www bzfxw com L i c e n s e d c o p y P O N T Y P R I D D C O L L E G E , 2 7 / 0 1 / 2 0 0 8 , U n c o n t r o l l e d C o p y , © B S I BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12697 31 2007 Bituminous mixtures — Tes[.]
Trang 2This British Standard was
published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee
on 31 May 2007
© BSI 2007
National foreword
This British Standard was published by BSI It is the UK implementation of
EN 12697-31:2007 It supersedes BS EN 12697-31:2004 which is withdrawn The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/510, Road materials, to Subcommittee B/510/1, Coated macadam and hot asphalt
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.
Amendments issued since publication
Trang 3EUROPÄISCHE NORM April 2007
ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-31:2004
English Version
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part
31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange
hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 31 : Confection d'éprouvettes à la presse à compactage giratoire
Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 31: Herstellung von Probekörpern mit dem Gyrator-Verdichter
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 February 2007.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
C O M I T É E U R O P É E N D E N O R M A L I S A T I O N
E U R O P Ä I S C H E S K O M I T E E F Ü R N O R M U N G
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref No EN 12697-31:2007: E
Trang 4Contents
Page
Foreword 4
1 Scope 7
2 Normative references 7
3 Terms, definitions and symbols 8
3.1 Terms and definitions 8
3.2 Symbols 9
4 Principle 10
5 Apparatus 10
5.1 Test device 10
5.2 Metallic moulds 11
5.3 Round metallic inserts 11
5.4 Device for measuring the distance between inserts 11
5.5 Device for counting the number of rotations to within one revolution 11
6 Preparation of specimens 12
6.1 Mass of mixture to be introduced in the mould 12
6.2 Preparation of test pieces 12
7 Test procedure 13
7.1 Preliminary setting 13
7.2 Compaction 13
8 Test report 14
9 Precision 15
Annex A (normative) Procedure for setting the angle and force for types of gyratory compactor using central reference material 16
A.1 Scope 16
A.2 Principle 16
A.3 Gyratory-type testing procedure 16
A.4 Procedure to test the conformity of a gyratory compactor to a type 18
A.5 Summary of the gyratory calibration chain 19
Annex B (normative) Procedure to evaluate the gyratory compactor internal angle of gyration using a self-contained measurement unit 20
B.1 Scope 20
B.2 Principle 20
B.3 Equipment 20
B.4 Procedure 21
B.5 Calculation 23
B.6 Compliance 24
B.7 Report 25
B.8 Precision data 25
Annex C (normative) Procedure to evaluate the gyratory compactor (GC) internal angle of gyration and related parameters using simulated loading 26
C.1 Scope 26
C.2 Principle 26
C.3 Procedure 26
C.4 Calculation of results 27
C.5 Compliance 28
Trang 5C.6 Report 28
C.7 Precision and bias 28
Bibliography 30
Trang 6Foreword
This document (EN 12697-31:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road
materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by January 2008
This document supersedes EN 12697-31:2004
This document is one of a series of standards as listed below:
EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder content
EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 2: Determination of particle size
EN 12697-7, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 7: Determination of bulk density
of bituminous specimens by gamma rays
EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void
characteristics of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-9, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 9: Determination of the
reference density
EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactibility
EN 12697-11, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 11: Determination of the
affinity between aggregate and bitumen
EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 12: Determination of the water
sensitivity of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperature
measurement
EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content
EN 12697-15, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 15: Determination of the
segregation sensitivity
EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 16: Abrasion by studded tyres
Trang 7EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Particle loss of porous asphalt specimen
EN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 18: Binder drainage
EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of specimen
EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using cube or
Marshall specimens
EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using plate specimens
EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking
EN 12697-23, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 23: Determination of the indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to fatigue
EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 25: Cyclic compression test
EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling
EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of samples for
determining binder content, water content and grading
EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test method for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the dimensions of a bituminous specimen
EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation by
impact compactor
EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation by
gyratory compactor
EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction of
bituminous mixtures by vibratory compactor
EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller compactor
EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test
EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing
EN 12697-36, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 36: Determination of the thickness of a bituminous pavement
EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for the adhesivity of binder on precoated chippings for HRA
EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Common equipment and
calibration
EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by ignition
Trang 8EN 12697-40, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 40: In-situ drainability
EN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 41: Resistance to de-icing
fluids
EN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of coarse foreign
matter in reclaimed asphalt
EN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 43: Resistance to fuel
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom
Trang 91 Scope
This European Standard specifies the method for compaction of cylindrical specimens of bituminous mixtures
using a gyratory compactor Such compaction is achieved by combining a rotary shearing action and a vertical
resultant force applied by a mechanical head
The method is used for:
a) determination of the air voids content of a mixture for a given number of gyrations or derivation of a curve
density (or void content) versus number of gyrations;
b) preparation of specimens of given height and/or at a predetermined density, for subsequent testing of their mechanical properties
The equipment used for the method needs to comply with Annex A, Annex B or Annex C
NOTE Annex A is especially suitable for void content evaluation and compaction research and Annex B and Annex C
for the preparation of specimens for mechanical testing
This European Standard applies to bituminous mixtures (both those made up in laboratory and those resulting
from work site sampling), with an upper aggregate size not larger than 31,5 mm
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies
EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Tests methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the maximum density
EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density
of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void characteristics of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling
EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing
EN 13108-1; Bituminous mixtures — Material specifications — Part 1: Asphalt concrete
EN ISO 4287, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 4287:1997)
EN ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, K, N, T) (ISO 6508-1:2005)
Trang 103 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply
3.1.1
gyratory compactor type
representative model of a given production compactor
3.1.2
force-angle calibration chain
force F and the angle φ determined for a type of gyratory compactor in order to comply with the central
reference material requirements in Table A.1
NOTE Production gyratory compactors of the same type are adjusted using the determined values of F and φ The
conformity of a production gyratory compactor to a type can be verified by doing a comparative test on a bituminous
mixture or by checking the variations of the internal angle as described in A.3.3
3.1.3
central reference material
two bituminous mixtures, produced under defined conditions from constituents stored at a given site, of which
the compositions are not specified but the air voids content (the constancy of which is traceable) at fixed
numbers of gyrations complies respectively
NOTE The characteristics of the central reference material are specified in Table A.1
internal top angle
angle between the internal mould cross-sectional plane and the upper metallic insert as a mould is gyrated in
a gyratory compactor
3.1.6
internal bottom angle
angle between the internal mould cross-sectional plane and the lower metallic insert as a mould is gyrated in a
gyratory compactor
3.1.7
internal effective angle
average of the internal top angle and the internal bottom angle
Trang 113.1.9
tilting moment
product of the eccentricity, e, and the force, F, acting at one end of a gyratory compactor mould in a direction
parallel to the axis of gyration
NOTE The tilting moment is explained in Figure C.1
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply
α is the internal angle, in degrees (°);
φ is the angle of incline of axis of test piece, in degrees (°);
F is the axial resultant force applicable to the ends of the test pieces, in newton (N);
ω is the speed of rotation of the axis of symmetry of revolution of the test piece, in revolutions per
minute (rev/min);
D is the internal diameter of the mould, in millimetres (mm);
M is the mass of the mixture to be introduced in the mould, in kilograms (kg);
ρM is the maximum density of the mixture, in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3);
hmin is the minimum height of compacted specimen, corresponding to a zero percentage of voids, in
