Bsi bs en 14465 2003 (2004)

BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 14465 2003 Incorporating Corrigendum No 1 Textiles — Upholstery fabrics — Specification and methods of test The European Standard EN 14465 2003 has the status of a British Stand[.]

Incorporating Corrigendum No.1

Textiles — Upholstery

fabrics — Specification

and methods of test

The European Standard EN 14465:2003 has the status of a

British Standard

ICS 59.080.30; 97.140

This British Standard was

published under the authority

of the Standards Policy and

Strategy Committee on

17 February 2004

© BSI 16 April 2004

This British Standard is the official English language version of

EN 14465:2003 It supersedes BS 2543:1995 which will be amended to retain the classification for upholstery fabrics

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee TCI/72, Furnishing fabrics, which has the responsibility to:

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary

Cross-references

The British Standards which implement international or European

publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue

under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or

by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of

British Standards Online

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations In particular, attention is drawn to:

Statutory Instrument 1986 No 26, Trade Descriptions The Textile products (Indications of Fibre Content) Regulations 1986;

Statutory Instrument 1988 No 1324, The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988;

Statutory Instrument 1989 No 2358, The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 1989: and,

Statutory Instrument 1993 No 207, The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 1989.

— aid enquirers to understand the text;

— present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the

Amendments issued since publication

15130 Corrigendum No 1 16 April 2004 Correction to National foreword

NORME EUROPÉENNE

ICS 59.080.30; 97.140

English versionTextiles - Upholstery fabrics - Specification and methods of test

Textiles - Etoffes pour ameublement - Spécification et

méthodes d'essai

Textilien - Möbelstoffe - Spezifikation und Prüfverfahren

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 November 2003.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

C O M I T É E U R O P É E N D E N O R M A L I S A T I O N

E U R O P Ä I S C H E S K O M I T E E F Ü R N O R M U N G

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref No EN 14465:2003 E

Contents page

Foreword 3

Introduction 4

1 Scope 5

2 Normative references 5

3 Terms and definitions 6

4 Requirements 6

5 Test report 9

Annex A (normative) Abrasion resistance - Determination of specimen breakdown 10

Annex B (informative) Determination of the colour fastness to water spotting 16

Annex C (informative) Test report 20

Bibliography 28

Annex A is normative Annexes B and C are informative.

This document includes a Bibliography

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom

The assessment of upholstery fabrics is a complicated task There is a multitude of experimental data

available, but interlaboratory testing shows a large scattering of test results, in particular for abrasion testing,

thus leading to important differences in quality perception Furthermore the correlation between laboratory

testing and actual wear behaviour in practice is not very well established

This European Standard also introduces a system of categories It is not possible to divide upholstery fabrics

into just a few performance classes, because of the enormous variety of conditions of use Also the type of

upholstery (firm or soft) influences the abrasion of the upholstery fabric and hence the requirements to the

abrasion resistance There is for example a tremendous difference between furniture used in a room without

windows and furniture which is directly exposed to sunlight, or between furniture used by elder people and

furniture used by a family with small children These differences in conditions and severity of use necessitate

a flexible approach This is done by defining a number of categories for each property This allows to choose

the appropriate category for each parameter and so to compose a "product profile", adapted to each specific

type of use This means that high resistance to abrasion can be combined with for example low colour

fastness Due to the interrelation of some parameters however, not all combinations will be possible The

categorization system should absolutely not be interpreted as if an upholstery fabric needs to be rated "A" for

all properties in order to obtain an "A" category

1 Scope

This standard specifies a set of properties relevant to the assessment of upholstery fabrics for indoor furnitureand the appropriate test methods to determine these properties It also describes a matrix system to expressthe material properties of an upholstery fabric

This standard applies to upholstery fabrics both in domestic and public use, except when used for the seats ofroad or railway vehicles, boats or aeroplanes

This standard does not apply to upholstery fabrics with a coating on the wear face

2 Normative references

This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listedhereafter For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply tothis European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision For undated references thelatest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments)

EN ISO 105-B02:1999 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part B02: Colour fastness to artificial

light: Xenon arc fading lamp test (ISO 105-B02:1994, including amendment1:1998)

