EN 894-1, Safety of machinery ― Ergonomic requirements for the design of displays and control actuators ― Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control act
General
GSE must adhere to the safety requirements and protective measures outlined in this clause, along with the standards set by EN 1915-2, EN 1915-3, and EN 1915-4, as applicable Furthermore, the machine's design should align with the relevant sections of EN 12312.
EN ISO 12100 for relevant but not significant hazards, which are not dealt with by this document
In accordance with EN ISO 13849-1, EN 953, EN 982, and EN 983, manufacturers must conduct a thorough risk assessment to address necessary requirements not covered by EN 12312 for specific types of Ground Support Equipment (GSE).
NOTE This specific risk assessment is part of the general risk assessment relating to the hazards not covered by this Type C standard
Fixed guards and guard rails, which need to be removed for regular servicing or adjustments, must be secured with fixings that remain attached to either the guard or the machine when the guard is taken off.
Accommodation for driver and other persons
Accommodation for driver and other persons shall have adequate space Sharp corners and edges in the working area shall be avoided by design or cushioned by covers
Seats must be engineered to prevent harm to the human body, considering factors such as usage duration, intended purpose, and operating conditions, as well as the size and weight of drivers This is particularly relevant for commercial vehicle seats, which should be utilized in the vehicles for which they were specifically designed Detailed requirements can be found in the relevant sections of EN 12312.
Vibration assessments shall be based on measurements according to EN 1915-3
The minimum size of the driver's envelope shall conform to the requirements of EN ISO 3411 This requirement applies with seats in their extreme positions
The driver shall be protected against interference from vehicle wheels
According to EN 12312, Ground Support Equipment (GSE) with a speed capacity exceeding 25 km/h necessitates the installation of restraint systems The specific requirements for these systems are outlined in the relevant sections of the EN 12312 standard, applicable to the respective GSE type.
GSE designed for transporting individuals other than the driver must include appropriate seating with restraint systems, such as a lap-type seat belt for vehicles capable of speeds over 25 km/h If seating is not feasible, the GSE should offer standing accommodation within an enclosed cabin with sufficient handholds Alternatively, if neither option is suitable, standing accommodation outside the cabin must be equipped with adequate fall protection devices.
At least a combination of handholds and padded guard rails shall be provided.
Driver's cabin
NOTE See the relevant GSE standard (EN 12312 series)
The design and layout of driver's cabins for Ground Support Equipment (GSE) must ensure an unobstructed direct field of view for safe travel and operation If achieving this is not feasible, supplementary aids such as mirrors or closed-circuit television systems should be implemented to enhance visibility.
According to prEN ISO 13564-1, a method for testing and verification is outlined It is essential to have mirrors installed that allow the driver to see the rear and side areas effectively Additionally, the vehicle must be equipped with at least one power-operated windshield wiper for travel, with extra wipers provided as needed to ensure the driver has a clear view of the operations being controlled.
A windshield washing unit must be included as per the agreement between the manufacturer and the user Additionally, the glass used in doors and windows should be safety glass or an alternative material that meets equivalent performance standards, especially in terms of scratch resistance.
Technical requirements for safety glass in vehicles used on public roads are outlined in ECE 43 All windows critical for the operator's visibility must be transparent and as distortion-free as possible Additionally, lighting must be designed to prevent any distracting glare in conjunction with the windshield and other windows within the driver's line of sight Furthermore, corners or edges of windows should be chamfered or rounded with a minimum radius of 3 mm Lastly, the floor, upholstery, and insulation of enclosed driver cabins must be made from flame-retardant materials, adhering to a horizontal burning rate of no more than 250 mm per minute, in accordance with ISO 3795 or classes A or B of EN 13501-1:2007.
Fully enclosed driver's cabins must include essential devices such as wipers, washing units, demisters, and window heating systems to ensure clear visibility under various operational and climatic conditions All doors should have secure devices to keep them closed or open safely, minimizing injury risks The door mechanisms must be designed for manual operation only, preventing accidental openings Additionally, an appropriately sized ventilation system is required, with provisions for heating and air conditioning as necessary.
GSE operate under various temperatures and environmental conditions, making it challenging to establish specific technical requirements in this European Standard It is essential that combustion air for heating units is sourced from outside the cabin to prevent exhaust fumes from contaminating the heating air Additionally, in the event of a burner flame-out, the fuel supply must be automatically shut off.
The EU Directive 78/548/EEC outlines essential requirements for combustion heating appliances It specifies that self-propelled vehicles featuring a driver's cabin with a single access point must include an alternative exit method for emergencies.
Controls
Control device actuators must comply with EN 894-1 and EN 894-3 standards, ensuring they are easily accessible to operators as per EN ISO 6682 Their intended purpose should be clearly marked and visible in accordance with EN 60073 Additionally, they should be designed and installed to reduce the risk of accidental activation.
Control device actuators for movements, excluding traveling functions, must be designed to cut off the energy that initiates movement once released (hold-to-run type) Actuators with a lock-on feature should only be utilized when necessary for functionality and when additional safety measures are implemented to minimize risk.
Illumination of controls shall be of anti-glare and non-reflecting quality
Self-propelled GSE shall be equipped with means to safeguard them against unauthorised use It shall not be possible to render these safeguards ineffective by simple means, e.g tape, nails
Electronic control circuitry, software, adjustable safety devices and adjustable safety related equipment shall be made inaccessible to unauthorised persons, e.g by use of access codes, special tools
5.4.3 Multiple control positions for movements
When multiple control stations are present, only one should be active at any given time The interlock system must be designed to meet the specified performance level to ensure this requirement is fulfilled.
EN ISO 13849-1 assigned to the related safety function This requirement does not apply to emergency stops
Control device actuators must be strategically placed to ensure the operator is safe from hazards associated with the loads or any part of the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) Additionally, operators should be positioned at least 1 meter away from any potential falling risks and must have a clear line of sight to monitor the controlled movements continuously.
Electrical controls shall conform to EN 60204-1
Remotely controlled ground support equipment (GSE) must be engineered to automatically halt movement and remain stationary in two key situations: when the control actuation stops and when there is an interruption in the power supply.
To prevent confusion and incorrect connections, cable-linked remote control plugs must be clearly distinguishable When connected, compliance with requirement 5.4.3 is necessary Additionally, the cable length must be adequate to guarantee safe operation in all intended usage scenarios.
Remote control units shall be designed so that a mechanical shock (e.g falling to the ground) does not initiate a signal
Remote controls must be designed to allow operation solely from locations where the operator has a clear and unobstructed view of the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) and its moving parts, as well as the area into which the GSE or its components will move.
Where applicable, the remote control shall achieve a performance level in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1 assigned to the related safety function
Pictograms or markings identifying each actuator on remote control boxes shall be unambiguous as to the directions of the activated functions, regardless of the control box's position
While this standard gives basic requirements that may be applicable to wireless remote controls, additional requirements will be necessary.
