Microsoft Word w1946p4 doc | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[.]
Trang 2This British Standard, having
been prepared under the
direction of the Engineering
Sector Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Committee and comes
into effect on 15 July 2000
BSI 07-2000
BS EN 1946-4:2000
Amendments issued since publication
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 1946-4:2000 The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee RHE/9, Thermal insulating materials, to Subcommittee RHE/9/2, Thermal properties
of insulating materials, which has the responsibility to:
Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;
Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request
to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
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