NORME EUROPÉENNE English Version Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures - Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity - Par
General
Clause 4 outlines procedures that shall be undertaken to assess the current condition of a concrete structure before protection and repair
General guidance is given in Annex A (informative).
Health and Safety
Assessing the health and safety risks associated with falling debris and local failures from material removal is crucial Additionally, it is important to evaluate how deterioration impacts the mechanical stability of concrete structures.
When a concrete structure is deemed unsafe, it is essential to take immediate measures to ensure safety before proceeding with any repair or protection work This includes assessing potential additional risks associated with the repair process Possible actions may involve implementing local repairs, installing temporary supports, or considering partial or complete demolition of the structure.
Assessment of defects and their causes
An assessment shall be made of the defects in the concrete structure, their causes, and of the ability of the concrete structure to perform its function
The assessment of the structure involves evaluating the visible condition of the concrete, conducting tests to assess the integrity of the concrete and reinforcing steel, reviewing the original design approach, and considering environmental factors such as exposure to contamination.
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ e) the history of the concrete structure, including environmental exposure; f) the conditions of use, (e.g loading or other actions); g) requirements for future use
The nature and causes of defects, including combinations of causes, shall be identified and recorded (see Figure 1)
NOTE Further guidance on the effect of design and construction errors on the durability of the structure is given in A.4.3
The extent and anticipated rate of defect growth will be evaluated, along with an estimate of when the concrete structure or member will cease to function as intended without any protective or repair measures, aside from the maintenance of existing systems.
The results of the completed assessment remain valid during the design and execution of protection and repair works However, if doubts arise regarding the assessment's validity due to the passage of time or other factors, a new assessment must be conducted.
Figure 1 — Common causes of defects
5 Protection and repair within a structure management strategy
General
Clause 5 identifies options and factors to be considered when choosing a strategy for the management of the structure.
Options
When determining the best approach to address future structural needs, several management options should be considered: first, monitoring the structure without immediate action; second, re-evaluating its structural capacity, which may result in a functional downgrade; third, implementing measures to prevent or mitigate further deterioration; fourth, strengthening, repairing, or protecting portions of the concrete structure; fifth, reconstructing or replacing sections of the concrete; and finally, demolishing parts or the entirety of the concrete structure.
Factors
Factors to be considered when choosing a management strategy include but are not limited to the following categories: a) Basic
1) The intended use and remaining service life of the structure;
2) the required performance of the structure;
NOTE This may include, for example, fire resistance and watertightness
3) the likely service life of the protection and repair works;
4) the required availability of the structure, permissible interruption to its use and opportunities for additional protection, repair and monitoring work;
5) the number and cost of repair cycles acceptable during the design life of the concrete structure;
6) the comparative whole life cost of the alternative management strategies, including future inspection and maintenance or further repair cycles;
7) properties and possible methods of preparation of the existing substrate;
8) the appearance of the protected and repaired structure b) Structural
1) actions during and after implementation of the strategy;
2) actions how they will be resisted c) Health and safety
1) The consequences of structural failure;
3) the effect on occupiers or users of the structure and on third parties d) Environmental
1) The exposure environment of the structure and whether it can be changed locally (check in accordance with EN 206-1);
2) the need or opportunity to protect part or all of the concrete structure, from weather, pollution, salt spray, etc, including protection of the substrate during the repair work.
Choice of appropriate strategy
The strategy for the structure should be determined by evaluating client requirements and applicable safety regulations at the execution site All protective and repair activities within the structure management strategy must adhere to this European Standard.
According to Clause 6, a suitable protection and repair principle must be selected based on the type and cause of defects, as well as their severity, and should also consider the anticipated future service conditions.
6 Basis for the choice of protection and repair principles and methods
General
Clause 6 specifies the basic principles which shall be used, separately or in combination, to protect or repair concrete structures
NOTE Methods which do not use products and systems covered by EN 1504-1 to -7 are addressed in 7.2.
Principles and methods of protection and repair
The protection and repair of concrete structures rely on chemical, electrochemical, and physical principles to prevent deterioration and stabilize electrochemical corrosion on steel surfaces, ultimately enhancing the strength of the concrete.
Table 1 presents various protection and repair methods that adhere to established principles Only those methods that align with these principles will be chosen, considering any potential negative effects of using a specific method or combination of methods in the context of individual repairs Additionally, alternative methods not outlined in this European Standard may be utilized if there is documented proof of their compliance with one or more of the principles.