Safety related parts
Safety devices such as trip devices, ultimate-position switches, overspeed governors, interlocking switches, and emergency stop devices must be carefully designed, selected, and positioned to ensure they are suitable for the specific site conditions and various equipment applications, including considerations for issues like ice build-up.
Safety related parts of control systems shall be designed in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1, and shall achieve the appropriate performance level determined by risk assessment (Annex A of
EN ISO 13849-1:2008) The minimum performance level values stated in the GSE specific parts of EN 12312 shall be complied with.
Monitoring devices and displays
GSE shall have monitoring devices and displays necessary for safe operation They shall be clearly arranged, easy-to-read and be protected against damage during intended use
Illumination of displays shall be of anti-glare and non-reflecting quality.
Steering devices
The steering system must facilitate safe and effortless handling of the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) at its maximum design speed and under all intended operating conditions Additionally, manual control devices should be engineered to prevent injuries and endure anticipated operating forces during normal use.
All parts of the steering transmission shall be amply dimensioned readily accessible for maintenance such as they are not liable to breakage or significant distortion
When a single energy source is designated to power multiple systems, the steering system must be prioritized in its energy supply over other connected systems.
GSE that can drive at speeds exceeding 50 km/h must be equipped with either a dual-circuit steering system or a power-assisted mechanical steering system The use of pneumatic transmission steering systems is prohibited.
In case of power cut off on power-assisted steering equipment it shall be possible to maintain the towability of the GSE (e.g realised by an emergency pump systems)
The maximum permitted steering control effort with intact steering equipment shall not exceed 250 N and in case of power steering failure shall not exceed 600 N
It is recommended not to exceed 100 N for normal use or 250 N in the case of power steering failure
Where the maximum design speed is over 15 km/h reaction forces shall give the driver a satisfactory feedback, thus making the behaviour of the GSE predictable for the driver
GSE with a hydraulic steering circuit must include a pressure relief valve in the primary circuit, activated at the maximum permissible operating pressure "P," to safeguard the unit from overpressure Additionally, a secondary circuit pressure relief valve should be set at least 5 MPa above "P" or at 2.2 "P," whichever is lower To prevent failures, the bursting pressure of all hydraulic hoses must be four times greater than the maximum operating pressure.
Loss of oil pressure shall not prevent towing of the GSE
5.7.4 Complex electronic parts of GSE steering systems
All complex electronic parts of steering systems intended to ensure a safety function shall achieve performance level "d" in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1 Complex electronic parts are defined in
When a single fault occurs in “complex electronic parts of GSE steering systems”, the prescribed steering function shall always be performed at least until stop of driving movement
Electronic steering control systems for ground support equipment (GSE) with a maximum speed of 15 km/h or less must meet performance level "c" as specified in EN ISO 13849-1 This standard outlines the requirements for complex electronic components.
NOTE This requirement includes the possibility of total steering failure
According to EN 12312 (all parts), it is assumed that only one failure in the steering equipment can occur at a time, unless stated otherwise.
Components of hybrid steering systems shall fulfil the specific requirement given above
NOTE Requirement for steering devices of vehicles intended to be used on public roads and a method of verification are given in ECE-R 79.
Brakes for travelling purposes or equivalent devices
The minimum braking values of self-propelled GSE are given in Table C.1 of Annex C (normative)
In GSE equipped with a hydrostatic drive, the drive can function as a service brake when there is no short-circuit valve present in the hydraulic circuit, or if the valve's placement restricts direct access.
5.8.2 Parking brake or equivalent devices
GSE shall have a parking brake or equivalent device which prevents the GSE with its permissible maximum gross mass from rolling away on a slope of at least 7%
Self-propelled ground support equipment (GSE) intended for towing must have a parking brake or a similar device to prevent the GSE from rolling on a slope This safety feature should ensure a minimum braking ratio of 18%, securing both the GSE and any attached load.
NOTE See also Introduction, f) – negotiation for slopes on the intended airport of use.
Wheel assemblies - Centre split rims
GSE with pneumatic tyres shall not be fitted with centre split rims connected by spot welding or countersunk bolts
Disassembling centre split rims with pneumatic tyres requires them to be removed from the axle first Ideally, centre split rim fasteners should be accessible only from the rear If this is not feasible, it is crucial to distinguish between the wheel fastening methods and the split rim assembly devices The wheel nuts must be hexagonal, while the split rim fasteners should not be hexagonal.
Centre split rims not designed for pneumatic tyres shall not have a valve hole.
Touchable surfaces - Exhaust
Hot surfaces reachable from work areas, walkways, or ground, shall be guarded or the temperature thereof shall not exceed the temperature for 1 s unintentional contact according to EN ISO 13732-1
Where the temperature of discharging exhaust gases exceeds 80°C, the outlet flow shall be out of reach of persons at work areas and walkways on or at the GSE.
Lights and reflectors for traffic purposes
Self-propelled Ground Support Equipment (GSE) must be equipped with specific lighting features to ensure safety and visibility This includes two headlamps with a minimum brightness of 250 lumens, two red rear lights each providing at least 50 lumens, and two red rear reflectors with a minimum reflective surface area of 20 cm² Additionally, GSE should have two brake lights with red lenses, each emitting a minimum of 150 lumens, as well as front and rear direction indicators with amber lenses, also at 150 lumens minimum Finally, reversing lights with white lenses, each providing at least 150 lumens, are required.
Retro-reflecting lines or contour markings according to ECE 104 improve the visibility of the GSE This may be a requirement on certain airports
Towed Ground Support Equipment (GSE) should ideally feature two red reflectors at the rear, two white reflectors at the front, and amber side reflectors on each side, each with a minimum reflecting surface area of 20 cm² As an alternative, retro-reflective markings in red and white or black and yellow hatching should be applied at all four corners of dollies and loose load trailers.
5.11.3 Position of lights and reflectors
Lights and reflectors must be positioned no more than 400 mm from the outer edges of the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) Whenever feasible, they should be installed symmetrically along the GSE's longitudinal axis and maintain an equal distance from the roadway's surface.
Auditory signal devices
Self-propelled GSE shall have operator initiated devices for the emission of unambiguous auditory warning NOTE Acceptable values for sound pressure level and frequencies are given in Directive 70/156/EEC
Where additional signal devices are used, the devices shall be in accordance with the requirements of
Warnings to indicate reversing movements shall be intermittent single-frequency tones
Warnings for other functions may be given in other parts of EN 12312.
Standing areas and walkways on GSE
To ensure safety in Ground Support Equipment (GSE) operations, walkways must maintain a minimum width of 0.4 meters, while those on conveying surfaces for unit load devices (ULD) should be at least 0.35 meters wide Additionally, standing areas must measure a minimum of 0.4 meters by 0.5 meters.
