minimum zone for use shall not present any risk of injury Special attention shall be paid to:
Surface materials
The materials in contact with the water shall have no detrimental effect on its quality and shall be fit for purpose.
Protrusions
NOTE Protrusions are a hazard of impact or entrapment especially where water movement can cause involuntary movement of users
Protrusions with a height h ≤ 3 mm, not shielded by adjacent areas as shown in Figure 5 a), shall be rounded with a radius R > h/2 or chamfered in accordance with Figure 5 b)
Protrusions with a height h > 3 mm to ≤ 15 mm, not shielded by adjacent areas, as shown in Figure 5 a), shall be rounded with a radius R ≥ 3 mm See Figure 5 c)
Protrusions exceeding a height of 15 mm that are not protected by surrounding areas or additional safety measures, such as handles for counter-flow plants, must have the first 15 mm of their projection radiused as previously described The remaining projection should be inclined at an angle of less than 45° and connected tangentially.
Dimensions in millimetres a) Example of a countersunk part shielded by adjacent areas b) Example of a protrusion height ≤ 3 mm c) Example of a protrusion height > 3 mm ≤ 15 mm d) Example of a protrusion height > 15 mm Key
1 free space, see entrapment requirements
B max width of the protrusion for height > 15 mm
L min width of the flat top part of the protrusion
H height of a protrusion between > 15 mm and < 75 mm h height of a protrusion between > 3 mm and ≤ 15 mm
Figure 5 — Safety requirements for protrusions
Edges and corners
Edges and corners within the minimum zone shall be radiused depending on the result of design risk assessment
NOTE A minimum radius of 3 mm proved to be suitable in all conditions.
Entrapment, crushing and shearing points
General
Identifying and assessing entrapment, crushing, and shearing hazards is essential in risk evaluations Equipment must be designed to eliminate any openings that could pose entrapment risks or, for moving machinery, lead to crushing or shearing dangers.
Permissible openings
User -accessible openings must be limited to specific size dimensions: between 0 mm and 8 mm, from 25 mm to 110 mm, and 230 mm or larger, unless otherwise allowed in other sections or annexes of this European Standard or related standards.
The permissible opening or gap size dimensions apply where the length of the opening exceeds the width
To ensure safety against finger or toe entrapment, openings must not exceed 8mm Compliance is confirmed if probe C cannot pass through the opening; however, if probe C does pass, then probe D must also be able to pass through.
Where there is a risk of foot or hand entrapment the permissible opening shall be ≥ 25 mm and
≤ 110 mm and the test in D.1 and D.3 shall be applied
If probe D passes through the opening, probe A shall not pass
Where there is a risk of head or neck entrapment the permissible opening shall be ≤ 110 mm or
≥ 230 mm and the test in D.1 shall be applied
If probe A passes through the opening with a clearance ≤ 1 mm compliance is achieved If probe A passes through the opening with a clearance ≥ 1 mm, probe B shall also pass
Openings of 230 mm or greater must not allow access to additional entrapment hazards or dangers In situations with multiple risks, the smallest allowable opening size should be implemented.
Protections and grids
Where openings are protected or dimensionally restricted (e.g by cover plates or grids) such devices shall not be removable without the use of tools or tamper proof techniques.
Moving parts
Equipment shall be constructed so that there are no crushing or shearing hazards between moving parts and/or fixed parts
Where opening sizes change during use due to movement, the permissible opening sizes stated in 4.7.2 shall apply.
Slits
Slits creating an entrapment hazard (e.g nails, hair) shall be:
— eliminated by technical means (e.g elastic gaskets) when generated by the installation of the equipment.
Entrapment of hair
Hair entrapment shall be avoided
It is crucial to focus on removing slits, particularly near suction outlets, as suction can heighten risks In cases where complete removal is not feasible, it is essential to safeguard any remaining entrapment points.
NOTE 1 Slits proved to be especially a hair entrapment hazard
NOTE 2 The test method for the hair entrapment test is specified in EN 13451-3.