millimetres (mm);
h(ng) is the height of specimen after a number of gyrations ng, in millimetres (mm);
ρ(ng) is the bulk density of specimen after a number of gyrations ng, in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3);
P is the preload, initial value of F, in newton (N);
v % is the void content, in percent (%);
e is the eccentricity, in millimetres (mm);
ITa1…4 is the measured internal top angle (4 individual measurements);
ITamin is the minimum measured internal top angle (of 4 measurements);
ITamax is the maximum measured internal top angle (of 4 measurements);
ITA is the internal top angle (average of 4 measurements)
ITA240 is the internal top angle at 240 Nm tilting moment;
IBa1…4 is the measured internal bottom angle (4 individual measurements);
IBamin is the minimum measured internal bottom angle (of 4 measurements);
IBamax is the maximum measured internal bottom angle (of 4 measurements);
IBA is the internal bottom angle (average of 4 measurements)
IBA240 is the internal bottom angle at 240 Nm tilting moment;
Trang 12IEA is the internal effective angle (average of ITA and IBA);
IEA240 is the internal effective angle at 240 Nm tilting moment;
IEA425 is the internal effective angle at 425 Nm tilting moment;
δTB(240) is the difference between ITA and IBA at 240 Nm;
δTB(425) is the difference between ITA and IBA at 425 Nm;
δLH is the difference between IEA240 and IEA425
Key
F axial resultant force
h (ng) height of specimen after a number of gyrations
φ angle
Figure 1 — Test piece motion diagram
NOTE When the specimen is taken out of the equipment for use in other mechanical tests, the temperature and pressure will change and can affect the measured density The density should then be measured in accordance with the relevant part of EN 12697-6
Trang 13 capable of maintaining at least one point in the vicinity of the mid-plane, located between 30 mm and
45 mm from the mould axis, at within ±10 °C of the prescribed temperature during the test;
capable of maintaining the speed of rotation constant during the test to ± 10 % at speeds up to 32 rev/min The angle and the force shall conform to the provisions of Annex A, Annex B or Annex C
NOTE Annex A is especially suitable for void content evaluation and compaction research and Annex B and Annex C for the preparation of specimens for mechanical testing
5.2 Metallic moulds
Metallic moulds:
having a surface hardness greater than 48 HRC according to EN ISO 6508-1;
having either:
- a roughness Ra less than 1 µm according to EN ISO 4287 or
- an initial roughness under 0,8 µm according to EN ISO 4287 and no defects, scratches or traces visible to the naked eye;
having in the zone in contact with the material during the compaction, an internal diameter of (150,0 ± 0,1) mm or (160,0 ± 0,1) mm or (100,0 ± 0,1) mm;
having a height compatible with the volume of material of the specimens under test;
having a thickness greater than 7,5 mm
5.3 Round metallic inserts
Round metallic inserts:
having an even active surface to within ± 0,1 mm (that surface intended to be in contact with the material);
having a surface hardness not less than 55 HRC according to EN ISO 6508-1;
having either a roughness Ra under 0,8 µm according to EN ISO 4287 or an initial roughness under
0,8 µm according to EN ISO 4287 and subject to no defects, scratches or traces visible to the naked eye;
having a shape appropriate to the kinetics of the motion and a diameter resulting in an insert/mould play between 0,1 mm and 0,6 mm
5.4 Device for measuring the distance between inserts
5.5 Device for counting the number of rotations to within one revolution
Trang 146 Preparation of specimens
6.1 Mass of mixture to be introduced in the mould
6.1.1 Preparation of specimens for further mechanical testing
The mass M of the mixture to be introduced in the mould shall be calculated from the required density and the
volume of the specimens
6.1.2 Preparation of specimens for void content requirement
The mass M of the mixture to be introduced in the mould shall be determined from Equation (1) from the
maximum density ρM of the mixture determined according to EN 12697-5, using water, and the minimum
height of the compacted specimen hmin corresponding to a zero percentage of voids
M min
2 94
M = −
(1) where
M is the mass of the mixture to be introduced in the mould, in kilograms (kg);
D is the internal diameter of the mould, in millimetres (mm);
hmin is the minimum height of compacted specimen, corresponding to a zero percentage of voids, in
millimetres (mm);
ρM is the maximum density of the mixture, in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3)
For a given type of gyratory compactor calibrated using Annex A, h min will be constant The ratio of hmin to the
internal diameter of the mould D shall be in the interval 0,66 to 1,05
6.2 Preparation of test pieces
If the bituminous mixture is prepared in the laboratory, it shall be prepared in accordance with EN 12697-35
If it is cut or cored in a compacted layer, the size of the sample shall be such that the mass M prescribed in
6.1.2 can be taken from it
If the nominal maximum size of the aggregates is 16 mm or less, the diameter of the specimens shall be
100 mm, 150 mm or 160 mm If the maximum size of the aggregates is more than 16 mm, the diameter of the
specimens shall be 150 mm or 160 mm
The following operations shall be carried out:
place moulds and inserts for at least 2 h within an enclosure brought to the test temperature ± 10 °C;
lubricate moulds with a coating of glycerised soda oleate applied with a brush, or of silicon grease;
if the sample has been cut or cored in a compacted layer, bring it to a temperature at which the
bituminous mixture is loose enough, so that the prescribed mass M can be taken;
weigh the mould and inserts, fill the mould with the mixture by means of a funnel and weigh the mould
and inserts plus the mixture in the mould, so that the prescribed mass M of bituminous mixture in the
mould is obtained with an accuracy of 0,1 %;
alternatively, weigh the mass M of the bituminous mixture in an intermediate container, to an accuracy of
0,1 %, and introduce the bituminous mixture into the mould by means of a funnel in one operation only
Trang 15NOTE The filled mould, the test piece and the inserts are usually stored in an enclosure at the test temperature
± 10 °C for between 30 min and 2 h However, for SMA there is a risk for segregation
7.1.3 Setting of the angle of inclination
The angle shall conform to the provisions of Annex A, Annex B or Annex C
NOTE Annex A is especially suitable for compaction research and Annex B and Annex C for the preparation of specimens for mechanical testing If both activities are to be covered, then it is advised to use Annex B or Annex C However, it should be emphasized that gyratory compactors that are calibrated with Annex A are also suitable to prepare specimens for mechanical testing although this option is not recommended
For Annex A, the setting of the angle φ of the type is verified on the basis of a test conducted on central reference materials with the representative model according to the provisions of A.1 The minimal conditions for compliance of a gyratory compactor model with a standard model are defined in A.2 The setting of the angle of inclination α or φ is that which is determined for the gyratory compactor in accordance with A.2 to within ± 0,02°
Place the mould containing the mixture and the inserts in the test device
In the case of a pre-load, it shall be applied during an interval of less than 30 s With the mechanical head in
contact with the upper insert, start the rotation of the machine The load F and the angle of incline φ shall be applied within the first gyration
In other cases, apply the load F and the angle of incline φ and start the rotation of the machine
7.2.2 Specimens for void content requirement
Without interrupting rotation, measure the height of the specimen h(ng), to ± 0,2 mm for the following numbers
of gyrations: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, and if necessary 120, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 gyrations
Trang 16Calculate from Equation (2) the mean percentage of air voids v(ng) according to EN 12697-8, for each
specified number of gyrations ng
) ( 100
%
g
min g
n h
h n h n
where v(ng) is the void content after a number of gyrations ng, in percentage (%);
h(ng) is the height of the specimen after a number of gyrations ng, in millimetres (mm);
hmin is the minimum height of the compacted specimen, corresponding to a zero percentage of
voids, in millimetres (mm)
Unless otherwise stated, if the result of the test is to be interpreted as a single result, a test result on a given
mixture shall be the mean value of at least three elementary determinations
If the coefficient of variation of the heights of the specimens is higher than 1,5 %, for a number of gyrations
more than 20, the test shall be rejected
7.2.3 Specimens for further testing
When the required height of the specimen is obtained stop the rotation of the machine
If further tests are required, the ends of the specimen shall be adjusted such that they are perpendicular to its
axis using one of the three methods following:
apply two to ten additional revolutions, while the angle φ is progressively or step by step set to zero;
remove the mould from the gyratory compactor; apply a static load of (8 000 ± 500) N for 100 mm
diameter specimens or (20 000 ± 1 000) N for 150 mm or 160 mm diameter specimens, parallel to the
axis of the mould, on the inserts;
cut by sawing
Extrude the specimen from the mould using a jack, if necessary after cooling for 5 min to 10 min
Before using the specimen for further testing, if necessary, determine its density by the appropriate method
according to EN 12697-6
8 Test report
The test report shall make reference to this European Standard, i.e EN 12697-31 and shall include at least
the following information:
a) identification of the mixture;
b) method of manufacture of the mixture, or if it was sampled from a compacted layer, the size and location
of the sample;
c) type and model of gyratory compactor;
d) test conditions (diameter and height h min of specimen, speed of rotation, temperature of the test, the angle
of inclination, force F);
e) method of calibration (Annex A, Annex B or Annex C)
Trang 17If the procedure is used to prepare specimens:
f) height of the specimen and its bulk density
If the test is used to derive a curve density or void content versus number of gyrations:
g) void content for the prescribed numbers of gyrations
In both cases, the operational details not provided for in this European Standard, and anomalies, if any, which might have affected the results
hmin = 150 mm, diameter of moulds = 160 mm;
a bituminous mixture;
method of production of the mixture;
number of replicates: 4