The operator's workplace and all work platform areas, including standing and walkway zones, must feature a durable slip-resistant floor surface with a minimum R11 slip-resistance classification, ensuring safety for staff in various circumstances.
Slip resistance classification shall be measured in accordance with DIN 51130:2004, Table 3
Flooring must be designed to ensure that liquids, such as water or de-icing fluid, drain away effectively, minimizing the accumulation of dirt, snow, or ice.
Surfaces not to be used for access shall as far as practicable be made inaccessible, or if not possible they shall be clearly and appropriately marked
All standing areas, walkways, and locations with items necessitating staff action on Ground Support Equipment (GSE) that pose a risk of falling from heights exceeding 1 meter must be equipped with guard rails at least 1.1 meters high Openings should not exceed 120 mm in size, and any access points must utilize a self-closing gate for safety.
Guard rails must be constructed in compliance with EN ISO 14122-3 standards When subjected to a horizontal force of (300 x l) N, where l represents the length in meters of the cantilevered section, cantilevered or telescoping guard rails should not experience elastic deflection exceeding 30 mm at the unsupported end This force is applied horizontally to the top rail at the free end, directed away from the platform or walkway For verification, refer to Clause 7 of this European standard.
Guard rails shall at least consist of: a) a hand rail; b) at least one knee rail; c) a toe-plate, minimum height 0,1 m
The knee-rail and toe-plate can be replaced by an equivalent full panel
The maximum allowable gap between two rails or between a knee-rail and toe-plate is 0.5 meters To avoid hand traps, any gap between segments of an interrupted handrail must be minimized.
The preferred distance between stanchions or anchorages should be limited to 1,500 mm, with a size range of 75 mm to 120 mm If this distance is exceeded, it is crucial to ensure the strength of the stanchion anchoring and the reliability of the fixing devices.
All cantilevered or movable components must include a handrail, knee-rail, and toe-plate, adhering to the same standards as fixed guard rail sections.
For areas requiring access through guard rails, it is essential to install a self-closing gate This gate must include a handrail and knee-rail that align with the height of the adjacent guard rail.
Gates shall be fitted with positively applied locks and interlocked in particular cases as identified in EN 12312 (all parts) Gates shall not fold or open outwards
Moveable parts of guard rails must comply with the same standards as fixed guard rails and should be automatically secured in a protective position by a mechanical restraint device Adjustable components for aircraft must resist retraction with a force of at least 200 N After unlatching, adjustments should be manageable by a single person using a maximum horizontal hand force of 62 N, and these adjustments must occur at least 1 meter away from the end of the fixed guard rail and the edge of the platform (refer to section 5.13.2.5).
Where an item of GSE interfaces with the aircraft, clearances between guard rails and aircraft shall be adjustable by increments not exceeding 120 mm
The maximum unguarded distance between the adjusted guard rail and the aircraft shall not exceed 120 mm
Folding or drop guard rails are permitted only when fixed guard rails cannot be installed These guard rails must comply with the same standards as fixed ones They should not swing or tilt outward, and when in the protective position, they must be secured in place by an automatic locking mechanism.
Where it is not possible for knee rails to be made from rigid material they shall conform to 5.13.2.5
Flexible guard rails are designated for temporary work platforms outside the workplace, used only when rigid materials are impractical These rails must ensure safety equivalent to that specified in section 5.13.2.2 They should be a minimum height of 1.1 meters and consist of at least four weather-resistant, tensioned, and adjustable ropes or straps, evenly spaced above one another.
NOTE Typical use of flexible guard rails is in order to store them at places used for occasional maintenance access
In areas where guard rails cannot fully enclose a space or are equipped with movable guard rails, it is essential to mark potentially hazardous zones with a risk of falling from heights exceeding 1 meter These high visibility safety markings should extend at least 1 meter inward from the exposed edge along its entire length For movable guard rails, the length of the exposed edge is determined by the maximum open position of the guard rail Refer to the EN 12312 series standard for guidelines on identifying exclusive application areas.
Such high visibility safety markings may e.g consist in wide, diagonally located, alternately black yellow, stripes across the whole potential hazard area(s) floor in accordance with ISO 3864 (all parts)
Additional warning against the risk of falling shall be provided by the graphic symbol in Annex G, at least
200 mm high, located at readily visible positions on the part of the GSE concerned and adjacent to any unprotected edge.
Means of access
It shall be possible to reach and leave the accommodation for driver and any other person, standing areas and walkways on GSE without hazard
Access must be ensured for entrances to driver and co-driver accommodations, standing areas, and walkways that are elevated more than 0.5 meters above the ground The recommended methods of access, in order of preference, are lifts, ramps, stairs, stepladders, ladders, and footholds.
When selecting ladders, stepladders, stairs, or ramps, it is essential to adhere to the guidelines set forth in EN ISO 14122-1:2001, section 5.3 Footholds should only be considered as an alternative when the standards for ladders or stepladders cannot be fulfilled.
Means of access shall meet the minimum requirements given in Annex D
Suitable parts of the GSE structure may be designed as means of access
The following components of GSE are excluded from being classified as means of access: a) any section of a tyre, rim, or hub; b) plain rungs with a round cross-section; and c) rungs that lack ribbing or permanently affixed slip-resistant surfaces.
Crushing and shearing points
To ensure safety, access to crushing and shearing points must be restricted as per EN ISO 13857 Minimum gaps to prevent these hazards should comply with EN 349 If design cannot eliminate crushing and shearing points, they must be safeguarded in accordance with EN 953.
If GSE cannot fulfill the necessary requirements with lifting equipment, alternative safety measures must be implemented to minimize the risk of injury to individuals caused by the lifting equipment, its supporting structure, and the lifting or work platform.
NOTE Examples for safety measures to reduce the risk of injury under the lifting/work platform are given in Annex E and EN 1570.
Securing of load
GSE shall be constructed to provide means for securing of loads and loose parts against hazardous movement under intended use conditions, i.e slipping, rolling, falling over and falling off
The design of the GSE shall enable safe carrying of load securing equipment (e.g ropes, nets), when not in use.
Moveable bodies, assemblies and attachments
5.17.1 Safeguarding of tilting or lifting bodies
Mechanical restraint devices must be capable of securing tilting or lifting bodies in at least one position to prevent lowering or recoiling, considering all potential forces involved.
These devices shall work automatically if access of persons below tilted or lifted bodies during operation is intended or if the raised position is the transport position
Fixed mechanical stop devices shall prevent tilting, slewing, telescoping or lifting movements passing through the designed end positions
Assemblies and attachments shall be such that they can only be taken apart by an intended human action
To mitigate hazards from unintentional movements of movable parts such as doors, flaps, and covers, it is essential to implement mechanical restraint or friction-type devices that can secure these components in designated positions When utilizing friction-type safeguards, it is crucial to have them in duplicate, ensuring that each device independently can effectively secure the movable parts in their intended positions.