Slip resistance
Surfaces of the equipment, where the user can stand or walk on with bare feet and which may be tested in accordance with Annex E, shall comply with Table 1
Table 1 — Minimum angles to be obtained for specific surfaces
Surfaces of equipment Rating group
— installed in horizontal pool areas from 800 mm to 1 350 mm water depth 12°
— installed in horizontal pool areas from 0 mm to 800 mm water depth
— installed in up to 8° inclined pool areas from 0 mm to 1 350 mm water depth
— installed in pool surrounding areas occasionally wetted
— installed in more than 8° inclined pool areas from 0 mm to 1 350 mm water depth
— steps, starting platforms, treads of ladders and stepladders
For equipment surfaces where users may stand or walk barefoot, and which have not been tested according to Annex E, CEN/TS 16165 provides alternative testing methods.
Fittings
Fittings, either fixed or removable, shall be: a) considered as integral part of the equipment; b) subjected to the same safety requirements; c) tested with the equipment in its working position
Fittings for removable equipment/items not in use (e.g for starting blocks) shall be protected by suitable tamper proof devices when the equipment/item is removed
Where new equipment utilises existing installed fittings the contractor (supplier/manufacturer/installer of the new equipment) shall assess their suitability.
Removable protection devices
Removable protection devices, such as cover plates for unused fixings and grids for suction outlets, must be designed to prevent risks and should only be removable with tools or tamper-proof techniques.
Alteration of existing equipment
Any modifications or partial reuse of existing equipment make the individual responsible for the changes—be it the manufacturer, supplier, installer, or operator—accountable for ensuring that the entire modified equipment complies with the relevant European Standard.
General
Unless otherwise specified, the requirements of Clause 4 shall be verified by the most appropriate method: measurement, visual examination or practical tests
For production line items, a minimum of three representative samples shall be tested
For testing, the sample shall be installed according to manufacturer's instructions in conditions appropriate to its use.
Test report
The test report must contain essential information, including the name and address of the testing body and the test location, if different; a unique report identification and page numbers; a reference to the relevant European Standard; the client's name and address; a description of the test item; dates of receipt and testing; identification of the test specification or method; details of the sampling procedure; any deviations or additional information; measurements and results supported by appropriate visuals; a statement on measurement uncertainty, if applicable; and the signature and title of the responsible person along with the date of issue.
Installation
An equipment delivery part list shall be supplied with the equipment
The installation guidelines must specify if a certain level of competence is necessary and should include essential elements such as equipment and parts identification, the erection sequence, and matching aids like labeled parts with instructions Additionally, it should outline any special tools or assembly aids required, precautionary measures to observe, compliance with specified values and dimensions, and any technical details needed for foundation design and fixings if not provided.
Technical operation
Operating instructions must be provided and should encompass essential measures, including those necessary before the initial use of the equipment, guidelines for the run-in period, detailed operational instructions, and a warning if the equipment is incomplete and poses a hazard.
Inspection and maintenance
Scheduled inspection instructions will be provided as necessary The frequency of these inspections will depend on the type of equipment or materials used, along with other relevant factors.
Maintenance instructions must include essential elements such as drawings and diagrams for inspection and repair, detailed servicing points and methods like lubrication and bolt tightening, compliance of spare parts with manufacturer specifications, identification of spare parts, and information on their lifespan.
NOTE A suitable visual inspection frequency is recommended, and in public use should be recorded
Wherever possible, swimming pool equipments shall be marked with the number of this European Standard
NOTE The markings should be visible after installation
Permanent loads
Self weight
The self weight of the structure and assemblies shall be assessed.
Prestressing loads
Prestressing loads are considered to be permanent loads The maximum and minimum of prestressing loads have to be considered
NOTE Because of creep or relaxation, prestress is time dependent It can be necessary to verify two situations: a) initial prestress; b) end prestress.