Specifications for products and systems that may be used to implement a particular method are given in
EN 1504 -2 to -7, as indicated in Table 1 Site application of the methods is addressed in EN 1504-10
6.2.2 Principles and methods related to defects in concrete
Principles 1 to 6 in Table 1 address defects in concrete and concrete structures resulting from various actions, which can occur individually or in combination These actions include mechanical factors such as impact, overloading, settlement movement, and blasts; chemical and biological influences like sulphate attack and alkali aggregate reaction; physical conditions including freeze-thaw cycles, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, and erosion; as well as fire-related damage.
6.2.3 Principles and methods related to reinforcement corrosion
Principles 7 to 11 in Table 1 address the causes of reinforcement corrosion, which include: a) the physical loss of the protective concrete cover; b) the chemical loss of alkalinity in the concrete due to carbonation from atmospheric carbon dioxide; c) contamination of the concrete cover with corrosive agents, typically chloride ions, either from the mixing process or environmental penetration; and d) stray electrical currents that are conducted or induced in the reinforcement from nearby electrical installations.
In cases where reinforcement corrosion is present or poses a future risk, it is essential to implement one or more corrosion protection and repair principles, specifically Principles 7 to 11 as outlined in Table 1.
In addition, the concrete itself shall be repaired, where necessary, according to Principles 1 to 6
Table 1 — Principles and Methods for protection and repair of concrete structures
Principle Examples of methods based on the principles
EN 1504 (where applicable) Principles and methods related to defects in concrete
1.6 Transferring cracks into joints 1.7 Erecting external panels a
3.2 Recasting with concrete or mortar 3
3.4 Replacing elements 4.1 Adding or replacing embedded or external reinforcing bars 4.2 Adding reinforcement anchored in pre-formed or drilled holes 6
4.5 Injecting cracks, voids or interstices 5
4.6 Filling cracks, voids or interstices 5
Principles and methods related to reinforcement corrosion
7.1 Increasing cover with additional mortar or concrete 3 7.2 Replacing contaminated or carbonated concrete 3 7.3 Electrochemical realkalisation of carbonated concrete
7.4 Realkalisation of carbonated concrete by diffusion
9 Cathodic control 9.1 Limiting oxygen content (at the cathode) by saturation or surface coating
11.1 Active coating of the reinforcement 7
11.2 Barrier coating of the reinforcement 7
11.3 Applying corrosion inhibitors in or to the concrete a These methods may also be applicable to other principles
6.2.4 Protection and repair of concrete and reinforcement by methods not mentioned in this European Standard
The lack of a specific method in this European Standard, or its application to new situations, does not imply that such methods or applications are inadequate The use of methods in unforeseen circumstances or the implementation of alternative methods should not be considered unsatisfactory.
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ not have a substantial history of successful performance and are not specified in this European Standard, may be satisfactory in appropriate circumstances
7 Properties of products and systems required for compliance with the principles of protection and repair
General
Select products and systems based on the methods outlined in Clause 6, ensuring compliance with the requirements of EN 1504 -2 to -7, as detailed in Table 1, or other applicable European Standards and Technical Approvals.
Descriptions and acceptance values of properties in relation to specific products and systems are specified in
EN 1504-2 to -7 Care shall be taken that products and systems do not undergo adverse physical or chemical reactions with each other and with the concrete structures
Repair products within a repair system are typically not tested individually, unless specific performance requirements are intended to be met by one or more of the products on their own.
EN 1504-10 outlines the necessary site application requirements If the conditions for on-site application cannot be reasonably met for a specific product or system, it is essential to specify alternative products or repair methods to prevent any conflicts.
Methods which do not make use of specific products and systems
For methods outlined in Table 1 that do not utilize specific products and systems compliant with the EN 1504 series or other applicable European Standards, it is essential to define suitable values for the properties of the chosen products or systems.
8 Maintenance following completion of protection and repair
Unless otherwise specified, the following will be provided: a) documentation of the protection and repair activities performed, along with any test outcomes; b) guidelines for inspection and maintenance to be conducted throughout the remaining design life of the repaired section of the concrete structure.
9 Health, safety and the environment
The specification for protection and repair shall comply with the requirements of relevant health and safety, environmental protection and fire regulations
In cases where product or system properties conflict with environmental protection or fire regulations, alternative repair principles or methods should be employed to prevent such conflicts.
This European Standard assumes that personnel possess the required skills and have access to the appropriate equipment and resources to design, specify, and execute work in compliance with the relevant sections of EN 1504 and the project's specifications.