Hydraulic and pneumatic systems
Hose assemblies, pipes, fittings, and other components used in hydraulic or pneumatic systems of Ground Support Equipment (GSE) must generally meet the standards outlined in EN 982 and/or EN 983, along with the additional requirements specified in section 5.18 For further details on these additional requirements, refer to the specific standards within the EN 12312 series.
Hoses shall be installed, laid and fixed in such a way that damage, e.g by crushing, abrasion, heating up, twisting, etc is avoided (for examples, see Annex F)
Hydraulic hose assemblies with an operating pressure in the hydraulic system of more than 15 MPa shall not have reusable end fittings
Pressure limiting valves are essential for preventing pressurized pipes from exceeding 1.4 times the static pressure under permissible operating loads Additionally, these valves must be protected against unauthorized tampering to ensure safety and reliability.
Pneumatic relief valves must be strategically positioned or protected to prevent any risk of injury to individuals in the air discharge zone.
5.18.4 Covering of hydraulic hose assemblies
Hydraulic hose assemblies in the working or traffic areas on GSE containing fluids at a pressure exceeding
Covers must be used for components operating at pressures of 5 MPa or higher and temperatures above 50°C, as outlined in EN ISO 3457 However, if protective components that redirect hazardous fluid jets, such as guards, are in place, these covers are not necessary.
5.18.5 Special requirements for hydraulic systems
Hydraulic systems must adhere to specific minimum requirements to ensure safety and functionality These include the ability to expel air from the system, the provision of an accessible test point for pressure gauge connection in each hydraulic circuit (excluding hydraulic braking systems), and a straightforward method for checking fluid levels in the hydraulic tank, with clear markings for minimum and maximum levels Additionally, hydraulic fluid tanks should be sized to retain at least 10% of the fluid volume during maximum system displacement Furthermore, systems where fluid contamination could pose hazards, such as lifting devices or hydrostatic drives, must be equipped with filters that feature an easily readable contamination indicator.
Stability and strength
The design of GSE must guarantee stability and strength during its intended use, based on the most unfavorable combinations of static, dynamic, and wind loads Wind loads should be calculated for the fully erected position, using a wind velocity specified by the manufacturer for the intended location, with a minimum requirement of 20.58 m/s (40 knots) as outlined in EN 1915-2.
Stabilisers must be secured to prevent unintentional movement in both their working and retracted positions, utilizing restraint devices such as check valves in hydraulic systems to ensure stability.
It shall only be possible to retract powered stabilisers when the GSE remains stable
Stabilisers must be engineered to effectively compensate for gradients of up to 2.5% and uneven terrain Additionally, base plates should allow for pivoting in all directions by at least 5° from the horizontal plane while in the working position.
Lifting systems
Lifting systems shall be so equipped that failures in lifting drives do not result in any hazardous movement of the lifting/work platform
Where self-lowering is acceptable in the event of a failure, the lowering speed of the lifting/work platform shall not exceed 1,4 times the lifting speed
Safety devices on lifting and work platforms must function automatically in all positions to prevent unintended lowering by the operator While it is permissible to override or release these safety devices, such as wedges, spindles, nuts, or valves, this can only be done to return the platform to its base position Once the override or release mechanism is disengaged, the safety devices will automatically reactivate to ensure continued safety.
Safety equipment must include specific design features to maintain effectiveness despite potential spring failures Compression springs should be guided to avoid buckling and securely fixed at both ends to prevent displacement during operation Alternatively, springs should be chosen with a wire diameter larger than the distance between coils to prevent them from winding together if a break occurs.
Lifting equipment must be equipped with safety-colored markings to ensure the secure positioning of platforms, baskets, or other lifting components This precaution is essential to protect maintenance personnel working below from the hazards associated with accidental lowering.
In emergency situations, safe evacuation from the lifting or work platform must be achievable from any position If permanently attached ladders are not feasible, an emergency lowering device should be available to position the platform for safe evacuation.
Emergency lowering devices shall be clearly marked and easily accessible.
Lifting devices
Lifting device components must be firmly attached and designed to require deliberate manual effort for disconnection Additionally, if a specific sequence is essential to avoid overstressing during the operation of the lifting device parts, this sequence must be strictly followed.
5.21.2 Lifting devices with mechanical drive, or ropes or chains as lifting elements
Lifting devices equipped with platforms supported by ropes or chains must be engineered to ensure that the platform does not descend more than 100 mm in the event of a failure of any lifting element, such as a rope, chain, nut, or gear Additionally, when using chains or ropes for lifting individuals, it is essential to employ at least two independent chains or ropes, each secured with its own anchorage.
Wire rope grips shall not be used to secure ropes used as lifting elements
Elements used as safety devices shall be independent of the regular lifting element and shall remain unloaded during usual operation
5.21.3 Lifting devices with particular requirements
Lifting devices must ensure that any lifting or work platform does not extend beyond the equipment's outer limits or exceed designated working heights relative to the aircraft To prevent unintentional movement, it is crucial to implement safeguards against hydraulic system leaks or failures in lifting elements such as ropes, chains, nuts, or gears.
Lifting/work platforms
5.22.1 Lifting/work platforms with horizontal and vertical movement
Lifting and work platforms must be aligned parallel to the intended operational plane, maintaining a tolerance of 5° in any direction In the event of a failure in the drive or control system, or if fluid leaks occur, the maximum allowable tilt of the platform should not exceed 10°.
Load-bearing parallel drive elements, such as parallel-acting hydraulic cylinders, must be engineered to ensure that if one element fails, the remaining elements can support the entire load while maintaining the stability of the ground support equipment (GSE).
5.22.2 Lifting/work platforms with guided vertical movement only
Lifting and work platforms must be designed to ensure that their floors stay parallel to the installation plane in all operating positions, maintaining a tolerance of 1° in any direction In the event of a drive or control system failure, or fluid system leaks, the maximum allowable tilt of the platform should not exceed 3°.
Operating speeds
The maximum travelling speed of self-propelled Ground Support Equipment (GSE) is restricted to 6 km/h in several scenarios: during direct pedestrian-controlled operation, during remotely controlled operation, when a lifting or work platform is moved from its base position, and for GSE that lacks a permanent onboard operator's station.
Lifting and work platform movements must adhere to specific speed limits: a maximum of 0.2 m/s for single speed movement, 0.4 m/s for two speed movement (which involves starting and stopping at a lower speed), and 0.6 m/s for proportionally controlled movement that features smooth, non-jerking starts and stops.
Towing couplings, drawbars and towbars
Towing devices for ground support equipment (GSE) or aircraft must be constructed rigidly and equipped with a mechanical restraint device to prevent accidental disconnection Additionally, the effectiveness of this mechanical restraint should be easily assessable through a visual inspection, ensuring safety and reliability.
It shall be possible to operate couplings easily and without hazard
GSE intended to be moved by hand (including gloved) shall be equipped with ergonomic handles or handle depressions for pushing and pulling
Position of handles and maximum forces to push/pull manually the GSE shall be determined in accordance with ISO 11228-2
Towbars and drawbars of multi-axle Ground Support Equipment (GSE) must maintain a minimum ground clearance of 120 mm in the uncoupled state This ensures that the eye remains clear of the ground when dropped.
Towbars and drawbars, if in the vertical position, shall be securable by a mechanical restraint device.
Service connections
Service connections for Ground Support Equipment (GSE) must be distinctly designed to prevent any confusion between supply and discharge connections to airport facilities or aircraft, ensuring they are incompatible in size and shape.
Electrical connections between self-propelled GSE and fixed installations or aircraft shall be equipped with means to prevent the self-propelled GSE from being moved away before disconnection
Electrical plugs shall be designed as to avoid hazards to the operator during disconnection (e.g contact with live parts, prevention of arcs).
Electrical design, components and batteries
The electrical system of GSE, chassis included, shall at least meet the requirements of EN 60204-1 This does not apply to an automotive chassis satisfying the road traffic regulations
The protective conductor of any electrical systems shall be connected to the automotive chassis
Electrical interlocks shall meet the requirements of 5.5
Emergency stops shall be provided on powered GSE (see EN ISO 13850) For further details, see the
EN 12312 series for specific type of GSE
Electrical wires, components and conductors shall be installed in such a way to avoid wear and tear and exposure to environmental conditions which could cause deterioration
Electrical components, where located in areas exposed directly to weather, shall be protected at least to the degree of IP 65 according to EN 60529:1991
Batteries must be securely positioned to avoid mechanical damage while ensuring easy access and removability The housings should be fire-resistant, and adequate ventilation openings must be included in the battery container, compartment, or cover to prevent hazardous gas buildup during the operation of ground support equipment (GSE) as per the manufacturer's guidelines.
Experience shows that satisfactory ventilation openings should allow gases to escape freely, with a cross-sectional area in mm² equal to half the number of cells multiplied by the rated capacity of 5 hours (in Ah) However, this level of ventilation does not fully address the complete charging conditions.
Batteries and their locations must be designed to eliminate any risk of exposure to battery acid or vapors for operators, even in the event of GSE overturning Additionally, battery terminals should be safeguarded against accidental contact through the use of insulating covers and shrouds.
The negative connector of starter batteries for GSE with internal combustion engine shall be securely bonded to the engine and to the automotive chassis
In order to allow battery cut-off, an easily accessible disconnector device shall be fitted close to batteries with a nominal capacity exceeding 10 Ah.
Fire protection
Self-powered and self-propelled GSE shall at least be provided with an accommodation for an appropriate fire extinguisher
Number and type of fire extinguisher should be agreed between manufacturer and user, depending on the conditions of the airport of use (see Introduction, f) – negotiation)
When GSE is permitted to operate within an aircraft's fire safety perimeter during refueling, it must comply with specific fire protection requirements These include having a readily accessible engine stop device that is spark-proof for electrically powered GSE, as well as a spark arrestor or equivalent device in the exhaust of any thermal engine to prevent the emission of sparks or particles.
Lasers
Any laser devices used e.g for equipment positioning should be class 1 of EN 60825-1 In the event a higher class device shall be used, additional precautions required by EN 60825-1 shall be applied
Marking
6.1.1 Data on the name-plate
Permanent data marking on machinery must be done using securely attached metal plates, such as those that are riveted or welded to the structure These plates should clearly and permanently display essential information, including the manufacturer's business name and full address, machinery designation, mandatory markings, year of construction, type, serial number, unladen mass, intended travelling speed (if applicable), maximum wind velocity for safe operation, and maximum total mass for transporting persons or loads.
For the safe operation of Ground Support Equipment (GSE), it is essential to clearly and permanently mark specific conditions that may not be immediately obvious These markings must comply with the standards set by ISO 3864 (all parts).
Where appropriate, the following data shall be provided: a) permissible travelling speed;
(The maximum permissible travelling speed shall be indicated on GSE capable of exceeding that speed.) b) permissible wind velocity;
(The maximum permissible wind velocity ensuring safe operation shall be specified if safe operation of GSE is influenced by wind); c) load capacity:
1) payload or maximum number of persons;
2) load distribution if the load capacity is affected; d) tyre pressure; e) operating instruction summary; f) maximum ground pressure of base plates of stabilisers
Safety warning and information signs shall at least conform to ISO 3864 (all parts), shall be affixed permanently and shall be legible from a suitable distance
NOTE European Directive 92/58/EEC deals with safety signs
2) For machines and their related products intended to be put on the market in the EEA, CE marking as defined in the applicable European Directive(s), e.g Machinery
Pictograms should be utilized in accordance with ISO 7000 standards In cases where pictograms are unavailable, safety signs must be created in at least one language relevant to the country where the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) will be used.
Safety signs must be provided for specific residual risks associated with ground support equipment (GSE) These include self-propelled GSE not designed for transporting individuals, projecting parts that may extend into work and passage areas, GSE that poses hazards during cleaning with high-pressure jet sprays, and GSE with lifting systems lacking adequate safety measures.
1) persons going onto the lifting/work platform;
2) persons travelling on the lifting/work platform;
3) persons standing underneath the lifting/work platform; e) service connections; f) battery connectors
6.1.4 Marking of fluid replenishment points
Fluid replenishment points on GSE shall be colour coded according to ISO 6966-1:2005, 6.6.
Instructions
Operating and maintenance instructions shall be supplied with each GSE The form and content shall meet the requirements in EN ISO 12100:2010; 6.4.5
The operating instructions for each type of Ground Support Equipment (GSE) must clearly outline the allowable working conditions, including factors such as wind load, snow load, retardation, ground slope, and maximum stabilizer ground pressure, in accordance with design calculations.
Information about the specifications of the spare parts to be used shall be provided, when these affect the health and safety of operators
Remote control use restrictions to ensure full visibility (see 5.4.5.2) shall be stated in the operating instructions where applicable
In case of lifting equipment forming part of GSE, a test report detailing static and dynamic tests carried out by or for the manufacturer shall be part of the instructions
7 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures
General
To ensure compliance with EN 1915, it is essential to confirm that the design and manufacture of Ground Support Equipment (GSE) meet specified requirements This verification must be supported by appropriate testing and documentation, including measurements of distances, clearances, speeds, and temperatures, as well as tests for pressure, function, and performance Additionally, an assessment of the manufacturer's documentation is necessary to provide evidence that purchased components, such as windscreens, adhere to the required standards.
For details of verification, see EN 1915-2 and specific standards of the EN 12312 series
The following shall be verified by functional tests and/or calculation: e) guard rails (see 5.13.2.2 and 7.2 hereafter); f) ladders (see 7.3 hereafter).