Variable loads
General
The variable loads consist of: a) user loads; b) snow loads; c) wind loads; d) temperature loads; e) specific loads.
User loads
The load caused by the users of swimming pool equipment shall be based on the following load system: a) total mass: σ
The total mass of \( n \) users, denoted as \( G_n \) in kilograms, is calculated based on the number of users on the equipment or a specific part, as outlined in section A.3 The mean mass of a user is represented by \( m \), while \( \sigma \) indicates the standard deviation for the relevant age group.
NOTE 1 For swimming pool equipment the following values can be used:
C dyn is a factor representing the load caused by movement (running, etc.) of the users, including material behaviour under impact loading; n is as given in a); c) total user vertical load:
NOTE 2 For the total vertical user load see Table A.1
F is the total vertical user load on the equipment caused by n users, in newtons; g is the acceleration due to gravity (9,81 m/s²);
C dyn is as given in b);
Table A.1 — Total vertical user load
Total vertical user load tot;v
NOTE 3 At infinity the vertical load per user equals the average weight d) total horizontal user load:
The total horizontal user load is 10 % of the total vertical user load according to A.2.2, c) and acts on the same level, together with the vertical load tot;h =0,1 tot;v
NOTE 4 This load allows for movement of users and inaccuracies in the structure e) distribution of user loads:
The user loads are uniformly distributed over the element considered as follows:
F is acting on an area of 0,1 m × 0,1 m;
= tot/ q F L in newtons per metre (A.6) where
= tot/ p F A in newtons per square metre (A.7) where
= tot/ q F L in newtons per metre; or (A.8)
= tot/ p F A in newtons per square metre (A.9)
NOTE 5 Volume loads are expressed either in line loads or area loads, depending on the type of elements that form the structure.
Snow loads
Snow loads shall be taken from Eurocode for Actions on Structures, EN 1991-1-3, allowing for a reference period of ten years.
Wind loads
Wind loads shall be taken from Eurocode for Actions on Structures, EN 1991-1-4, allowing for a reference period of ten years.
Temperature loads
Temperature loads shall be taken from Eurocode for Actions on Structures, EN 1991-1-2, allowing for a reference period of ten years.
Specific loads
NOTE If necessary, to be implemented in the subsequent parts of EN 13451.
Number of users on the equipment
General
The number of users for each structural element likely to be loaded by users shall be calculated
The calculated number shall be rounded up to the next whole number.
Number of users on a point
Unless stated differently in this standard, the number of users, n, on a point is as follows:
All swimming pool equipment designed for standing or walking must support the weight of a single user This applies to any flat surface wider than 0.1 meters and with an angle of less than 30° from the horizontal.
NOTE This also applies to steps for supporting user's feet.
Number of users on line type elements
The number of users, n, on a line shall be calculated from the following: a) line element with an inclination up to and including 60°:
L pr is the length of the element projected down to a horizontal plane, in metres; b) line element with an inclination greater than 60°:
L is the length of the element, in metres.
Number of users on an area
The number of users, n, on a surface area shall be calculated from the following: a) planes with an inclination up to and including 60°:
A pr is the area projected down to a horizontal plane, in square metres; b) planes with an inclination greater than 60°:
A is the area in square metres
The width of the plane shall be greater than 0,6 m Planes having a smaller width shall be treated as line type elements
Method of calculation of structural integrity
General principles
Limit state
Each structure and structural element, e.g connections, foundations, supports, shall be calculated taking into account the load combinations of B.2
The preferred method of calculation shall be based on the general principles and definitions for limit states as specified in the structural Eurocode EN 1990
Well established technical rules and methods of construction practice, other than this method, may be used provided that the level of safety is at least the same
NOTE Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the requirements of this European Standard
In symbolic form, a limit state may be written as:
F / M γ S R γ ≤ (B.1) where γ F is a partial safety factor for loads; γ M is a partial safety factor for materials;
R is the resistance of the structure
In order to allow for uncertainties in the actual loads and in the model used for determining loads, loads are multiplied by a partial safety factor for loads (γ F )
To account for uncertainties in material properties and force determination models, the structural strength is reduced by a partial safety factor for materials (γ M).