EN ISO 105-C06 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part C06: Colour fastness to domestic

and commercial laundering (ISO 105-C06:1994)

EN ISO 105-D01 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part D01: Colour fastness to dry

EN ISO 12945-2 Textiles Determination of fabric propensity to surface fuzzing and to pilling

-Part 2: Modified Martindale method (ISO 12945-2:2000)

EN ISO 12947-1 Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the

Martindale method - Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus (ISO12947-1:1998)

EN ISO 12947-2:1998 Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the

Martindale method - Part 2: Determination of specimen breakdown (ISO12947-2:1998)

EN ISO 13934-1 Textiles- Tensile properties of fabrics - Part 1: Determination of maximum

force and elongation at maximum force using the strip method (ISO 1:1999)

13934-prEN ISO 13936-2 Textiles - Determination of the slippage resistance of yarns at a seam in

woven fabrics - Part 2: Fixed load method (ISO/DIS 13936-2:2002)

EN ISO 13937-3 Textiles - Tear properties of fabrics - Part 3: Determination of tear force of

wing-shaped test specimens (Single tear method) (ISO 13937-3:2000)

ISO 5077 Textiles - Determination of dimensional change in washing and drying

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply

3.1

flat woven fabric

woven fabric in which two thread groups, warp threads and weft threads, cross at right angles

woven or knitted fabric which, in addition to the ground thread structure, includes a third thread system

forming the pile

3.4.1

uncut pile fabric

pile fabric with closed pile loops, e.g epinglé

3.4.2

cut pile fabric

pile fabric with cut pile loops, e.g velvet-like or velours

fabric with a velvet-like surface, usually consisting of ultrafine fibres, e.g polyester microfibres, impregnated

with polyurethane (tangled fleece)

3.7

raised fabric

upholstery fabric having a surface with a nap finish, e.g a brushed surface

4 Requirements

Upholstery fabrics shall meet the requirements of Table 1 in function of their construction type and in

correspondence with the performance profile claimed by the manufacturer or required by the user’s product

specification The levels indicated by shaded boxes in Table 1 are not applicable, e.g a colour fastness to

light less than 4 is considered insufficient

NOTE A material profile is composed of the different categories obtained for each of the properties, i.e the ‘category’columns in Table 1 should not be understood as if a fabric has to meet or exceed all the requirements specified in the firstcolumn (best performance) to be qualified as a first class product The material profile is merely a way of expressingproperties in categories rather than in figures Hence these categories can vary for the different properties, e.g a fabriccan obtain a certain category for tensile strength and a totally different category for seam slippage.

If additional properties are claimed by the manufacturer or required by the user’s product specification, testresults shall be provided based on the test methods specified in this standard (see optional properties in Table2)

Detachable covers shall meet the requirements specified in Table 3 with regard to colour fastness anddimensional stability after washing or dry cleaning in accordance with the manufacturer’s information

Table 1 – Material properties

— see annex A ofthis standard:

— flat wovenfabrics

This property shall be determined for flat woven fabrics, knitted fabrics (without pile), uncut pile fabrics and nonwovens; the standard

wool abradant (as described in EN ISO 12947-1) shall be used and the performance level shall be determined after 2000 rubs, but the

test shall be continued to 5000 rubs and the rating (on the scale of 1 to 5) at that point shall also be reported The test result at 5000 rubs

Table 2 - Optional material properties

Colour fastness to water EN ISO 105-E01

— change incolour

NOTE In particular for light shades and undyed fabrics it can be useful to obtain additional

information on colour fastness to water spotting To this purpose the test method described in annex

B (informative) can be used

Table 3 – Additional material properties for detachable covers a

105-— change incolour

machine washing

EN ISO C06a

105-— change incolour

dry cleaning

EN ISO D01

a Relevant properties, washing and dry cleaning procedures and the corresponding methods of test shall be

selected from this table in accordance with the manufacturer’s care labelling

5 Test report

See annex C (informative)

In order to facilitate the reading of this annex, the numbering of EN ISO 12947-2, preceded by an "A", has

been maintained Only the modified requirements are mentioned; when the requirement is the same as in the

original test method, the wording "no change" is used

A.1 Scope

This annex is based on EN ISO 12947-2 and is applicable to upholstery fabrics It specifies the procedure for

the determination of specimen breakdown (end-point of test) by inspection at fixed intervals