Guard rails
Guard rail deflection must be verified according to EN ISO 14122-3:2001, section 8.2 For overhanging sections of the guard rail, the unfactored load F should be applied to the end of the handrail that is farthest from the last stanchion, as illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1 ― Overhanging guard rail test
The deflection (f1, handrail deflection) measured during the loading, and the measured hand force to adjust any telescoping part shall meet the requirements of 5.13.2.2.
Ladders
Ladders strength shall be verified in accordance with EN ISO 14122-4:2004, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.5
Annex B & Table B.1 of EN ISO 12100:2010 Hazardous situations Relevant clauses in this part of EN 1915
Unbalance due to energy of moving elements (dynamic forces);
Structural failure due to insufficient mechanical strength 5.1, 5.19.1 Structure falling due to failure of parts of the lifting device 5.21.1, 5.21.2
Liquids and gases under pressure 5.18
Vehicle tilting or overturn and instability due to wind or inappropriate condition of ground;
Structural failure due to snow load
Being run over due to machinery mobility
Collision or person run-over due to steering system defect 5.7 Collision or person run-over due to insufficient braking 5.8, Annex C
Collision or person run-over due to unintended and/or unforeseeable movement of the vehicle 5.8.2
Collision or person run-over due to insufficient visibility 5.3.1 a), b), c), d), e), f), 5.3.2 a), 5.11.1 Collision or person run-over due to inadequate auditory signal devices 5.12
Collision or person run-over due to excessive travelling speed 5.23.1 Collision or person run-over due to towed item disconnection 5.24.1
Driver or operator thrown or injured due to inadequate restraint 5.2.2, 5.2.3 Driver or operator thrown out of the cabin due to inadequate door securing mechanism 5.3.2 b), c)
Hit by ejected parts of hydraulics systems or jet of fluid due to inappropriate construction and/or installation 5.18.1, 5.18.2, 5.18.3,
Hit by ejected parts of pneumatic systems or high pressure stream of air due to inappropriate construction and/or installation 5.18.1, 5.18.2, 5.18.3,
Hit by ejected parts of the wheel and/or rim due to inappropriate construction 5.9
Hit by moveable parts, assemblies and/or attachments of the equipment due to inappropriate means of safeguards 5.17.2, 5.17.3
Hit by loads or loose parts during intended operation of the equipment due to inappropriate or missing load securing devices 5.16 Hitting due to the inadequate surfaces and or corners 5.2.1
Table A.1 — List of hazards ( continued )
No Hazards identified in Annex B & Table
Hazardous situations Relevant clauses in this part of EN 1915
Cutting Cutting or severing due to splintering material 5.3.1 d)
Cutting or scratches due to sharp corners or edges 5.2.1, 5.3.1 g)
Crushing or shearing due to unintended movements of tilted or lifted parts of the equipment 5.17.1, 5.20.1, 5.20.2
Crushing or shearing between fixed and moving elements due to inappropriate or missing protective measures 5.24.2, 5.15, Annex E
Drawing-in or trapping Hand trapping due to inadequate hand-rails or handholds 5.13.2.3, Annexes D.1 f), D.3 f) Entanglement Entanglement and/or abrasion due to insufficient or missing protective measures of rotating parts 5.2.2
Slipping due to slippery walkway or standing position surface 5.13.1 Slipping or tripping due to inappropriate lift / work platform slope 5.22.1, 5.22.2
Tripping due to jerks in lifting / work platform movements 5.23.2 Tripping due to inappropriate platform movement speed 5.23.2, 5.20.1
Falling from height due to insufficient guard rails 5.13.2.1, 5.13.2.2,
5.13.2.3, 5.13.2.4, 5.13.2.5 Falling from height due to absence of guard rails 5.13.2.1, 5.13.2.5.,
5.13.2.6, Annex G Falling from height due to inappropriate location of controls 5.4.4
Falling from height or tripping due to inappropriate means of access
Table A.1 — List of hazards ( continued )
No Hazards identified in Annex B &
Hazardous situations Relevant clauses in this part of EN 1915
Burn, electrocution from arc or live parts
Contact of persons with live parts (direct or indirect contact)
Burns and/or other injuries by high temperature surface or exhaust due to inappropriate covering or direction of the outlet flow 5.10
Burns and/or other injuries from equipment fire due to inadequate fire protection 5.3.1 h), 5.27
Loss of hearing, loss of awareness, accidents
Deafness, physiological disorders (e.g loss of balance, loss of awareness), accidents due to interference with communication and to non-perception of auditory warning signals 5.1
Neurological or osteo-articular disorder
Seats inadequate to protect from whole body vibration 5.2.1
Damage to eyes Vision impairment due to laser ray 5.28
7 Hazards generated by materials or substances
High pressure fluid injection from hydraulic systems due to inappropriate construction and/or installation 5.18.1, 5.18.2, 5.18.3,
High-temperature fluid ejection can lead to burns, while improper outlet flow direction may cause burns and other injuries from high-temperature exhaust Additionally, the accumulation of gases generated by batteries poses a risk of fire and explosion.
Contact with or inhalation of harmful acid or gases from batteries 5.26.3
Inhalation of exhaust fumes from combustion heating 5.3.2 e) Contact with harmful fluids from the aircraft due to incorrect connection 5.25
Potentially hazardous fluids mixture due to incorrect replenishment 6.1.4
Table A.1 — List of hazards ( continued )
No Hazards identified in Annex B & Table
Hazardous situations Relevant clauses in this part of EN 1915
Unhealthy postures or excessive effort 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.3,
5.6.1, 5.7.2, 5.13.2.4, 5.24.1 Unhealthy postures due to inadequate consideration of hand- arm or foot-leg anatomy 5.4.1, 5.24.1
Discomfort due to insufficient atmospheric environment in the driver cabin 5.3.2 d)
Insufficient visibility from driving or operating position 5.3.1 a), d), f), 5.4.4,
5.3.1 b), c) and e) Inadequate design, location or identification of manual controls 5.4.1, 5.4.3, 5.4.4 Miscellaneous hazards due to the unauthorised use of the equipment 5.4.2
Inadequate design or location of visual display units 5.6 Misunderstanding of safety signs or markings 5.13.2.6, Annex G,
6.1.3, 6.1.4 Misunderstanding of manufacturer's instructions 6.2 Miscellaneous hazards due to misleading or ambiguous data of the equipment 6.1.1, 6.1.2
Visual fatigue Inadequate local lighting 5.3.1 f), 5.4.1, 5.6
9 Hazards associated with the operating environment
Insufficient visibility on the ramp poses significant hazards to individuals, increasing the risk of collisions with equipment, objects, or other people Additionally, inappropriate vehicle lighting further exacerbates these dangers, leading to potential accidents involving other equipment on the ramp.
Injuries or other physical harm from inappropriate controls, control systems and/or safety systems
Simultaneous hazardous situation due to failure and/or dysfunction of the relevant control or control system 5.4
Simultaneous hazardous situation due to relevant safety system dysfunction or failure 5.5
Injuries, distressing situations or other physical harm
Unintended lifting element lowering due to e.g safety system spring failure, etc 5.20.2
Persons stuck up on lifting equipment in an emergency situation 5.20.3
Loss of balance due to unexpected movements and/or speed of the lifting device 5.21.2, 5.21.3
Person stuck in an enclosed area/cabin due to missing means to escape 5.3.2 f)
Table B.1 — Trilingual list of GSE
Air conditioning equipment, known as "climatiseur" in French and "Klimatisierungsgerät" in German, is essential for maintaining optimal temperatures in aircraft Air start equipment, or "groupe de démarrage à air" in French and "Luftstartgerät" in German, is crucial for initiating engine operations Aircraft jacks, referred to as "vérin de levage pour aéronefs" in French and "Flugzeugheber" in German, are vital for lifting aircraft during maintenance Fuelling equipment, or "matériel d'avitaillement en carburant pour aéronefs" in French and "Betankungseinrichtung für Luftfahrzeuge" in German, ensures safe and efficient refueling Movement equipment, known as "matériel de déplacement des aéronefs" in French and "Luftfahrzeug-Schleppgerät" in German, facilitates the transportation of aircraft on the ground Axle jacks, or "vérin de changement de roues" in French and "Flugzeug-Radwechselheber" in German, are used for wheel changes Baggage and equipment tractors, referred to as "tracteur à bagages et matériel" in French and "Gepäck- und Geräteschlepper" in German, assist in handling luggage Bulk baggage and cargo carts, known as "remorque à bagages et fret vrac" in French and "Sperrgepäck- und Frachtwagen" in German, are designed for transporting large quantities of baggage and cargo Catering vehicles, or "camion commissariat" in French and "Catering-Hubfahrzeug" in German, are used for in-flight meal services Container and pallet dollies, referred to as "remorque porte-conteneur/remorque porte-palette" in French and "Container-/Paletten-Transportanhänger" in German, facilitate the movement of cargo Lastly, container and pallet loaders, known as "chargeur de conteneurs/palettes" in French and "Container-/Paletten-Hubfahrzeug" in German, are essential for loading and unloading cargo efficiently.
Transporter conveyor belt vehicle convoyeur à bande Fửrderbandwagen deicer, deicing/antiicing equipment dégivreuse, équipement de dộgivrage/antigivrage Enteiser, Enteisungsgerọt/
The article discusses various essential equipment and services for disabled or incapacitated passengers, including boarding equipment, ground power equipment, and lavatory service equipment It highlights the importance of maintenance tools such as maintenance stairs and platforms, as well as oxygen or nitrogen units Additionally, it covers passenger boarding bridges and stairs, along with potable water service equipment, all crucial for ensuring accessibility and comfort for passengers with disabilities.
Self-propelled Ground Support Equipment (GSE) must be equipped with a service brake that can achieve a minimum braking ratio "F" in both forward and reverse directions on a level, dry, and clean cement surface This requirement applies to: a) towing equipment, excluding aircraft movement equipment, based on the total mass without a trailer; and b) all other self-propelled GSE, calculated as a percentage of the total mass including permissible payload if the GSE is designed for operation with a load.
The minimum braking ratio "F" is specified in Table C.1 and illustrated in Figure C.1, depending on the maximum speed (v in km/h) that the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) can achieve with its allowable payload or the towing equipment without a trailer load.
The braking ratio in percent is the ratio of the sum of the braking forces on the wheel circumference divided by the mass of the GSE, multiplied by 100
(%) 2 ( s m g kg GSE the of Mass
N nce circumfere wheel the on forces braking the of
Group Ground support equipment type
Minimum braking ratio F [%] at maximum speed V as a function of the type of construction
Up to 5 km/h From 5 km/h up to
13,4 km/h From 13,4 km/h up to 30 km/h
A GSE excluding that of group B and C 9,3 1,86V 25
B Towing equipment with 1 or 2 braked wheels 13 2,6V 35
C Towing equipment with all-wheel- braking 18,6 3,72V 50
Under test conditions the braking ratios given shall be achieved with a pedal force of 600 N, it is recommended that ratios are achieved under usual condition with a pedal force of 300 N
NOTE For speeds greater than 30 km/h, no braking tests exist
3) Aircraft movement equipment, see EN 12312-7
Under test conditions the braking ratios given shall be achieved with a pedal force of 600 N, it is recommended that ratios are achieved under usual condition with a pedal force of 300 N
Figure C.1 — Minimum braking ratio (Graphical representation)
GSE trains
The service brake of the towing equipment shall be designed in such a way that track stability and safe braking is maintained for all travelling motions
Types of access to GSE
Rung type and ladder steps
When designing ladders, ensure the rung tread depth is a minimum of 20 mm, with a maximum distance of 280 mm between rungs in a regular sequence The distance between stiles should range from 300 mm to 450 mm, and foot clearance must be at least 150 mm Rung surfaces must be anti-slip, and an adequate number of grab handles should be arranged appropriately Ladders should be aligned, and if an offset is necessary, the bottom rung in the step-over area must be at least 80 mm deep The maximum inclination should not exceed 20° to the vertical, and fixed ladder construction is preferred Pull-out or folding ladders should only be used when fixed ladders are impractical, ensuring they are easy to handle and securely connected to the GSE The step-over area must be anti-slip with handholds at least 1 m high, and protection against falling backwards should start at a height of 3 m above ground, extending at least 1 m over the upper landing point.
Inclination of tread max ± 3° to the plane of installation
Plain rungs of round cross-section shall not be used; rounded rung edges are not acceptable
Figure D.1 — Anti-slip rungs (examples)
Stepladders
The angle of a stepladder should not exceed 75°, ideally ranging between 45° and 60° Additionally, the steps must have a minimum depth of 80 mm It is important to note that the specifications outlined in sections D.1 b) to D.1 j) for ladders are also applicable to stepladders.
In addition, in accordance with EN ISO 14122-3, the following requirements shall also apply:
The climbing height of a single flight shall not exceed 3 000 mm Greater heights with intermediate landings should be avoided
A minimum 10 mm overlap shall be maintained between steps, or steps and landings
Head room measured vertically above any point of the steps and landings shall be 1 900 mm minimum (2 100 mm preferred)
Each step of the stepladder must support an unfactored load of 1,500 N, applied over a 100 x 100 mm area at the leading edge and center of the ladder's width, while ensuring that the elastic deflection does not exceed 2 mm.
Hand rails shall be provided on both sides of the stepladder, with the handrail commencing at most
1 000 mm above the bottom of the stepladder See Table D.1 for indicative dimensions The strength requirements of 5.13.2.2 of this European Standard are applicable to stepladders hand rails
All steps must feature a durable, slip-resistant surface designed to allow liquids, such as water or de-icing fluid, to drain effectively, minimizing the accumulation of dirt, snow, or ice and enhancing safety.
In addition, all step tread noses shall be fitted with an anti-slip feature
Figure D.3 — Positioning of a handrail on a stepladder
Table D.1 — Example of distances from the pitchline on a stepladder to the centreline of the handrail θ ° x mm
Stairs
The requirements for stepladders outlined in sections D.1 b) to D.1 d) are also applicable to stairs Specifically, a single flight of stairs should not exceed a climbing height of 4,000 mm For higher platforms, access must be provided via two flights, each not exceeding 3,000 mm, with an intermediate landing equipped with guard rails The length of this landing must be at least equal to or greater than the width of the stair Additionally, the clear width of the stair must be a minimum of 600 mm.
When space constraints allow, the minimum width for certain Ground Support Equipment (GSE) may be reduced to 500 mm, as justified by a risk assessment It is essential to refer to the relevant EN 12312 series standard Additionally, the incline of the stair flight must be maintained between 20° and 40°.
The ideal incline angle for stair flights ranges from 30° to 38° Additionally, all steps in a stair flight must maintain uniform riser height and tread depth, including at the landing, ensuring compliance with specified geometric criteria.
Riser height (R) + Tread depth (T) = 460 ± 10 mm
The riser height (R) shall be between 140 mm and 210 mm, the tread depth (T) shall be between 250 mm and 320 mm
In accordance with EN ISO 14122-3, GSE mobility allows for an increased rise of up to 500 mm between the ground and the first step, provided that a bottom landing, at least as long as the stair's width, is installed if the rise significantly exceeds the stair's riser height Additionally, all step treads must feature a durable slip-resistant surface that complies with the requirements outlined in section 5.13.1.
All step tread noses must feature an anti-slip design, and guard rails are required on both sides of the stairs The handrail should be positioned between 900 mm and 1,000 mm above the step nosing, and at least 1,100 mm above the walking level on landings Additionally, the guard rail must include at least one knee-rail, with a maximum clear space of 500 mm between the handrail and knee-rail, as well as between the knee-rail and the string The entire length of the handrail should remain free of obstacles within 100 mm, except for stanchion support mounts on the underside The strength requirements outlined in section 5.13.2.2 of the relevant European standard apply to stair guard rails.
Footholds
Footholds must be incorporated into the structure of the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) or provided as additional hinge-mounted options, and they should only be utilized for access heights of up to 2 meters.
Hinge mounted means shall be considered only in relation to maintenance access a) Footholds provided as part of the structure shall comply with the following:
1) the first step shall be installed max 500 mm above ground level;
2) step tread depth: min 80 mm;
3) step tread width: min 300 mm; 400 mm are recommended;
4) vertical foot clearance: min 150 mm; 200 mm are recommended;
5) horizontal foot clearance: min 150 mm;
6) distance between steps: max 400 mm; 300 mm are recommended;
All tread surfaces must feature a durable, slip-resistant design that allows liquids, such as water or de-icing fluid, to drain effectively, minimizing the accumulation of dirt, snow, or ice and enhancing safety.
8) handrails or handholds shall be installed in adequate number and arranged appropriately in order to ensure the possibility for a person to support itself at three points simultaneously;
NOTE 1 Continuous handrails are preferred to handholds
9) handrails or handholds shall be mounted in either case beginning at a height of at most 1,6 m and shall end at least 1,1 m above the step over area;
NOTE 2 Exceptions are possible for vehicles (GSE) with height restrictions necessary for tasks (e.g tow tractors)
10) diameter of the handrails or handholds: min 25 mm, max 35 mm;
11) gap between handrail or handhold and any obstacle: min: 75 mm; 100 mm are recommended;
Handrails and handholds must be designed to support a minimum vertical load of 1,000 N and a horizontal load of 500 N at the most unfavorable point Additionally, footholds that are provided as extra hinge-mounted supports must meet specific compliance requirements.
1) the first step shall be installed max 500 mm above ground level;
2) step tread depth: min 150 mm;
3) step tread width: min 150 mm;
4) distance between steps: max 400 mm, 300 mm are recommended;
5) parallel offset of consecutive steps: min 50 mm; max 150 mm;
All steps must feature a durable, slip-resistant surface designed to ensure that liquids, such as water or de-icing fluid, drain away effectively, minimizing the accumulation of dirt, snow, or ice and enhancing safety.
7) handrails or handholds shall comply with the requirements given in a) above
Hand rails/handholds not shown: Hand rails/handholds not shown: see D.4 a) requirements see D.4 b) requirements a) Structure incorporated footholds b) Hinge mounted footholds
To mitigate the risk of crushing and shearing under the load carrier when base frame heights exceed 0.6 m and compliance with section 5.15 is not feasible, implementing effective safety measures is essential.
1) flexible mounted guards extending to the outside edge of the GSE with hatching in warning colours as specified in ISO 3864 (all parts); and
2) marking of the crushing and shearing points with warning colours in accordance with ISO 3864 (all parts); and
3) where practical, rubber covers or flexible guards on crushing and shearing points b) Base frame heights of 0,6 m or less:
1) marking of the crushing and shearing points with warning colours as specified in ISO 3864 (all parts); and
2) flexible guards on the external bottom edges of the movable body or of the lifting/work platform; and
3) flexible guards on crushing and shearing points; and
4) maximum lowering speed of 0,2 m/s and flashing light or audible warning signals during operation from a height of 2 m down to the ground position; and
5) emergency stop devices at suitable positions
Examples for hose and fittings installation
General
When determining the length of a hose, it is essential to consider the specific installation conditions Additionally, any variations in length due to pressure must be accounted for, following the guidelines provided in the applicable hose standard.
Twisting of the hose shall be avoided (see Figure F.1) a) Incorrect b) Correct
Hoses must be installed to avoid tensile stress under all operating conditions, except for the stress caused by their own weight This guideline also applies to the loading of short lengths of hoses.
In certain applications, e.g spring-loaded pulleys, tensile stresses cannot be avoided In this case, the permissible operating stresses should be agreed with the manufacturer of the hose assembly
Crushing stress Tensile stress a) Incorrect b) Correct
Hoses should be installed following their natural position as far as possible and bending radii should not be less than the minimum permitted (see Figure F.3)
1 Bending radii too small a) Incorrect b) Correct
When installing a hose assembly with a bend, it is crucial to choose a length that allows the bend to start approximately 1.5 times the diameter (1.5 d) behind the fitting Additionally, an anti-kinking sleeve should be included where necessary to prevent damage.
Additional stressing of the hose can be avoided by the use of suitable fittings or connection pieces (see Figure F.5) a) Incorrect b) Correct
Avoidance of external damage
To prevent external mechanical damage and abrasion of hose assemblies, it is essential to arrange and secure hoses properly Protective coatings should be applied to hoses when necessary, and components with sharp edges must be covered to ensure safety.