The symbolic representation provided is typically inadequate for depicting the limit state, as the actual formulation is frequently non-linear, particularly in scenarios involving the combination of loads.
Ultimate limit state
Ultimate limit states to consider encompass: a) the loss of equilibrium of the structure or any of its components, treated as a rigid body; b) failure due to excessive deformation, rupture, or instability of the structure or its parts.
NOTE Ultimate limit states are those associated with collapse, or with other forms of structural failure that can endanger the safety of people.
Serviceability limit state
Where serviceability requirements are made, the preferred method of calculation shall be based on the principles for serviceability limit state as specified in the structural Eurocode EN 1990
The deflection criteria for serviceability limit states mentioned in the Eurocodes do not apply to swimming pool equipment
NOTE Serviceability limit states correspond to states beyond which specified service criteria are no longer met.
Load combinations for static analysis
The following load combinations (test load) shall be used for verification: tot G;c Q;c i
G is the permanent load as given in A.1;
In the context of variable loads, Q i is defined in sections A.2.2 to A.2.6 The partial safety factor for permanent loads, denoted as γ G;c, is essential for calculations, while γ Q;c represents the partial safety factor for variable loads used in these calculations.
The following partial safety factors for loads shall be used:
It is not required to combine independent variable loads, such as wind and user loads However, related loads that act in different directions, like vertical and horizontal user loads, should be combined.
Physical testing of structural integrity
Pass/fail criteria
Test method
Apply the total test load without shock
The specimen shall be able to carry the total test load for 5 min.
Compliance
The specimen is able to withstand the total test load.
Failure
The specimen fails the test when it shows cracks, damages or plastic deformation and when connections are loosened.
Test load for equipment
Load combinations for testing
The following load combinations shall be used for testing: test G;t Q;t
G is the permanent load as given in A.1;
Q i represents one of the variable loads specified in sections A.2.2 to A.2.6 The partial safety factor for permanent loads, denoted as γ G;t, is set to 1.0 for all testing scenarios Additionally, the partial safety factor for variable loads, γ Q;t, should be applied according to sections C.2.2 or C.2.3 It is important to note that independent variable loads, like wind and user loads, do not need to be combined; however, related loads acting in different directions, such as vertical and horizontal user loads, must be combined.
Permanent loads are consistently present during testing In contrast to the variable loads associated with swimming pool equipment, permanent loads are generally smaller As a result, there is no need for an additional safety factor for permanent loads in the testing process.
Safety factor for test on identical series
The following safety factor shall be used for identical series where not every specimen is tested:
Safety factor for test on a unique product
The following safety factor shall be used where every specimen, including unique products, is tested:
Load application
General
The loads shall always be applied in free air, even for equipment destined to be submersed after installation, due to the possibility of dry use (e.g maintenance).
Point loads
The following dimensions shall not be exceeded when applying the loads onto an element of the structure:
— area type element: a ≤ 0,1 m 0,1 × m where l is the support length of the test load, in metres; a is the support area of the test load, in square metres
NOTE To simulate the transfer of load caused by one user to the structure, the load should normally be applied over a length of not more than 0,1 m.
Line loads
Line loads can be represented by equally distributed point loads spaced not more than 0,6 m apart The support length under the point loads may be up to 0,6 m.
Area loads
Area loads may be represented by equally distributed point loads spaced grid wise not more than 0,6 m × 0,6 m
The support area under the point loads shall be less than 0,6 m × 0,6 m
Methods of test for entrapment
Head and neck entrapment
Apparatus
Probes A and B, as illustrated in Figure D.1
Dimensions in millimetres a) Probe A b) Probe B Key
Figure D.1 — Probes for determination of head and neck entrapment
Test method
Under standard operating conditions, sequentially apply probes A and B to the minimum cross-section of each opening with a force of 200 N Document whether the probes successfully pass through the opening If probe A passes, record the clearance dimension.