A.2 Normative references

See EN ISO 12947-2

A.3 Definitions

A.3.1 Thread

See EN ISO 12947-2

A.3.2 Specimen breakdown

Specimen breakdown is reached - by convention - when:

— in a flat woven fabric three threads are completely broken;

— in a knitted fabric (without pile) a hole appears due to one completely broken thread;

— in a woven pile fabric pile spots of 5 mm² are fully worn off1, without any damage to the warp/weft threads;

— in a knitted pile fabric pile spots of 5 mm² are fully worn off 1without any damage to the warp/weft threads;

1

Significant changes in structure or appearance, such as the loss of pile tufts, the loss of flock or the breakdown of pile

loops should be reported in the test report as well as the evaluation interval at which this occurs However, this information

— in a chenille fabric three threads are completely broken or when the chenille pile is fully worn off (whatevercomes first);

—

in an uncut pile fabric when the pile is fully worn off2;

— in a flocked fabric the fibre lay is fully worn off or delaminated without the substrate fabric being frayed orabraded2;

— in a raised fabric the fibre lay is fully worn off;

— in a nonwoven fabric: when a hole3 in the fabric is observed (see EN ISO 12947-2:1998, 3.2)

A.3.3 Types of upholstery fabrics

The terms defined in clause 3 of this European Standard shall be used

A.4 Principle

A circular specimen, mounted in a specimen holder and subjected to a defined load, is rubbed against anabrasive medium (standard fabric, see EN ISO 12947-2) in a translational movement tracing a Lissajousfigure, the specimen holder being additionally freely rotatable around its own axis perpendicular to the plane ofthe specimen The evaluation of the abrasion resistance of the textile fabric is determined from the inspectioninterval to specimen breakdown

The specimens are mounted in specimen holders with foam backing Specimens with a mass per unit areagreater than 500 g/m² are mounted in specimen holders without foam

The total effective mass of the abrasion load (i.e the mass of the specimen holder assembly and theappropriate loading piece) is (795 ± 7) g for upholstery fabrics, i.e a nominal pressure of 12 kPa

A.5 Apparatus

A.5.1 Test apparatus and auxiliary materials, as specified in EN ISO 12947-1.

The apparatus shall at least yearly be calibrated or verified, by the laboratory itself or by an external body, inorder to ensure conformity with EN ISO 12947-1

A.5.2 Magnification device

When relevant a suitable magnification device, with a magnification factor of 8 or 10, shall be used in order torecognise completely broken threads or loops The magnification factor of the device shall be reported

A.6 Conditioning and testing atmosphere

See EN ISO 12947-2

A.7 Sampling and preparation of test specimens

A.7.1 General

Statistical rules shall not be taken into account for sampling but the sample shall be representative for the

structure and patterns of the fabric

A.7.2 Selection of the laboratory sample

Select the laboratory sample from across the full fabric width; it shall contain at least two full patterns and

have a length of at least 50 cm No samples shall be taken from the beginning or the end of the production

batch

NOTE The manufacturer should indicate the upper-side of the fabric

A.7.3 Sampling of the test specimens from the laboratory sample

Conditioning: See EN ISO 12947-2 Take at least four test specimens and one reference specimen or - in

case of a patterned fabric - at least four reference specimens (with the same pattern, for comparison) at least

150 mm from the edge distributed across the entire laboratory sample

NOTE 1 The number of test specimens can also be based on the maximum capacity of the Martindale apparatus

The following rules shall be observed:

a) For all fabrics, except patterned fabrics or fabrics with a textured surface:

- for woven fabrics, take the test specimens so that they each contain different warp and weft threads;

- for knitted fabrics, take the test specimens so that they each contain different row and column stitches

b) For patterned fabrics or fabrics with textured surface: take care to ensure that the test specimens contain

the most characteristic parts of the pattern, with particular consideration for weak spots, e.g floating

threads If more than four different patterns are present in the same fabric, the test specimens shall be

selected at spots where patterns meet in order to have several – up to four, in equal parts – patterns

represented in the specimen

NOTE 2 With this technique up to 16 patterns can be examined simultaneously

c) In the case of a combination of various basic fabric types in the same sample (e.g velours de Gênes or

velours à l’Italienne): apply the same rules as under b) The test specimens shall contain all characteristic

parts of the various fabric types with particular consideration for weak spots, e.g floating threads