NOTE In some countries there are special requirements regarding the level of knowledge, training and experience of personnel involved in the different tasks
This Annex provides guidance and background information on the normative text
NOTE For ease of reference, the clause and sub-clause numbers of this Annex are numbered to mirror the sections of the normative text
This Annex outlines the principles for the protection and repair of concrete structures that have experienced or may experience damage or deterioration It provides guidance on effective interventions aimed at minimizing the risk of significant unplanned deterioration and maintenance issues Additionally, the Annex offers recommendations for selecting suitable products and systems tailored to their intended use.
Scope
Certain elements of the project will necessitate expert knowledge and structural design expertise This includes addressing the structural needs of fire-damaged concrete, evaluating and repairing pre-stressed concrete, and enhancing structural capacity through the replacement or addition of embedded or external reinforcement.
This Annex excludes non-structural construction materials associated with concrete, such as floor screeds and render or plaster finishes Additionally, it does not provide comprehensive guidance on inspection, testing, and assessment before or after repairs, although some information is available in EN 1504.
10 and its informative Annex National standards, regulations and guidance may apply when undertaking these activities b) and c) In well designed and constructed concrete structures built to EN 1992-1-1, prEN 13670 and
According to EN 206-1, concrete cover is essential for protecting reinforcement from corrosion in various environments, including marine settings and areas with de-icing salts Older structures may not meet current standards for normal exposure, potentially due to inadequate design, specification, or construction, which can result in poor quality cover concrete and reduced durability Additionally, factors such as fire, mechanical actions, and chemical attacks can lead to premature deterioration For waterproofing, vapour-permeable materials are typically used on vertical surfaces, while horizontal surfaces require materials that are impervious to both water and water vapour, depending on the structure's intended use EN 1504-10 provides guidelines for site application, detailing methods for protection and repair, including the necessary preparation of concrete and reinforcement prior to the application of products and systems.
Products and systems may be applied for purposes other than protection and repair, for example solely or mainly to improve appearance, or to modify a concrete structure for a different use
Normative reference
Terms and definitions
These include terms that are not in common use in construction and which have a special meaning in this Annex
Reinforcement in uncontaminated alkaline concrete benefits from high alkalinity, which fosters the development of a protective oxide layer on the steel surface known as passivity This passivity significantly minimizes the risk of corrosion in the reinforcement, even in the presence of water and oxygen.
The protective oxide layer on concrete is compromised when carbonation reaches the depth of the reinforcement or when aggressive salts accumulate at that level This loss of protection leads to active corrosion in the presence of moisture and oxygen, potentially causing cracking and spalling of the concrete cover.
To maintain passivity or restore it when lost, suitable products and systems should be implemented to effectively manage the corrosion of steel reinforcement, adhering to the guidelines set forth by this European Standard.
It is normally expected that a new concrete structure or, following intervention, a protected or repaired concrete structure will achieve its service life without significant unplanned deterioration and maintenance
A substrate would normally require preparation, cleaning and testing prior to the application of products and systems for protection and repair (see EN 1504-10).
Minimum requirements before protection and repair
A.4 serves as a general reference rather than a comprehensive guide for conducting structural appraisals or condition assessments of concrete structures To assist users of this European Standard, Figure A.1 illustrates the various phases involved in a repair project.
Figure A.1 — The phases of a typical repair projects
Before initiating any repair and protection efforts, it is essential to conduct a data collection exercise to assess the current condition of the structure, review its maintenance history, and predict its future performance This process should ideally align with a comprehensive structure management strategy, as elaborated in Clause 5.
The evaluation of deteriorated structures is regulated by national standards and guidelines, which will not be elaborated on here For details regarding the necessary requirements before, during, and after repair and protection works, refer to sections A.5.3.2 (Structural factors) and A.5.3.3 (Health and Safety factors).