Finger and toe entrapment
Apparatus
Probe C, as illustrated in Figure D.2
Probe D, as illustrated in Figure D.3
Figure D.2 — Probe C for determination of finger and toe entrapment
Test method
Under standard operating conditions, apply probe C to the smallest cross-section of the opening Rotate the probe and move it along the conical arc depicted in Figure D.4 while exerting a force of 50 N Document and report whether the probe successfully passes through the opening or not.
Foot and hand entrapment
Apparatus
Probe D, as illustrated in Figure D.3
Probe A, as illustrated in Figure D.1
Figure D.3 — Probe D for determination of foot and hand entrapment
Test method
Under standard operating conditions, apply probes A and D sequentially to the minimum cross-section of the opening with a force of 50 N Additionally, rotate and maneuver probe D along the conical arc illustrated in Figure D.4 Document and report whether the probes successfully pass through the opening or not.
Figure D.4 — Rotation of probes C and D
Principle
A test subject moves upright on a surface treated with water and a wetting agent, shifting both forward and backward The angle of the test rig is gradually increased from a horizontal position until the test subject feels unstable.
Testing person
The testing person is a grown-up person with bare feet, whose feet shall have been wetted for at least
10 min prior to the start of the test The person shall be protected against a fall by a safety device, which shall allow an unrestricted movement on the surface under test
NOTE To acquaint the test persons with the test method, they should be trained on surfaces whose anti-slip properties have been previously determined in accordance with this annex.
Test rig
A flat plate measuring 600 mm in width and 2 000 mm in length, with an adjustable angle of inclination from
Testing equipment should be set at angles ranging from 0° to 45°, with one short side hinged to the floor A clinometer, marked with divisions of 1°, must be attached to the rig to indicate the plate's angle of inclination relative to the horizontal plane.
For the safety of the test person handrails shall be fitted to both longitudinal sides of the rig.
Test liquid
The test liquid shall be an aqueous solution of a neutral wetting agent in a concentration of 1 g/l Water may be supplied by the municipal drinking water system.
Test specimen
The test specimen must encompass a minimum test surface area of 1,000 mm in length and 500 mm in width Irregularly shaped components should be arranged closely together to effectively cover the designated test surface of 1,000 mm by 500 mm.
When the slip resistance changes with the orientation the specimen has to be mounted on to the test surface in the most unfavourable direction
The fugues (free areas between the components) shall be filled with a filler of the type used for ceramic tiles joints.
Test method
For proper installation, the level of the fugues must match that of the surrounding components If the fugues predominantly form in a particular direction, testing should be conducted both in that direction and at a 90° angle.
The test specimen is positioned and aligned on the flat plate of the test rig under the most unfavorable conditions During the test, it is essential to continuously wet the specimen with a minimum flow rate of 5 liters per minute of the test liquid.
The test subject shifts half a step forward and backward while maintaining an upright posture and gazing downward at the test specimen surface in a downstream direction Concurrently, the inclination of the test rig is gradually increased at a rate of approximately 1° per second, beginning from a horizontal position The critical angle of inclination that induces a sense of insecurity in the test subject is determined by making repeated adjustments around this critical value.
The angle of inclination shall be determined twelve times, starting each time from the horizontal position of the test specimen.
Evaluation
For the purpose of evaluating the results, the highest and lowest values of the group of twelve tests shall not be taken into account
The arithmetical mean value of the remaining ten tests, rounded to the nearest full degree, shall be taken as the result of the test.
Classification
All equipment will be categorized into three rating groups based on test results: a) 12° for items scoring between 12° and 17°; b) 18° for items scoring between 18° and 23°; and c) 24° for items scoring 24° and above.
Test report
The test report shall also contain: a) test specimen characteristics; b) angle of inclination
Use of stainless steel with load bearing functions in the swimming pool atmosphere
General
Stainless steel is used for many constructions in swimming pools "Stainless steel" is thereby a collective name for a multitude of different materials with different alloy-composition
To prevent corrosion issues, selecting the right material is crucial, alongside implementing effective constructive solutions like avoiding gaps and ensuring a smooth surface Additionally, ensuring accessibility for cleaning and inspection is another key factor in maintaining the integrity of the materials used.
The stainless steel grades specified in Annex F are designated for structural components in chloride environments, reflecting the latest knowledge at the time of this European Standard's development As technology advances, other stainless steel grades may be utilized, provided there is comprehensive documentation and proven experience regarding their resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
Corrosion can appear visible (e.g corrosive pitting) or invisible and spontaneous without announcement (e.g stress crack corrosion)
The notation shall conform to EN 10088–1 and EN 10088–2 Beside a number, every steel has a short notation (e.g steel no 1.4301 has the short notation X5CrNi18-10).
Indoor swimming pools with disinfection with chlorine
General
In indoor swimming pools, the possibility of a highly corrosive environment with enrichment of chlorides caused by drying and evaporation effects shall be taken into account.
Components without the possibility of regular cleaning
In chloride environments, it is crucial to consider the risk of chloride-induced intercrystalline stress crack corrosion in structural components Consequently, for indoor swimming pool equipment and stainless steel structural parts that are not regularly cleaned, only specific materials should be utilized.
NOTE In environments where water has a chloride concentration of less than 250 mg/l (drinking water) also the material 1.4539 (X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5) could be used.
Components with the possibility of regular cleaning
When selecting materials for swimming pool equipment, it is essential to consider factors such as corrosiveness, temperature, and humidity Additionally, regular cleaning of easily accessible components is crucial Based on these conditions, one of the specified materials should be utilized.
Conforming to the result of a risk assessment a concept for regular inspection and cleaning has to be established by the manufacturer
The cleaning concept has to minimise the enrichment of chlorides on the surface of the material and shall require appropriate records.
Outdoor swimming pools with disinfection with chlorine
Chlorine-disinfected outdoor pools typically create a less corrosive environment; however, localized areas, such as above water surfaces, may experience increased corrosion Fortunately, the risk of chloride accumulation is minimized, as rainfall effectively washes away electrolytes.
Choosing the right materials for swimming pool equipment and structural components is crucial, taking into account the corrosive nature of the environment and the anticipated cleaning routines In less corrosive settings or where regular cleaning of easily accessible parts is planned, specific materials should be utilized.
Coatings and paintings
The coating of stainless steel surfaces is not sufficient protection against corrosion and never justifies
[1] EN 335-1, Durability of wood and wood-based products — Definition of use classes — Part 1: General
[2] EN 335-2, Durability of wood and wood-based products — Definition of use classes — Part 2: Application to solid wood
[3] EN 335-3, Durability of wood and wood-based products — Definition of hazard classes of biological attack — Part 3: Application to wood-based panels
[4] EN 13451-3, Swimming pool equipment —Part 3: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for inlets and outlets and water/air based water leisure features
[5] EN 1176-1:2008, Playground equipment and surfacing — Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods
[6] EN 15288-2, Swimming pools — Part 2: Safety requirements for operation
[7] EN 12503-1, Sports mats — Part 1: Gymnastic mats, safety requirements
[8] EN 12503-5, Sports mats — Part 5: Determination of the base friction
[9] EN 12503-6, Sports mats — Part 6: Determination of the top friction
[10] EN ISO 1421, Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break (ISO 1421:1998)
[11] EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2005)
[12] ISO 5904, Gymnastic equipment — Landing mats and surfaces for floor exercises — Determination of resistance to slipping
[14] Managing health and safety in swimming pools, HSE Books UK, 1999
[16] KOK-Richtlinien fỹr den Bọderbau D, 2002
[17] NF T54 405-1, Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride (PVC-U) extruded or coextruded profiles for outside use — Specifications and test methods — Part 1: Solid wall PVC-U