A.7.4 Dimensions of specimens and auxiliary materials

See EN ISO 12947-2

A.7.5 Specimens preparation for specific fabrics

7.5.1 and 7.5.2 are not relevant to upholstery fabrics

A.7.6 Preparation and mounting of the test specimens and cutting-out and mounting of the auxiliary materials

A.7.6.1 Preparation

See EN ISO 12947-2

NOTE To avoid the fraying of test specimens, the edges (maximum 2 mm) of the test specimens can be glued

A.7.6.2 Mounting of the specimen

See EN ISO 12947-2

A.7.6.3 Mounting of the abradant

See EN ISO 12947-2 Use the right face of the abradant in conformity with the recommendations of theabradant supplier

A.7.7 Useful life of auxiliary materials

See EN ISO 12947-2 Use the woven felt, described in EN ISO 12947-1 Prior to testing each new batch ofabradant felt shall be checked in accordance with the laboratory's internal calibration procedures The feltshall be renewed after maximum 500.000 rubs, on each side, on all heads of the Martindale machinesimultaneously, regardless of the number of rubs performed with each head

A.7.8 Preparation of the abrasion machine

See EN ISO 12947-2

A.8 Abrasion test procedure

A.8.1 Assessment of colour change

A preliminary assessment of the colour change is made at 3000 rubs against the original fabric from which thespecimens were cut If it is necessary to take the specimens out of their holders, put them back in the piece offabric they were cut from and assess them in accordance with EN 20105-A02

If there is an assessment of < 3 on the grey scale, stop the test and report it If there is an assessment of ≥ 3,the test may be continued (see A.8.2)

To assess the colour change, line up the abraded specimen and the untested fabric carefully in the samedirection When varying the orientation of the specimen to obtain the least and greatest colour change theuntested fabric and the abraded specimen shall not be moved relative to one another

NOTE If there is no apparent change, the test can be continued without performing any colour change assessment

A.8.2 Determination of the physical end-point

Upholstery fabrics shall be abraded in stages and evaluated at intervals according to Table A.1

Select the number of rubs for the first interval and start the abrasion apparatus Continue the abrasion testwithout interruption until the selected number of rubs has been reached

After each test interval, clean the test specimens and the abradant, e.g by means of a fan, and assess thetest specimens

Table A.1 - Evaluation intervals for abrasion testing Evaluation intervals (rubs)

3.000 - 4.000 - 5.000 - 6.0008.000 - 10.000 – 12.000 - 14.000 - 16.000 - 18.000 - 20.000

25.000 - 30.000 – 35.000 - 40.000 – 45.00050.000 - 60.000 - …(+ every additional 10.000 rubs)a

a The test shall be stopped at 100.000 rubs if the end-point is not reached

NOTE As test result the interval before specimen breakdown is observed

EXAMPLE When breakdown is observed after 12000 rubs, note 10000

Use an inspection needle to check if threads or pile loops are completely broken

Pills shall not be removed If pills are muddled, separate them carefully with scissors

A.9 Results

The four individual test results (see A.7.3.) are expressed as the number of rubs of the inspection interval

before the end-point was reached

The overall result, used to determine the category, is defined as the lowest individual result

A.10 Test report

The test report shall be accompanied by the test specimens

The test report shall include the following information:

a) reference to this European Standard;

b) specimen constitution, dimensions, presentation and technical data of the test sample;

c) pressure used (nominal pressure of 12 kPa, mass of 795 g);

d) if any, use of foam;

e) type of fabric and the corresponding type of end point (threads completely broken, pile totally worn off,

etc.);

f) colour change after 3000 rubs with the corresponding grey scales;

g) observation technique used, i.e a 8-fold or 10-fold magnification aid;

h) individual results of the four specimens;

i) overall result, i.e the lowest individual result, the type of fabric (see Table 1) corresponding with this

result, and the corresponding category, which relates to this fabric;