Where a risk to third parties exists, all loose and spalled material should be removed as part of the initial survey works
A.4.3 Assessment of defects and their causes
A.4.3 provides background information on the assessment of defects and their causes and does not provide detailed comments on the individual subclauses in the normative text
Defects in concrete structures can result from inadequate design, specification, supervision, execution, and materials, including:
inadequate mix design, insufficient compaction, insufficient mixing;
contamination, poor or reactive aggregates;
Other defects may become apparent during service, including the effects of:
severe climate, atmospheric pollution, chloride, carbon dioxide, aggressive chemicals;
foundation movement, impacted movement joints, overloading;
impact damage, expansion forces from fires;
erosion, aggressive groundwater, seismic action;
The common causes of defects in concrete and corrosion of reinforcement are summarised in Figure 1
Prior to repair work commencing, all previous information on the structure should be collated and reviewed
When defects are observed, additional testing and assessment should be carried out to establish the cause and extent of the defects and to predict future performance
The condition of the concrete and reinforcement should be established and documented and the data stored in a management system
A standard assessment involves in-situ testing to measure the cover to reinforcement and carbonation depth, along with drilled dust sampling to analyze chloride ion content and identify harmful substances Additionally, core samples are taken for physical, chemical, and petrographic analyses In cases where high chloride ion levels are detected, electrochemical testing of the reinforcement, such as the half-cell potential technique, may be necessary to check for potential hidden corrosion.
Corrosion of embedded reinforcement can lead to cracking and spalling of concrete cover, but it may remain undetected for a significant period before visible damage occurs In some cases, corrosion may not be expansive enough to cause cracking Therefore, electrochemical testing is essential for identifying active corrosion in reinforcement, even in the absence of visible signs Addressing this hidden damage is crucial for effective structural management.
Evaluating the current state and forecasting future performance of a concrete structure should involve analyzing past tests conducted at appropriate intervals, along with historical data regarding its construction, usage, and management, when such information is accessible.
Before initiating protection and repair works, a thorough assessment of the structure is essential Assessments conducted well in advance may not accurately reflect the current condition and structural capacity, necessitating an update prior to designing repair works It is crucial to evaluate the full extent and underlying causes of any defects to ensure effective repairs.
A condition assessment can be conducted in multiple stages, starting with a preliminary evaluation to offer immediate guidance on the safety of the concrete structure and potential risks to third parties This is followed by a more comprehensive assessment carried out just before the design phase of the works.
The assessment of defects, the prognosis for their further development and the structural assessment should be recorded
In the structural appraisal process, it is essential to verify the properties of concrete, such as compressive strength and elastic modulus, along with the reinforcement detailing, including bar size, type, spacing, and cover, through testing Additionally, recalculating the remaining load capacity in the deteriorated state may be necessary.
Condition assessments and structural appraisals are essential preliminary steps in the repair process outlined in European Standards, often conducted even before a problem is identified These evaluations must be performed by qualified professionals who possess expertise in investigation methods, structural design, maintenance, material technology, and the deterioration mechanisms affecting concrete structures Additionally, it is important to consider any applicable national, federal, or local regulations governing assessors.
The competence of personnel designing, specifying and executing concrete repair works is set out at A.9
Protection and repair within a structure management strategy
A structure management strategy is not chosen on technical grounds alone, but also on economic, functional, environmental and other factors, and most importantly the owner’s requirements for the structure
The design life of a repaired concrete structure is crucial when planning its protection and repair system Solutions vary from comprehensive methods that fully restore the structure's design life in one operation to simpler alternatives that necessitate ongoing maintenance or reapplication of repair components, such as surface protection systems, as shown in Figure A.2.
Projected deterioration Repair based on:
Restoring to initial state x2 Maintaining current state
Ensuring safety is a crucial aspect of structural management strategies Various options exist to achieve this goal, and it is important to evaluate their effectiveness throughout the structure's lifespan, a process known as life cycle costing.
When evaluating options and their implications, it is essential to assess various factors such as initial costs, maintenance expenses, and potential usage restrictions of the structure Each choice may present a distinct level of risk regarding future deterioration.
When selecting protection and repair systems, it is crucial to consider the time until the first maintenance of each product, as they may not endure for the entire lifespan of the concrete structure Additionally, factors like accessibility to the work area and the ability to renew and repair these systems play a significant role in the decision-making process.
5.3 lists the factors that need to be considered when making an informed judgement on the relative costs and benefits of the possible technical options for repair
Effective monitoring and maintenance of protection and repair works can significantly extend the service life of both the structures and the repairs themselves The specific nature and intended use of a structure, such as office buildings or hospitals, can greatly impact the selection of management strategies, repair principles, and the equipment used, especially concerning noise and dust generation during substrate preparation In instances of premature deterioration, timely protection and repair can prolong service life, although it is important to recognize that deterioration is a continuous process, necessitating informed decision-making.
