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Tiêu đề Determination of the 1,4-dioxane content in alkyl-ethoxy-sulfate products by GLC/head space procedure
Trường học British Standards Institution
Chuyên ngành Surface Active Agents
Thể loại British Standard
Năm xuất bản 2009
Thành phố London
Định dạng
Số trang 16
Dung lượng 173,02 KB

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12974:2000

The European Standard EN 12974:1999 has the status of a

British Standard

ICS 71.100.40

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

Surface active agents Ð

Determination of the

1,4-dioxane content in

alkyl-ethoxy-sulfate

products by

GLC/head space

procedure

Confirmed June 2009

Trang 2

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the

direction of the Sector

Committee for Materials and

Chemicals, was published under

the authority of the Standards

Committee and comes into effect

on 15 March 2000

 BSI 03-2000

BS EN 12974:2000

Amendments issued since publication

National foreword

This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 12974:1999 The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CII/34, Methods of test for surface active agents, which has the responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;

Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary

Cross-references

The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

Summary of pages

This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 12, an inside back cover, and a back cover

The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued

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