Bsi bs en 13738 2004 (2006)

BS EN 13738 pdf BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 13738 2004 Incorporating Corrigendum No 1 Geotextiles and geotextile related products — Determination of pullout resistance in soil The European Standard EN 1373[.]

Corrigendum No 1

Geotextiles and

geotextile-related

products —

Determination of

pullout resistance in

soil

The European Standard EN 13738:2004 has the status of a

British Standard

This British Standard was

published under the authority

of the Standards Policy and

Strategy Committee on

15 December 2004

© BSI August 2006

ISBN 0 580 45098 8

National foreword

This British Standard is the official English language version of

EN 13738:2004 It supersedes BS 6906-8:1991 which is withdrawn

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/553, Geosynthetics, which has the responsibility to:

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary

Cross-references

The British Standards which implement international or European

publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue

under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or

by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British

Standards Online

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

— aid enquirers to understand the text;

— present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the

UK interests informed;

— monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK

Summary of pages

This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover

The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued

Amendments issued since publication

Amd No

16430 August 2006 Addition of supersession details

Corrigendum No 1

EUROPÄISCHE NORM November 2004

ICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50

English version

Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Determination of

pullout resistance in soil

Géotextiles et produits apparentés aux géotextiles

-Détermination de la résistance à l'arrachement du sol

Geotextilien und geotextilverwandte Produkte -Bestimmung des Herausziehwiderstandes aus dem Boden

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 September 2004.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Contents

Page

Foreword 3

1 Scope 4

2 Normative references 4

3 Terms and definitions 4

3.1 pullout force 4

3.2 pullout resistance 4

3.3 peak pullout resistance 4

3.4 wire gauge 4

3.5 normal stress (σn) 4

4 Principle 4

5 Test Specimens 5

5.1 Sampling 5

5.2 Number and dimensions of test specimens 5

5.3 Conditioning 5

6 Apparatus 5

6.1 Pullout box 5

6.2 Normal stress loading device 7

6.3 Pullout force loading device 7

6.4 Displacement indicators 7

6.5 Specimen clamping devices 8

6.6 Soil preparation equipment 8

6.7 Miscellaneous equipment 8

6.8 Calibration of the apparatus 9

7 Procedure 9

7.1 Placing and compaction of the soil 9

7.2 Placement of specimen 9

7.3 Placing and compaction of the upper layer 9

7.4 Application of the normal compressive stress 9

7.5 Testing 9

8 Calculations 10

9 Report 12

Annex A (informative) Pullout tests using a constant stress loading method .13

Bibliography 14

Foreword

This document (EN 13738:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 189, “Geosynthetics”, the secretariat of which is held by IBN

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or

by endorsement, at the latest by May 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2005

This document includes a Bibliography

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following

countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom

1 Scope

This document specifies a method for determining the resistance of geotextiles and geotextile-related products to pullout from soil using a laboratory pullout box The goal of the procedure is to provide data relating to the

development of friction on materials used primarily for soil reinforcement

The test method described is a performance test procedure to determine the fitness for use of geotextiles and geotextile-related products intended to be used in a given application

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies

EN 963, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Sampling and preparation of test specimens

prEN ISO 10318:2000, Geosynthetics - Geotextiles, geotextile-related products, geomembranes and

geosynthetic clay liners - Terms and their definitions (ISO/DIS 10318:2000)

ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing - Specifications

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN ISO 10318:2000 and the following apply

3.1

pullout force

force required to pull a geotextile or a geotextile-related product out of the soil during a pullout test

3.2

pullout resistance

pullout force per width of geotextile or geotextile-related product measured at a specified rate of displacement

3.3

peak pullout resistance

maximum pullout resistance measured during a pullout test

3.4

wire gauge

displacement gauge consisting of an inextensible wire attached to the geotextile or geotextile-related product and monitored by connection to a dial extensometer, or electronic displacement transducer

3.5

normal stress (σσσσn )

vertical stress applied to the specimen

4 Principle

A horizontal force is applied to a specimen embedded between two layers of soil and the force required to pull the specimen out of the soil is recorded

The pullout resistance is calculated by dividing the pullout force by the specimen width

The test can be performed while applying vertical stress to the top soil layer

A plot of maximum pullout resistance versus applied normal stress is obtained by conducting a series of such tests

NOTE 1 The relationship between the pullout resistance and the normal stress obtained from the test is due in part to the pullout mechanism which occurs The pullout resistance versus normal stress plot produced using data from this test is a function of soil grading, plasticity, as-placed density, moisture content, length and surface characteristics of the specimen and other test parameters Therefore, results are expressed in terms of the actual test conditions The test measures the net effect

of a combination of pullout mechanisms which may vary depending on type of specimen, embedment length, relative opening size, soil type, rate of displacement and normal stress

NOTE 2 For checking the type of failure (break of reinforcement or slippage) in a site specific soil, smaller boxes, e.g a shear box (300 mm x 300 mm) according to prEN ISO 12957–1, may be used with a specimen width similar to the one defined in EN ISO 10319

5 Test Specimens

5.1 Sampling

Take specimens in accordance with EN 963

5.2 Number and dimensions of test specimens

Cut three specimens from the test sample, for each direction to be tested, the size of the specimens to suit the dimensions of the apparatus being used The embedded length shall be equal to three times the width of the specimen The specimens shall be narrower, by not less than 100 mm, than the inside width of the pullout box on each side and of sufficient length to facilitate clamping

5.3 Conditioning

Condition the test specimens and conduct the tests in the standard test atmosphere, defined in ISO 554 The test specimens are considered to have been conditioned when the change in mass between two successive readings made at intervals of not less than two hours does not exceed 0,25% of the mass of the test specimens

The test shall be performed in the same atmosphere

NOTE Conditioning and/or testing at a specified relative humidity may be omitted if it can be shown that the results are not affected by this omission

6 Apparatus

6.1 Pullout box

An open rigid box consisting of two smooth parallel sides, a back wall, a horizontal split removable door and a bottom plate The door is at the front of the apparatus as defined by the direction of applied pullout force A typical apparatus is shown in Figure 1

Key

1 Pullout device

2 Grip

3 Load cell

4 Air bag

5 Soil

6 Specimen

Figure 1 – Pullout box

A standard box should be rectangular with minimum dimensions of 1,5 m long by 0,6 m wide and 0,3 m deep

Depth shall be increased to six times the maximum particle size of the soil if necessary The apparatus shall allow the placing of the normal stress control device and a minimum loaded specimen length to width ratio of not less than three

The apparatus shall be fitted with devices to ensure a constant normal stress on all surfaces of the specimen during the test

NOTE During the test, the displacement of the specimen may create a load on the rigid front wall This loading can also produce anomalous results as stress fields cannot develop fully Vertical stress may also increase due to front wall friction and arching A fixed metal sleeve fitted at the entrance of the box with a minimum length of 200 mm should be used for minimise these phenomena (Figure 2)

Key

1 Grip

2 Sleeve device

Figure 2 – Normal stress control devices

6.2 Normal stress loading device

The normal stress, applied to the upper layer of soil, shall be constant and uniform for the duration of the test To maintain a uniform normal stress, a flexible pneumatic or hydraulic diaphragm loading device over the entire pullout box area should be used Normal stresses applied will depend on testing requirements; however, stresses up to

200 kPa should be anticipated in the design of the apparatus The applied normal stress shall be measured to a precision of 2 % of the applied stress

6.3 Pullout force loading device

The pullout force shall be supplied by a device with the ability to pull the specimen horizontally out of the apparatus The line of the force shall be coincident with the plane of the specimen The pullout system shall be able to apply the pullout force at a constant rate of displacement The rate of displacement shall be such that excess pore pressures are not developed in the soil

When using free draining soils, where excess pore pressures will not be generated, the pullout force shall be applied to give a rate of displacement of (2,0 + 0,2) mm/min and the rate of pullout shall be recorded during the test A device to measure the pullout force, a load cell or proving ring, shall be incorporated into the system The pullout force shall be measured to a precision of 2 % of the applied force

6.4 Displacement indicators

mounted on the specimen to the outside of the box, where displacements are measured by a dial indicator or electronic displacement transducer

All dial gauges or electronic measurement devices shall be accurate to 0,05 mm Locations of the devices shall be accurately determined and recorded Minimum extension capabilities of 100 mm are recommended

Key

1 Sleeve

2 Displacement gauges

I to IV = sections I to IV

Figure 3 – Plan view and typical gauge placements

6.5 Specimen clamping devices

Clamps which connect the specimen to the pullout system without slipping shall be used, not causing clamp breaks

or weakening the material The clamps shall be swivel-jointed to allow the pullout forces to be distributed evenly throughout the width of the specimen The clamps shall allow the specimen to remain horizontal during loading and not interfere with the pullout/shear surface A suitable grip should be used (see Figure 1)

6.6 Soil preparation equipment

Use equipment as necessary for the placement of soils at desired conditions This may include compaction devices such as vibratory or "jumping-jack" type compaction, or hand compaction hammers A soil container or hopper, levelling tools and soil placement/removal tools may be required

6.7 Miscellaneous equipment

Use measurement and trimming equipment as necessary for specimen preparation, a timing device and soil property testing equipment if desired

6.8 Calibration of the apparatus

The apparatus shall be calibrated to determine the system’s own internal friction The force needed to move the jaw shall be measured over a total displacement of 100 mm

All pullout forces measured during the test shall be corrected by the calibration force

7 Procedure

7.1 Placing and compaction of the soil

Assemble the pullout box with only the bottom half of the front door in place Determine the amount of soil

necessary to achieve the desired dry unit weight of the soil when placed in the lower half of the pullout box After compaction the bottom layer of soil should be slightly above the bottom half of the box The calculated amount of soil is placed in the bottom section of the box and compacted as required

The required number of lifts and the amount of compaction effort to be used is a function of the soil type and moisture content The method of compaction, the resulting density and the moisture content are to be recorded

Level the soil surface

7.2 Placement of specimen

Take the test specimen as described in Clause 5 Trim the specimen to fit loosely inside the pullout box with a minimum of 100 mm or more between the edges of the specimen and the edge of the pullout box parallel to the direction of pull During the test, the whole area of the specimen shall be in contact with the soil Clamp the

specimen outside the entrance of the box, without damaging it Connect the specimen and clamp to the pullout device Attach the dial gauge or electronic displacement transducer to the pullout clamp outside of the pullout box

Install the in-soil displacement devices Connect the gauges to the specimen and measure locations of gauges relative to a fixed basis The gauges should be evenly spaced along the length of the specimen on a diagonal across the width of the specimen (see Figure 3) Wire gauges can be attached by hooking wire to a glued-on tab or

in the case of geogrids, by tying or binding them directly to the specimen Care shall be taken to ensure that any slack in the wire is eliminated and the wire will not cut through any transverse rib

7.3 Placing and compaction of the upper layer

Place the required amount of soil on top of the specimen to the required level Use the same placement and compaction methods as used for the bottom soil layer Install the system to be used for the application of the normal stress

7.4 Application of the normal compressive stress

Select one of the pressures in the range 25 kPa, 50 kPa and 100 kPa Normal stress devices shall be calibrated and any change in pressure during testing shall be noted The normal stresses shall be applied before the test is