1) carrying out protection and repair which will extend the service life to attain the original design life; and
Carrying out protection and repair can prolong the lifespan of a structure, albeit for a limited time, while anticipating future costs for additional protection and repairs Additionally, the properties and preparation methods of the existing substrate can significantly influence the final appearance of the protected and repaired structure.
A structural appraisal conducted before repairs can also forecast the impact of the repair activities on the structural capacity, both during the repair process and after its completion.
When cutting away concrete and reinforcement from loadbearing structural members, it is crucial to consider the impact on future structural capacity For instance, removing concrete from compression members can change load paths, rendering repairs non-loadbearing If this poses structural concerns, it is essential to adopt repair principles that minimize breakout and repair, or to use propping to alleviate dead load during the repair process.
A crucial aspect of structural management is evaluating the potential impacts of deterioration and the repair process prior to commencing work Additionally, it is essential to adhere to health and safety standards as outlined in national regulations and guidelines.
The materials and methods employed in chosen repair principles can significantly impact not only the operatives but also the occupiers, users, and third parties For instance, products with harmful or unpleasant components, as well as the generation of noise, dust, and vibrations, can pose risks Additionally, preparation processes may result in water or airborne debris, along with potential disturbances from plant movements.
A successful structure management strategy must align with the client's design expectations, service life requirements, and maintenance and repair preferences, guiding the development of an effective management approach.
Identifying the root causes of defects is crucial for effective protection and repair While addressing the primary causes and their consequences often leads to successful outcomes, additional factors, such as blocked drains on bridge decks causing chloride contamination, may also need to be addressed separately In situations where correcting the underlying cause is not feasible, particularly in marine environments, it is essential to design protection and repair strategies that can withstand these challenges as much as possible.
Basis for the choice of protection and repair principles and methods
Choosing the right repair principles is crucial in designing a repair project, as multiple approaches may be available The final decision depends on various factors.
It is essential to define appropriate repair methods for each selected principle, ensuring that performance requirements for products and systems align with their intended use Consulting with producers may be necessary to confirm that their offerings meet these specified requirements.
When selecting products and systems for their intended use, it is essential to consider the substrate's condition and evaluate any defects and their underlying causes, as outlined in section 4.3 of this European Standard.
A.6.2 Principles and methods of protection and repair
When selecting protection and repair methods, it's essential to consider potential adverse effects and the interactions between different approaches Combining various methods can be effective, but careful evaluation is necessary to ensure optimal outcomes.
Adverse effects of construction methods can include increased carbonation from hydrophobic impregnation systems, moisture entrapment from surface coatings leading to adhesion breakdown and reduced frost resistance, tensile stresses from post-tensioning, and potential embrittlement of prestressing steel from electrochemical methods Additionally, these methods may trigger alkali-aggregate reactions, increase moisture content affecting frost resistance, or cause corrosion in submerged structures It is essential that products and systems are compatible with each other and the original concrete structure.
In cases where reinforcement corrosion has occurred or poses a risk, it is essential to consider Principles 7 to 11 alongside Principles 1 to 6 This is crucial because the ongoing expansive effects of reinforcement corrosion can lead to future damage to concrete if not addressed promptly.
A.6.2.1 Principles and methods related to defects in concrete
A.6.2.1 provides background information on repair Principles 1 to 6 in Table 1 and does not provide detailed comments on the individual subclauses in the normative text
To protect against ingress, it is essential to minimize the porosity and permeability of concrete surfaces This can be accomplished by applying a surface protection system in accordance with EN 1504-2 or by sealing cracks through methods such as injection, bandaging, or filling, as specified in EN 1504-5.
Normal structural cracks in concrete are typically within the width limits set by EN 1992-1-1, adjusting in response to loads as controlled by the reinforcement However, structural overload or inadequate design can lead to cracks that surpass these specified limits.
Non-structural cracks in concrete can arise from various factors, including plastic shrinkage, settlement, heat of hydration, and thermal contraction These cracks can be significantly wider than structural cracks and may expand and contract due to structural loads and environmental influences, such as temperature fluctuations.
Cracks of any size can lead to deterioration, making it essential to assess their potential consequences To prevent corrosive contaminants from entering the concrete through these cracks, it is advisable to protect uncontaminated cracks by filling them according to method 1.4.
After identifying the causes, movement ranges, and effects of the crack—determining if it is live (responsive to loads or thermal changes) or dead—repair options can be chosen from methods 1.1 to 1.8 While some surface protection systems outlined in EN 1504-2 can be applied over live normal structural cracks, few are effective for bridging wide, non-structural cracks, which may require alternative sealing methods.
Cracks in hardened concrete often indicate reinforcement corrosion, serving as the initial visual sign of a corrosion issue It is crucial to address these corrosion-related cracks with appropriate repair methods rather than merely filling or sealing them Effective repairs should adhere to Principles 7 to 11 to ensure long-lasting solutions.
The possibility of further movement of the cracks adversely affecting the repair should be considered Further information concerning live and dead cracks is given in EN 1504-5
It should be noted that method 1.8 (applying membranes) may be equally applicable to Principles 2, 6 & 8
Moisture control is essential in concrete repair to facilitate drying and prevent moisture accumulation, which can lead to harmful reactions such as alkali-silica reaction and sulfate attack Additionally, saturated concrete is at risk of freeze-thaw damage.
Surface protection systems applied to vertical and soffit surfaces should be permeable to water vapour to allow moisture to escape from the concrete
Upper surfaces of horizontal concrete members (e.g a suspended floor slab in a car park) may have an impermeable surface protection system applied
Surface protection systems should not normally be applied to concrete containing excess moisture and product manufacturers should advise on appropriate application conditions
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ suitable for structural and non-structural repair Replacing of elements may include materials other than reinforced concrete Further advice on sprayed concrete is given in EN 14487-1
When applying Principle 4, it is crucial to account for all stresses related to both the repair and the original or deteriorated structure Additional stresses from certain systems may affect the repaired structure, leading to alterations in its original structural function.
Injecting or sealing surface cracks does not provide structural reinforcement, but it can help restore a structure to its original condition before the cracks occurred, particularly after instances of temporary overloading.
Properties of products and systems required for compliance with the principles of
To prevent confusion, the properties of a concrete repair system should be tested and compared with the performance requirements outlined in EN 1504-2 to -7 Individual testing and evaluation of each component product are not necessary unless these products can independently fulfill the performance requirements.
A surface protection system for a car park deck typically includes several components, such as a primer, elastic layer, sealing layer, and wearing layer, each with specific thicknesses as per the manufacturer's guidelines The system's compliance with performance requirements is assessed based on the application of these components according to the manufacturer's recommended values, which are indicated alongside the CE Conformity symbol on the product packaging.
Proper temperature and humidity conditions are crucial during application, as most repair products are designed to function optimally within specific ambient ranges For detailed application guidance, refer to EN 1504-10.
Maintenance following completion of protection and repair
Upon completion of concrete repair works, a maintenance management system should be implemented to ensure that the required future maintenance is carried out
Certain components of protected or repaired concrete may have a shorter expected service life than the overall structure This includes surface protection systems, sealants, and weatherproofing materials If the structural integrity relies on these products, it is crucial to conduct regular inspections, testing, and timely renewals as needed.
For effective future maintenance of concrete structures, it is essential to include an estimate of the expected remaining design life, identify products and systems with shorter design lives, and specify the next inspection or testing dates Additionally, the inspection methods should be detailed, including how results will be recorded and future inspection dates determined Specifications for systems requiring continuous treatment and monitoring, such as impressed current cathodic protection, must also be provided Finally, precautions and restrictions, such as maintaining surface water drainage and limitations on water washing pressure or de-icing salt usage, should be clearly stated.
Health, safety and environment
Competence of personnel
It is essential to appoint personnel who are knowledgeable in the protection and repair of concrete structures and are recognized as competent This requirement applies to all individuals involved in the repair process, including designers of repair schemes, contractors, and inspectors of repair works.
A quality system should be employed by the repair contractor to ensure that the specified quality requirements are met and that the right repair methods are used
Appropriate arrangements should be made for acceptance inspection
All documents relating to the repair work should be stored in a suitable project management system
[1] prEN 13670, Execution of concrete structures
[2] EN 13529, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures – Test methods – Resistance to severe chemical attack
[3] EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
[4] EN 12696, Cathodic protection of steel in concrete
[5] EN 14629, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures – Test methods – Determination of chloride content in hardened concrete
[6] EN 14630, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures – Test methods – Determination of carbonation depth in hardened concrete by the phenolphthalein method
[7] CEN/TS 14038-1, Electrochemical realkalization and chloride extraction treatments for reinforced concrete — Part 1: Realkalization
[8] prCEN/TS 14038-2, Electrochemical re-alkalisation and chloride extraction treatments for reinforced concrete – Part 2: Chloride extraction (in preparation)
[9] EN 14487-1, Sprayed Concrete - Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity