4.5 Test report The test report shall include the following information: a reference to this European Standard; b name, type and nominal thickness of the product; c size of the laminate
Principle
Laminates shall be inspected for surface appearance under standardised conditions of lighting and viewing.
Apparatus
4.2.1 Horizontal inspection table, of height approximately 700 mm and large enough to accommodate the largest sheets to be inspected
The light source must deliver diffused illumination of (1200 ± 400) lx across the entire area of the largest sheets being inspected, which can be achieved using either diffused daylight or diffused artificial daylight.
Daylight should remain unobstructed by nearby trees and other elements When utilizing artificial daylight, it must have a correlated color temperature ranging from 5000 K to 6500 K, in compliance with EN ISO 3668 standards.
A convenient distance of the lights from the inspection table is approximately 1,5 m.
Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test, as supplied by the manufacturer.
Procedure
To ensure quality, place the laminate with the decorative face facing up on the inspection table and clean it with a soft cloth, using a suitable cleaning agent if needed Inspect the laminate from the distance specified in EN 438 for any defects, including smudges, fingerprints, scratches, and foreign particles For cut-to-size panels of high-pressure decorative alternative core laminates, also inspect the edges Evaluate the total area of spot-type defects in square millimeters and the total length of hair-like defects in millimeters using the Tappi Size Estimation method.
Chart or with an equivalent system 1 ) In case of dispute the inspection shall be carried out by three observers using the Tappi Chart or an equivalent system
The inspector must utilize normal vision, with corrections if needed In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, three observers will be necessary for visual evaluation, all of whom must possess good color vision When three observers are involved, the final rating for the test surface will be the average rounded to the nearest nominal value.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as the size of the laminate being tested It should specify the viewing distance, the total area of spot-type defects measured in square millimeters, and the total length of hair-like defects in millimeters Additionally, any deviations from the specified test method and the date of the test must be documented.
Principle
The thickness of a laminate is measured using a micrometer or a dial gauge indicator.
Apparatus
A thickness gauge, such as a ratchet-type micrometer or dial gauge indicator, features two flat parallel measuring surfaces with a diameter of 6 mm and a precision of 0.01 mm When measuring the thickness of decorative laminate, these surfaces apply a pressure ranging from 10 kPa to 100 kPa against each other.
Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test, as supplied by the manufacturer.
Procedure
Ensure the gauge is accurate before measuring the laminate thickness to the nearest 0.01 mm Measurements should be taken at the center of each edge, maintaining a distance of at least 20 mm from the sheet's edge.
Test report
The test report shall include the following information: a) reference to this European Standard;
The 0109DIRTT dirt size estimation chart is endorsed by ISO/TC 219 and CEN/TC 134 for assessing surface defect sizes It can be obtained from TAPPI, located at Technology Park, P.O Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348-5113, USA, or through their website at www.tappi.org The chart includes essential details such as the product's name, type, nominal thickness, all measured values, any deviations from the specified test method, and the test date.
6 Determination of length and width
Principle
Measuring the length and width of the laminate using a metal tape or rule.
Apparatus
Steel tape or rule, of sufficient length to measure the greatest dimension of the laminate, and graduated to allow a reading accuracy of 1 mm.
Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test, as supplied by the manufacturer.
Procedure
To measure the laminate accurately, use a steel tape or rule, positioning it approximately 25 mm from and parallel to each edge Record the length of each edge to the nearest millimeter.
Expression of results
The arithmetical means of the pairs of length and width measurements shall be calculated and expressed to the nearest 1 mm as the length and width of the laminate.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as its length and width measurements Additionally, it should note any deviations from the specified testing method and include the date of the test.
Principle
Applying a metal straightedge to the edge of the laminate and measuring the deviation of the sheet edge from the metal straightedge using a steel rule.
Apparatus
7.2.1 Metal straightedge, of 1000 mm length and having a maximum straightness deviation of 0,1 mm over 1000 mm
7.2.2 Steel rule, graduated in 0,5 mm divisions.
Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test, as supplied by the manufacturer.
Procedure
To ensure accuracy, use a metal straightedge to check each edge of the laminate, and then measure the maximum deviation from the straightedge with a steel rule, recording the measurement (x in Figure 1) to the nearest 0.5 mm.
Expression of results
The maximum deviation from the metal straightedge must be documented for each of the four edges, with results marked as (+) for convex edges and (-) for concave edges.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as the test results for each of the four edges Additionally, it should note any deviations from the specified test method and include the date of the test.
Principle
Applying a right-angled square to the corner of the laminate and measuring the deviation of the edge from the square using a steel rule.
Apparatus
8.2.1 Right-angled square, with one arm of at least 1000 mm long and the other arm of at least 300 mm, having a maximum angular deviation of 0,1 mm over 1000 mm (see Figure 2)
8.2.2 Steel rule, graduated in 0,5 mm divisions.
Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test as supplied by the manufacturer.
Procedure
To ensure accuracy in laminate alignment, apply a right-angled square to one corner and measure the edge deviation from the square's arm at a distance of 1 meter Record the measurements to the nearest 0.5 mm, then repeat the process using the square on the diagonally opposite corner of the laminate.
2 laminate x deviation of the edge
Expression of results
The maximum deviation from the square shall be recorded for the two diagonally opposite corners (x in Figure 2).
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, the test results, any deviations from the specified test method, and the date of the test.
Principle
Measuring the bow (flatness deviation) of the laminate using a bow gauge placed at the position of greatest deformation.
Apparatus
9.2.1 Bow gauge, of length 1 000 mm graduated to permit a reading accuracy of 0,1 mm (see Figure 3)
Figure 3 — Bow gauge for measuring flatness
The laminate specimen will be provided by the manufacturer, and in the event of any disputes, it must be pre-conditioned according to the manufacturer's guidelines until it reaches equilibrium.
Procedure
Place the laminate concave side up without restraint on a flat horizontal surface
Position the bow gauge, ensuring that the three feet—two fixed and one movable—gently contact the laminate surface at the point of maximum deformation Measure the flatness deviation displayed on the dial gauge to the nearest 0.1 mm.
Expression of results
The maximum flatness deviation measured using the bow gauge shall be recorded.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, the maximum flatness deviation, any deviations from the specified testing method, and the date of the test.
Principle
The test evaluates the laminate's decorative surface resistance to abrasive wear down to the sub-layer This is done by rotating a specimen against two loaded cylindrical wheels covered with abrasive paper, which create an annular track on the surface The number of revolutions needed to achieve specific abrasion levels serves as a measure of surface wear resistance However, this test is not suitable for flooring grade laminates.
Materials
Calibration plates made of rolled zinc sheet, such as Taber S-34 or equivalent, should have a thickness of \(0.8 \pm 0.1\) mm and a Brinell hardness of \(48 \pm 2\) when tested according to EN ISO 6506-1, using a 5 mm ball diameter and a load of 360 N.
The zinc plate shall not be used for more than 10 calibrations per side
Abrasive paper strips, such as Taber S-42 or equivalent, are designed with a width of 12.7 mm and a length of approximately 160 mm These strips consist of paper with a grammage ranging from 70 g/m² to 100 g/m², and feature an open coating of 180 grit powdered aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) The particle size of the aluminium oxide allows it to pass through a sieve with a 100 μm aperture while remaining on a sieve with a 63 μm aperture An adhesive backing is optional for these abrasive strips.
10.2.3 Double-sided adhesive tape, required only if the abrasive paper has no adhesive backing
The Dirt Size Estimation Chart (product code 0109DIRTT) is a valuable tool for evaluating wear through size and is endorsed by ISO/TC 219 and CEN/TC 134 This chart can be obtained from TAPPI, located at Technology Park, P.O Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348-5113, USA, or through their website at www.tappi.org.
Apparatus
The test machine 2 ) consists of the following items, see Figure 4: a) test specimen holder in the form of a disc (key 7) which rotates in a horizontal plane at a frequency of
The test apparatus operates at speeds ranging from 58 rpm to 62 rpm, allowing the test specimen to be securely clamped using a clamping screw It features two cylindrical abrasive wheels, each rubber-covered, with a width of 12.7 ± 0.1 mm and a diameter of 50 mm, rotating around a common axis The wheels' curved surfaces, extending to a depth of 6 mm, are made of rubber with a hardness of 65 ± 3 IRHD or Shore A, as per ISO standards The wheels are positioned 52.5 ± 0.2 mm apart, with equal spacing from the center-line of the abrader head, and their common axis is located 20 mm from the vertical axis of the test specimen holder Maintaining the abrasive wheels in optimal condition is crucial, as any variations in flatness, hardness, regularity, roundness, and width can significantly impact test results Additionally, the setup includes a holding and lifting device that ensures each wheel applies a force of 5.4 ± 0.2 N on the test specimen, a revolution-counter, and a suction device equipped with two nozzles positioned over the abraded area The nozzles are spaced 77 mm apart and maintain a vacuum of 1.5 kPa to 1.6 kPa when closed, ensuring effective operation during testing.
2 ) A suitable machine is available from Taber Acquisition Corp., Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St, P.O Box 164, North Tonawanda,
The test machine located in NY 14120, USA, serves as a commercially available option This information is provided for the convenience of users of the European Standard and does not imply any endorsement by CEN for the machine.
Figure 4 — Abrasion resistance testing machine
The dimensions listed above and in Figure 4 are followed as deviations can lead to errors exceeding 100 % See Annex B for more information
10.3.2 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C, relative humidity (50 ± 5) %.
Test specimens
Each test specimen must be a laminate piece shaped to fit the clamping device, typically measuring approximately 130 mm diagonally with a central hole of 6 mm in diameter For factory production controls, one specimen is sufficient; however, all three specimens must be tested for conformity assessment or in the event of a dispute.
Preparation of specimens and abrasive paper
To prepare the specimens, first clean their surfaces using a non-hazardous organic solvent that does not mix with water Next, employ a suitable marker pen to draw two lines on each specimen's surface, ensuring they intersect at right angles to divide the area into quadrants.
Specimens and abrasive strips should be preconditioned for a minimum of 72 hours in the specified conditioning atmosphere Once preconditioned, seal the paper strips in appropriate polythene bags, with a maximum of 10 strips per bag, until they are needed for immediate use.
Procedure
Preparation of abrasive wheels
Attach a strip of preconditioned unused abrasive paper to each rubber-covered wheel, utilizing the adhesive backing or double-sided adhesive tape as needed Make sure the entire cylindrical surface is covered without any overlapping of the abrasive paper.
Calibration of abrasive paper
Prepare two abrasive wheels with preconditioned unused strips of abrasive paper from the batch to be used for testing (see 10.6.1)
To conduct the abrasion test, clamp a zinc plate in the specimen holder and activate the suction device Set the revolution counter to zero and lower the wheels to abrade the zinc plate for 500 revolutions Afterward, clean the plate and weigh it to the nearest 1 mg Replace the abrasive paper with preconditioned strips from the same batch, re-clamp the zinc plate, and repeat the abrasion process for another 500 revolutions Finally, clean and reweigh the plate, noting that the expected loss in mass should be (120 ± 20) mg.
Any batch of abrasive paper which causes a loss in mass of the zinc plate outside this permitted range shall not be used for testing.
Abrasion of specimen
Perform the test immediately after removal of the specimen and calibrated abrasive paper from the preconditioning atmosphere
Prepare two wheels with preconditioned unused abrasive paper from the same batch previously approved by calibration Fit the wheels to the machine and set the revolution counter to zero
Secure the specimen in the holder, making sure its surface is flat Activate the abrasive wheels on the specimen, turn on the suction device, and commence the abrasion process.
Replace the abrasive paper after 500 revolutions
At the beginning of the test, examine the specimen for wear after each 25 revolutions When coming close to the IP, the assessment shall be carried out every 10 revolutions
Continue the test until the initial wear point (IP) is reached
The initial wear point (IP) is defined as the moment when the first noticeable wear-through of the print pattern or plain color occurs, revealing the sub-layer in three quadrants This point is identified when there are areas of at least 0.60 mm² wear-through in two quadrants, along with a 0.60 mm² wear-through visible in a third quadrant, as indicated by the size estimation chart or Figure 5 For printed patterns, the sub-layer refers to the background beneath the pattern, while for plain colors and wood veneer surfaces, it is the first sub-layer of a different color.
Record the IP as the number of revolutions
Repeat the test immediately using the two remaining test specimens, in case of assessment of conformity or dispute
In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, a minimum of three observers is necessary for visual evaluation, all of whom must possess good color vision When three observers are involved, the final rating for the test surface will be calculated as the average, rounded to the nearest nominal value.
Expression of results
The laminate's resistance to surface wear will be measured as the IP, rounded to the nearest 50 revolutions In the event of complaints, the average IP of three specimens will be calculated and also rounded to the nearest 50 revolutions.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as the resistance to surface wear measured in revolutions Additionally, it should note any deviations from the specified test method and include the date of the test.
11 Resistance to abrasion (flooring grade laminates)
The abrasion resistance of the laminate being tested is determined by calculating the average of the initial wear-point (IP) values from three specimens, with the final result rounded to the nearest 100 revolutions.
12 Resistance to immersion in boiling water
Principle
The effect of immersion in boiling water for 2 h is determined by the increase in mass and thickness of test specimens and by noting any change in appearance
The test is generally in accordance with EN ISO 62, except for a longer period of immersion in the boiling water and the requirement for thickness measurements.
Apparatus
12.2.2 Conditioning chamber, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and relative humidity (50 ± 5)
12.2.3 Vessel, containing boiling distilled water
12.2.4 Vessel, containing distilled water at (23 ± 2) °C
12.2.5 Micrometer thickness gauge, as described in 5.2 If curvature of the specimen prevents accurate thickness measurement, then a suitable ball-ended micrometer thickness gauge shall be used
12.2.6 Suitable heating apparatus, (for example an electric hotplate)
12.2.7 Specimen holder, to hold specimens vertically during immersion and prevent contact with other specimens or the vessel.
Test specimens
Four specimens will be extracted from the same laminate, ensuring they are cut from locations more than 50 mm away from the sheet's edge Out of these, three specimens will be utilized for testing purposes, while one will serve as a reference.
The laminate under test should be cut into squares measuring (50 ± 1) mm, ensuring that the cutting process generates minimal heat and leaves the edges free from cracks Additionally, the cut edges must be smooth.
Procedure
For conformity assessment or dispute resolution, place the three specimens in the conditioning chamber for a minimum of 72 hours However, conditioning is not required for factory production control Weigh each specimen to the nearest 1 mg (mass m1).
Measure the thickness of each specimen at the midpoint of the four cut edges (t 1, t 2, t 3, t 4), ensuring the micrometer anvil is positioned about 5 mm from each edge, and mark these points for consistency in future measurements Place the specimens in a vessel of boiling distilled water, ensuring they do not come into significant contact with each other or the vessel.
After boiling the specimens for (120 ± 5) minutes, cool them in distilled water at (23 ± 2) °C for (15 ± 5) minutes Remove the specimens from the water and dry them thoroughly with a clean cloth or filter paper Weigh the specimens again to the nearest 1 mg (mass m2) within 1 minute of removal from the water.
Determine the thickness of each specimen to the nearest 0,01 mm at the same points as before (t 5, t 6, t 7, t 8) Examine each specimen visually for change in appearance comparing with the reference sample.
Expression of results
Calculation
The boiling water absorbed by each specimen is given, as a percentage by mass, by the formula
2 − × m m m where m 1 is the mass of the specimen before immersion; m 2 is the mass of the specimen after immersion.
The percentage increase in thickness at the measuring points of each specimen is given by the formulae:
− × t t t t t t where t 1 , t 2 , t 3 and t 4 are the thicknesses measured before immersion; t 5, t 6, t 7 and t 8 are the thicknesses measured after immersion
The percentage by mass of boiling water absorbed by the laminate under test shall be the average of the values obtained on the three specimens
The percentage increase in thickness of the laminate under test shall be the average of the twelve values obtained at the four measuring points on all three specimens
The examination results for changes in appearance will be determined by the lowest rating among three assessed specimens compared to the reference sample, following two specific rating scales.
In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, a minimum of three observers is necessary for visual evaluation, all of whom must possess good color vision When three observers are involved, the final rating for the test surface will be calculated as the average, rounded to the nearest nominal value.
Surface rating scale
Rating 4: Slight change of gloss and/or colour, only visible at certain viewing angles
Rating 3: Moderate change of gloss and/or colour
Rating 2: Marked change of gloss and/or colour or surface blistering
Edge rating scale
Rating 4: Slight hairline edge cracks visible to the naked eyes
NOTE The fail value indicated in EN 438-8:2009, Table 9 and Table 10 corresponds to rating 1.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as the conditioning time It should also specify the average percentage increase in mass and thickness, the results of the examination for changes in appearance on both the surface and edges, any deviations from the specified test method, and the date of the test.
13 Substrate protection against water vapour
Principle
Measuring the increase in thickness of the specimen resulting from exposure of the surface, which has been cut (vandalism for example), to water vapour for a prescribed duration.
Apparatus
13.2.1 Milling tool, capable of producing a circular groove having an inside diameter of (35,7 ± 0,1) mm and an outside diameter of (42,0 ± 0,1) mm
13.2.2 Thickness gauge, as specified in 5.2
13.2.3 Wide-necked Erlenmeyer flask, of capacity 250 ml and mouth diameter 50 mm
13.2.4 Electric hot-plate, or other suitable heat source.
Test specimens
Each specimen shall be a square of side approximately 100 mm, cut from the laminate under test Two specimens shall be tested.
Procedure
Utilize the milling tool to create a circular groove at the center of the specimen, ensuring the cut reaches a depth that reveals the first sub-layer beneath the decorative surface, as illustrated in Figure 6.
Using the thickness gauge (see 13.2.2) measure the thickness in a position adjacent to the inner edge of the groove to the nearest 0,1 mm and record it as value t 1
To begin the experiment, fill a flask with about 200 ml of water and heat it on a hot-plate until boiling Then, position the specimen with its cut decorative surface facing down, ensuring it is centered over the flask's opening.
After 1 h, remove the specimen and remove excess water from the surfaces and edges using absorbent paper
Re-measure the thickness in the same position as measurement t 1, and record it as value t 2.Repeat the procedure using the second specimen
Expression of results
The substrate protection against water vapour shall be expressed as the difference between the final thickness and the corresponding initial thickness (t 2 - t 1).
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, the higher of the two test values, any deviations from the specified test method, and the date of the test.
Principle
A specimen from the laminate is positioned over a flask of boiling water, exposing its decorative surface to water vapor After one hour, the specimen is removed and allowed to recover for 24 hours in normal ambient conditions before being examined for any changes in appearance.
Apparatus
14.2.1 Wide-necked Erlenmeyer flask, of capacity 250 ml and mouth diameter 50 mm (or equivalent apparatus)
14.2.2 Specimen holder, and heat screen, (see Figure 7)
14.2.4 Electric hotplate, or other suitable heat source.
Test specimen
The specimen shall be a square of side approximately 100 mm, cut from the laminate under test One specimen shall be tested.
Procedure
To begin the experiment, fill a flask with about 200 ml of water and heat it to boiling on an electric hotplate Next, position the heat screen around the neck of the flask Place the specimen, decorative side down, directly over the flask's opening and secure it using a wire specimen holder.
The specimen holder shall be heavy enough to prevent the specimen from curling away from the mouth of the flask
After exposing the decorative face to steam from boiling water for one hour, carefully remove the specimen and use filter paper or tissue to absorb any excess water from its surface.
After allowing the specimen to recover for 24 hours under normal ambient conditions, visually inspect the central area for any changes in appearance, making corrections as needed It is important to exclude the circular area in direct contact with the flask neck from this assessment.
In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, a minimum of three observers is necessary for visual evaluation, all of whom must possess good color vision When three observers are involved, the final rating for the test surface will be calculated as the average, rounded to the nearest nominal value.
Expression of results
The result of the examination for change in appearance shall be expressed in accordance with the following rating scale:
Rating 4: Slight change of gloss and/or colour, only visible at certain viewing angles
Rating 3: Moderate change of gloss and/or colour
Rating 2: Marked change of gloss and/or colour
Rating 1: Blistering and/or delamination.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness It should also assess the surface effect of the specimen using a defined rating scale, note any deviations from the specified testing method, and indicate the test date.
5 erlenmeyer flask, wide necked 250 ml
Figure 7 — Apparatus for resistance to water vapour
15 Resistance to wet conditions (Exterior grade laminates)
Principle
Immersion in water at 65 °C for 48 hours is used to assess the impact on test specimens by measuring mass increase and observing any changes in appearance This accelerated test evaluates the long-term effects of moisture exposure.
Apparatus
15.2.1 Water bath, capable of being maintained at (65 ± 2) °C
15.2.2 Specimen holder, to prevent specimens from touching one another during immersion
15.2.3 Vessel, containing distilled water at (23 ± 2) °C
15.2.4 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and relative humidity (50 ± 5) %
Test specimens
Four specimens will be extracted from the laminate, ensuring they are positioned more than 50 mm from the sheet's edge Out of these, three will be utilized for testing purposes, while one will serve as a reference specimen.
(150 ± 1) mm square and be of the thickness of the laminate under test The cut edges shall be smooth and free from cracks
One specimen is suitable in case of factory production controls, meanwhile three specimens shall be tested in case for assessment of conformity or dispute.
Procedure
For conformity assessment or dispute resolution, place the three specimens in a conditioning chamber for a minimum of 72 hours However, conditioning is not required for factory production control Weigh each specimen to the nearest 1 mg to obtain the mass (m1).
Place the specimens in the specimen holder (see 15.2.2) and place the specimen holder in the water bath (see 15.2.1) so that all specimens are totally immersed in water at (65 ± 2) °C
After 48 h, remove the specimens from the water bath and immerse for (15 ± 5) min in the vessel (see 15.2.3) containing distilled water at (23 ± 2) °C
Carefully remove the specimens from the water and use a clean, dry cloth or filter paper to eliminate all surface moisture Weigh the specimens again to the nearest 1 mg (mass m2) within one minute of their removal from the water Conduct a visual examination of each specimen with the naked eye, making corrections as needed, to check for any changes in appearance, blistering, or delamination.
Expression of results
Calculation
The moisture absorbed by each specimen is given, as a percentage by mass, by the formula
2 − × m m m where m 1 is the mass of the specimen before immersion; m 2 is the mass of the specimen after immersion.
The percentage by mass of moisture absorbed by the laminate under test shall be the average of the values obtained on the three specimens.
Visual examination
The result of the examination for change in appearance shall be the lowest rating assessed in comparison with the reference sample, in accordance with the following two rating scales
In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, a minimum of three observers is necessary for visual evaluation, all of whom must possess good color vision When three observers are involved, the final rating for the test surface will be calculated as the average, rounded to the nearest nominal value.
Rating 4: Slight change of gloss and/or colour, only visible at certain viewing angles
Rating 3: Moderate change of gloss and/or colour
Rating 2: Marked change of gloss and/or colour or surface blistering
Rating 4: Slight hairline edge cracks visible to the naked eyes
Test report
The test report must include the following details: a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, the conditioning time, the average percentage increase in mass, results of the examination for changes in appearance on both surface and edge, any deviations from the specified test method, and the date of the test.
Principle
The test is intended to determine the suitability of decorative laminates for use in kitchens where contact with moderately hot cooking utensils is to be expected
At a test temperature of 160 °C, a standard aluminum alloy block is placed in contact with a laminate specimen bonded to wood chipboard After 20 minutes, the block is removed, and the resistance to the test conditions is evaluated through visual examination.
Apparatus and materials
A thermometer, compliant with ISO 1770, must be capable of being inserted to the bottom of the center bore of the heat source or utilize alternative methods to measure the temperature of the heat source with an accuracy of ± 1 °C.
A heat source is represented by a block made from an aluminium alloy, specifically Al Mg Si, in compliance with ISO 209:2007, which mandates that the alloy contains over 94% aluminium The bottom surface of the block must have a roughness of (2 ± 1) μm, measured as Ra, in accordance with EN ISO 4287 and EN ISO 4288 standards.
NOTE Alloy 6060 and 64430 are suitable
For this document, the following tolerances are applicable:
— dimensions: ± 0,2 mm of the nominal dimension;
— angles: ± 2° of the nominal angle
Figure 8 — Aluminium block used as heat source
16.2.3 Fine-faced wood particleboard, complying with EN 312 (for interior fitments), (230 ± 5) mm square, with a nominal thickness of 18 mm to 20 mm (± 0,3 mm), a density of (680 ± 20) kg/m 3 , and moisture content (10 ± 3) %
16.2.4 Urea-formaldehyde adhesive, or an equivalent rigid adhesive (e.g PU, phenol-resorcinol, PF,
16.2.5 Oven, capable of heating the aluminium block to a temperature higher than the test temperature 16.2.6 Cleaning cloth, consisting of a white soft absorbent cloth
16.2.7 Heat-insulating foam, consisting of a melamine foam, with the following characteristics: density between 8,5 kg/m 3 and 11,5 kg/m 3 ; heat conductivity, less than 0,035 W/mK The foam shall withstand at a temperature higher than 200 °C
16.2.8 Diffuse light source, providing evenly diffused light, giving an illumination on the test surface of
(1200 + 400) lx This may either be diffused daylight or be diffused artificial daylight
To ensure optimal lighting conditions, natural daylight should remain unobstructed by nearby trees and other structures When utilizing artificial daylight, it is advisable to select lighting with a correlated color temperature between 5000 K and 6500 K, along with a color rendering index (Ra) exceeding 92, as verified through a color matching booth in compliance with EN ISO 3668 standards.
16.2.9 Fixed frame, to hold the specimen flat.
Test specimen
To prepare the specimen, bond a square piece of laminate (230 ± 5 mm) to wood chipboard using the specified adhesive, evenly applied at a rate of 80 g/m² to 120 g/m² Ensure the bonded specimen is preconditioned for a minimum duration as required.
72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity before being used for the test
For materials thicker than 2 mm, bonding the specimen is not significant, allowing tests to be performed with the specimen in close contact with chipboard This method is also suitable for routine quality control testing of laminates under 2 mm thick However, in dispute situations, laminates less than 2 mm must be bonded to chipboard.
Test procedure
The test surface shall be placed horizontally In case of laminates thick 2 mm or greater, without need of gluing on chipboard, hold the specimen in the fixed frame (16.2.9)
The testing setup must ensure a minimum spacing of 15 mm between the edges of adjacent test surfaces and the panel's edges When conducting tests simultaneously, it is essential to maintain this minimum separation between the perimeters of the test surfaces.
The test surface shall be lightly wiped with a cleaning cloth (16.2.6) before the test
To conduct the test, increase the heat source temperature above the specified level and place it on heat insulating foam or a sufficiently large particleboard.
To ensure accurate temperature measurement, position the thermometer or temperature measuring device in the center bore of the heat source If the temperature does not reach the required test level, the heat source must be reinserted into the oven until the desired higher temperature is attained.
When the heat source reaches the temperature of 160 °C with an accuracy of ± 1 °C, immediately place it on the test surface
After 20 min in this position, remove the block
Allow the test surface to stand undisturbed 1 h + 10 min
Clean the test surface with the cleaning cloth (16.2.6) and examine the tested area.
Examination of the test specimen
Thoroughly inspect the test surface under multi-directional lighting for any signs of damage, such as discoloration, gloss changes, blistering, swelling, and other defects Use a dedicated light source to illuminate the surface and examine it from various angles, ensuring that light reflects off the surface towards your eyes Maintain a viewing distance between 0.25 m and 1.0 m for optimal assessment.
In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, a minimum of three observers is necessary for visual evaluation, all of whom must possess good color vision When three observers are involved, the final rating for the test surface will be calculated as the average, rounded to the nearest nominal value.
Expression of results
The examination results for surface disturbance will be reported using the rating scale outlined in Table 1 It is important to note that any minor surface lowness caused by the weight of the hot aluminum block will not be considered in the evaluation.
Table 1 — Resistance to dry heat rating scale
5 No change test area indistinguishable from adjacent surrounding area
The test area must be clearly distinguishable from the surrounding environment, particularly when the light source is reflected off the test surface towards the observer's eye This can be observed through changes such as discoloration, variations in gloss, and alterations in color.
3 Moderate change test area distinguishable from adjacent surrounding area, visible in several viewing directions, e g discoloration, change in gloss and colour, no change in the surface structure, e.g deformation, cracking, blistering
The test area exhibits significant changes that are clearly distinguishable from the surrounding environment, visible from all angles These changes may include discoloration, variations in gloss and color, as well as slight alterations in surface structure, such as minor cracking or blistering.
Significant alterations in surface structure can manifest as pronounced cracking, blistering, discoloration, and variations in gloss and color Additionally, the surface material may experience total or partial delamination.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as the surface effect of the specimen rated according to a specified scale Additionally, it should note any deviations from the prescribed test method and include the date of the test.
17 Dimensional stability at elevated temperature
Principle
The test measures the lateral dimensional changes of specimens from the laminate under test over an extreme range of relative humidity at elevated temperatures.
Apparatus
17.2.1 Oven, capable of being maintained at (70 ± 2) °C
17.2.2 Conditioning chamber, with an atmosphere of relative humidity within the range 90 % to 95 % and at a temperature of (40 ± 2) °C
17.2.3 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and relative humidity (50 ± 5) %
17.2.4 Bed plate and mounted dial gauge, or other apparatus capable of measuring lengths, of 200 mm to the nearest 0,02 mm
Test specimens
Each specimen shall be (200 ± 0,8) mm long, (50 ± 1) mm wide and of the thickness of the laminate under test The edges shall be smooth and free from cracks
Eight specimens will be tested, with four aligned parallel to the machine direction of the fibrous sheet material, such as paper, and four positioned at right angles Each direction will have two specimens designated for the dry-heat test and two for the high-humidity test.
To determine the flexural strength of a specimen when the machine direction is unknown, conduct tests at different angles Typically, the maximum strength is observed in specimens cut parallel to the machine direction.
Before making the first measurements, all specimens shall be kept for at least 72 h in a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity.
Procedure
17.4.1 All measurements of length shall be made to the nearest 0,02 mm with the test specimen kept flat
When re-measuring a test specimen, ensure it remains flat, just as it was during the initial measurement Measurements should be conducted within 5 minutes after the specimens are taken out of the conditioning atmosphere or desiccator.
Measure the length of four specimens, taking two in each direction, as outlined in section 17.4.1 Place the specimens in an oven set to (70 ± 2) °C, following the guidelines in section 17.2.1 After 24 hours, remove the specimens and let them cool to room temperature in a desiccator for 1 hour, as specified in section 17.2.5 Finally, re-measure the length between the marks on each specimen.
17.4.3 Conditioning chamber (high-humidity) test
Taking the remaining two specimens in each direction, measure the length and then place them in the conditioning chamber (see 17.2.2) at (40 ± 2) °C and relative humidity within the range 90 % to 95 % After
(96 ± 4) h, remove each specimen, wipe it free of surface water with a cloth, and immediately re-measure the length.
Expression of results
To determine the change in measured length for each specimen, calculate the percentage change relative to the initial measured length Subsequently, compute the mean percentage change in measured length for each of the four pairs of specimens, rounding the results to the nearest 0.05%.
Calculate the cumulative dimensional change for each direction of the sheet
The overall change is determined by the total of the average absolute dimensional changes observed in both low and high humidity tests If the movements occur in opposite directions, the changes are summed; however, if they move in the same direction, the larger average change is considered as the cumulative dimensional change The final result will be reported as an absolute value.
An example is reported in Table 2 (using test specimen in one direction only)
Table 2 — Calculation example of cumulative dimensional change in one direction only
Test specimen 1 2 3 Mean to nearest 0,05 %
Test specimen 4 5 6 Mean to nearest 0,05 %
The movements in the two tests are in opposite directions; therefore, the cumulative dimensional change is equal to (0,3 + 0,4) % = 0,7 %.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as the cumulative dimensional changes in both the machine and cross-machine directions Additionally, it should note any deviations from the specified testing method and include the date of the test.
Principle
The test is intended to determine the suitability of decorative laminates for use in kitchens where contact with moderately wet heat is to be expected
At a test temperature of 100 °C, a standard aluminum alloy block is positioned on a damp cloth in contact with a laminate specimen bonded to wood chipboard After 20 minutes of contact, the block is removed, and the resistance to the test conditions is evaluated through visual inspection.
Apparatus and materials
A thermometer, compliant with ISO 1770 standards, must be capable of being inserted to the bottom of the center bore of the heat source or utilize alternative methods to measure the temperature of the heat source with an accuracy of ± 1 °C.
The heat source is a block made from an aluminium alloy, specifically Al Mg Si, in compliance with ISO 209:2007, containing over 94% aluminium The bottom surface roughness is specified to be (2 ± 1) μm, measured as Ra, in accordance with EN ISO 4287 and EN ISO 4288 standards.
NOTE Alloy 6060 and 64430 are suitable
For this document, the following tolerances are applicable:
— dimensions: ± 0,2 mm of the nominal dimension;
— angles: ± 2° of the nominal angle
18.2.3 Fine-faced wood particleboard, complying with EN 312 (for interior fitments), (230 ± 5) mm square, with a nominal thickness of 18 mm to 20 mm (± 0,3 mm), a density of (680 ± 20) kg/m 3 , and moisture content (10 ± 3) %
18.2.4 Urea-formaldehyde adhesive, or an equivalent rigid adhesive (e.g PU, phenol-resorcinol, PF,
18.2.5 Oven, capable of heating the metal block to a temperature higher than the test temperature
18.2.6 Cleaning cloth, consisting of a white soft absorbent cloth
18.2.7 White polyamide fibre cloth, a plain weave having approximately 40 threads/cm in both warp and weft direction, weighing approximately 50 g/m², and cut (120 ± 3) mm square
18.2.9 Heat-insulating foam, consisting of a melamine foam, with the following characteristics: density between 8,5 kg/m 3 and 11,5 kg/m 3 ; heat conductivity, less than 0,035 W/mK The foam shall withstand at a temperature higher than 200 °C
18.2.10 Diffuse light source, providing evenly diffused light, giving an illumination on the test surface of
(1200 + 400) lx This may either be diffused daylight or be diffused artificial daylight
To ensure optimal lighting conditions, natural daylight should remain unobstructed by surrounding trees and structures When utilizing artificial daylight, it is advisable to select lighting with a correlated color temperature between 5000 K and 6500 K, along with a color rendering index (Ra) exceeding 92, as verified through a color matching booth in compliance with EN ISO 3668 standards.
18.2.11 Fixed frame, to hold the specimen flat.
Test specimens
To prepare the specimen, bond a laminate piece to wood chipboard using the specified adhesive, evenly applied at a rate of 80 g/m² to 120 g/m² The specimen should measure 230 ± 5 mm square and must be preconditioned for a minimum duration.
72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity before being used for the test
For materials thicker than 2 mm, bonding the specimen is not significant, allowing tests to be performed with the specimen in close contact with chipboard This method is suitable for routine quality control testing of laminates under 2 mm thick However, in dispute situations, laminates below 2 mm must be bonded to chipboard.
Procedure
The test surface shall be placed horizontally In case of laminates thick 2 mm or greater, without need of gluing on chipboard, hold the specimen in the fixed frame (18.2.11)
The testing setup must ensure a minimum spacing of 15 mm between the edges of adjacent test surfaces and the panel's edges When conducting tests simultaneously, it is essential to maintain this minimum separation between the perimeters of the test surfaces.
The test surface shall be lightly wiped with a cleaning cloth (18.2.6) before the test
To conduct the test, increase the heat source temperature above the specified level and then place it on heat insulating foam or a sufficiently large particleboard.
To ensure accurate temperature measurement, position the thermometer or temperature measuring device in the center bore of the heat source If the temperature does not reach the specified test level, reinsert the heat source into the oven until the desired higher temperature is achieved.
Place the white polyamide fibre cloth (18.2.7) centrally on the test surface Spread (2 ± 0,2) cm 3 of distilled or deionized water (18.2.8) uniformly over the whole area of the white polyamide fibre cloth
NOTE A graduated eye dropper is suitable for dispensing the distilled or deionised water
When the heat source reaches the temperature of 100 °C with an accuracy of ± 1 °C, immediately place it on the test surface
After 20 min in this position, remove the block
Wipe the test surface dry with the cleaning cloth when it has cooled
Allow the test surface to stand undisturbed 1 h + 10 min
Wipe each test surface with the cleaning cloth (18.2.6) and examine the test panel
Thoroughly inspect the test surface under multi-directional lighting for any signs of damage, such as discoloration, changes in gloss and color, blistering, swelling, and other defects Use a dedicated light source to illuminate the surface and examine it from various angles, including those that reflect light towards the observer's eye Maintain a viewing distance of 0.25 m to 1.0 m during the inspection.
In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, a minimum of three observers is necessary for visual evaluation, all of whom must possess good color vision When three observers are involved, the final rating for the test surface will be calculated as the average, rounded to the nearest nominal value.
Expression of results
The examination results for surface disturbance will be reported using the rating scale outlined in Table 3 It is important to note that any minor surface lowness caused by the weight of the hot aluminum block will not be considered in the evaluation.
Table 3 — Resistance to wet heat rating scale
5 No change test area indistinguishable from adjacent surrounding area
The test area must be clearly distinguishable from the surrounding environment, particularly when the light source is reflected off the test surface towards the observer's eye This can be observed through changes such as discoloration, variations in gloss, and shifts in color.
3 Moderate change test area distinguishable from adjacent surrounding area, visible in several viewing directions, e g discoloration, change in gloss and colour, no change in the surface structure, e.g deformation, cracking, blistering
The test area exhibits significant changes that are clearly distinguishable from the surrounding environment, visible from all angles These changes may include discoloration, variations in gloss and color, as well as slight alterations in surface structure, such as minor cracking or blistering.
Significant alterations to the surface structure can manifest as pronounced cracking, blistering, or discoloration These changes may also include variations in gloss and color, as well as the complete or partial removal of the surface material.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as the surface effect of the specimen rated according to a specific scale Additionally, it should note any deviations from the prescribed test method and include the date of the test.
19 Resistance to climatic shock (exterior grade laminates)
Principle
Specimens from the laminate under examination undergo rapid fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity, followed by visual inspection and testing to assess any alterations in their mechanical properties.
Apparatus
19.2.2 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and relative humidity (50 ± 5) %
19.2.3 Conditioning chamber, maintained at (80 ± 2) °C, relative humidity (90 ± 5) %
19.2.4 Oven, capable of being maintained at (80 ± 2) °C.
Test specimens
Eight specimens, as specified in EN ISO 178, must be cut transversely from the laminate under test, meaning they should be sliced at right angles to the machine direction of the fibrous sheet material used to create the laminate.
Procedure
On day one of the 5 day test cycle shown in Table 4, place 4 specimens in the hot-wet conditioning chamber (see 19.2.3) for 8 h, then follow the procedure described in Table 4
First day 8 +80 90 Hot-wet (see 19.2.3)
Second day 8 +80 90 Hot-wet (see 19.2.3)
Third day 8 +80 90 Hot-wet (see 19.2.3)
Fourth day 8 a -20 Cold-dry (see 19.2.1)
Fifth day 8 +80 90 Hot-wet (see 19.2.3)
16 a -20 Cold-dry (see 19.2.1) a Longer durations in cold-dry conditions are permitted to accommodate non-working day
Transfer the four specimens between different climates for four complete 5-day cycles After this, place the specimens in a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and relative humidity (50 ± 5) % for 24 hours prior to inspection and testing.
The transfer shall be made as quickly as possible so that the specimens experience a rapid change in climatic conditions, and are not allowed to acclimatise slowly
Throughout the above four week conditioning period, the remaining 4 control specimens shall be kept in the standard atmosphere (see 19.2.2)
After removal from the standard atmosphere, conduct an inspection and testing program that includes: a) inspecting the surfaces of the four specimens exposed to the climatic cycle as per test method 19.5.2, and b) testing both the four cycled specimens and the four control specimens for flexural strength and modulus of elasticity in flexure according to EN ISO 178.
Expression of results
Flexural strength and modulus of elasticity in flexure
The change in flexural strength (D s) is calculated by taking the arithmetic mean of the flexural strength values from four cycled specimens and dividing it by the mean of the values from four control specimens.
The change in modulus of elasticity in flexure (D m) is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the modulus of elasticity values from four cycled specimens, divided by the mean values from four control specimens.
Appearance
The appearance shall be expressed as the lowest rating of the four cycled specimens assessed in accordance with the following rating scale
In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, a visual assessment will necessitate the involvement of three observers, all of whom must possess good color vision The final rating for the test surface will be determined by averaging the observations to the nearest nominal value.
Inspect the test specimen's surface visually from a distance of about 50 cm, making any necessary corrections, and evaluate its appearance against the control specimen using the specified rating scale.
Rating 4 Change of gloss only
Rating 3 Hairline surface cracks and/or erosion of surface
Rating 1 Blistering and/or delamination.
Test report
The test report must include a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as the appearance rating of the lowest cycled specimen Additionally, it should detail the change in flexural strength (D s) and the change in modulus of elasticity in flexure (D m), note any deviations from the specified test method, and provide the date of the test.
20 Resistance to impact by small-diameter ball
Principle
A specimen from the laminate is bonded to wood chipboard to replicate service conditions, and its decorative surface is tested by the impact of a 5 mm steel ball attached to a spring-loaded bolt The maximum spring force that does not cause visible damage serves as a measure of the laminate's resistance to impact.
Materials
20.2.1 Fine-faced wood particleboard, complying with EN 312 (for interior fitments), (230 ± 5) mm square, with a nominal thickness of 18 mm to 20 mm (± 0,3 mm), a density of (680 ± 20) kg/m 3 , and moisture content (10 ± 3) %
The test evaluates the impact resistance of the entire composite material, which includes the laminate, adhesive, and substrate when the specimen is bonded to chipboard Selecting the appropriate quality of chipboard is crucial for ensuring consistent and reliable test results.
20.2.2 Urea-formaldehyde adhesive, or an equivalent rigid adhesive (e.g PU, phenol-resorcinol, PF,
20.2.3 Contrast medium, e.g graphite, talcum, or solution of dye in alcohol, to contrast with the colour of the sheet under test.
Apparatus
The impact tester features a 5 mm diameter steel spherical ball attached to an impact bolt, which is propelled towards the test surface by a compression spring The force of the spring can be continuously adjusted from 0 N to 90 N using a force-setting barrel.
The Newton metre (Nm) scale also provided on the tester is only to be used for orientation, as the introduction of a non-linear scale involves relatively great inaccuracies
The compression spring measures 100 mm in length when at rest and features a spring constant of (1962 ± 50) N/m It is compressed by retracting the impact bolt and is secured in this position by a retainer that engages with the bolt The spring is activated to deliver an impact blow when a release unit withdraws the retainer.
20.3.2 Force-producing arrangement, (for example a scale-pan and weights), capable of being suspended from the impact bolt to exert a compressive force on the spring
The 20.3.3 support fixture is designed to clamp onto the shaft of the impact tester, ensuring a stable and secure mounting This fixture provides adequate mass to maintain the tester at a right angle to the specimen's surface, effectively preventing recoil when the impact bolt is released.
20.3.4 Steel plate, having dimensions of approximately 300 mm × 300 mm × 50 mm
20.3.5 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C, relative humidity (50 ± 5) %
Figure 9 — Impact tester (shown with spring compressed)
Figure 10 — Support fixture for impact tester
Tripod with upper support that allows tester to be kept suspended by the gravity, see Figure 11 for the example.
Test specimens
Specimens must be prepared by uniformly bonding a test sheet to wood chipboard using the specified adhesive, applied evenly at a rate of 80 g/m² to 120 g/m² A minimum of three specimens, each measuring (230 ± 5) mm square, should be prepared to ensure reliable results Prior to testing, the bonded specimens must be preconditioned for at least 72 hours at a temperature of (23 ± 2) °C and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)%.
Calibration of the impact tester
Suspend the tester (see 20.3.1) using the calibration device (20.3.6) with the impact bolt pointing upwards so that its longitudinal axis is free to hang vertically under gravity
To adjust the impact force, set the force-setting barrel to zero Use a suitable arrangement, such as weights in a scale-pan, to apply a calibration force \( F_e \) and compress the spring Ensure that the impact bolt is drawn back and clear of the release unit's retainer during this process.
Adjust the force-setting barrel until the release unit's retainer lightly touches the impact bolt Fine-tune the compressing force to confirm this contact, and note the indicated force \( F_x \) on the instrument's scale, which corresponds to the calibration force \( F_e \).
Perform the calibration procedure for different values of \$F_x\$ within the specified range, and create a calibration graph that correlates the scale readings \$F_x\$ with the calibration force \$F_e\$ by utilizing a linear regression program, as illustrated in Figure 12.
This calibration graph is valid if R² ≥ 0,98, where R is the regression coefficient
To accurately correct the indicated force \( F_x \) during testing, apply the formula \( y = mx + n \) In this equation, \( x \) represents the calibration force \( F_e \), \( y \) denotes the scale reading \( F_x \) on the instrument, \( m \) is the slope of the calibration graph, and \( n \) indicates the distance from the calibration graph to the origin at the intercept point with the y-axis.
NOTE A suitable software is the function of Microsoft Excel “trend line / linear regression” or equivalent
The Figure 12 is an example
The calculation for formula of the line in Figure 12 is:
Figure 12 — Example of calibration graph
Prepare a new calibration graph after every 500 tests.
Procedure
The test shall be carried out in the laboratory atmosphere
To conduct the impact test, position the steel plate on a stable horizontal surface and place the specimen with its decorative side facing up Secure the impact tester in its support fixture, load it, and place the assembly onto the specimen before releasing the impact bolt Begin with a preliminary test using a spring force of 10 N, increasing by 5 N each time, to identify the minimum spring force that causes damage to the specimen's surface from impact stress.
To accurately determine the maximum force that can be applied without causing damage, conduct additional tests on more specimens Begin with the spring force identified in the preliminary test and systematically decrease it in appropriate increments, such as 1 N, after every five strikes.
To make any damage more easily visible, the surface of the specimen shall be rubbed with a contrast medium (see 20.2.3) after the test
The distance between points of impact shall be at least 20 mm and between points of impact and the edge of the specimen at least 30 mm
Assess the tested surface for any damage at the impact points Damage is characterized by the presence of fine hairline cracks, often concentric, as well as continuous cracks or flaking of the decorative surface It is important to note that indentations without cracks are not considered damage.
To assess the impact strength of a material, the test must ensure that the specimen endures five consecutive individual strikes with the specified spring force without sustaining any damage, provided the goal is to verify that the material's impact strength surpasses a defined limit.
In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, a minimum of three observers is necessary for visual evaluation, all of whom must possess good color vision When three observers are involved, the final rating for the test surface will be calculated as the average, rounded to the nearest nominal value.
Expression of results
The impact resistance of the laminate under test is the maximum value of the spring force, in Newton, for which no damage occurs in a series of five strikes
To prove compliance with a specified limit value it is only necessary to carry out the test at the specified force
NOTE For the expression of the result, it is advised to keep into account the surface finish and colour influence as described in Annex A.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, the impact resistance measured in Newtons, any deviations from the specified testing method, and the date of the test.
21 Resistance to impact by large diameter ball
Principle
The laminate specimen, bonded to wood chipboard if specified, is tested by placing a sheet of carbon paper over it and dropping a steel ball from a predetermined height The impact resistance is measured as the highest drop height that does not cause visible cracking on the tested surface or create an imprint exceeding a specified maximum diameter.
Materials
21.2.1 Fine-faced wood particleboard, complying with EN 312 (for interior fitments), (230 ± 5) mm square, with a nominal thickness of 18 mm to 20 mm (± 0,3 mm), a density of (680 ± 20) kg/m 3 , and moisture content (10 ± 3) %
The test evaluates the impact resistance of the entire composite material, which includes the laminate, adhesive, and substrate when the specimen is bonded to chipboard Selecting the appropriate quality of chipboard is crucial for ensuring consistent and reliable test results.
21.2.2 Urea-formaldehyde adhesive, or an equivalent rigid adhesive (e.g PU, phenol-resorcinol, PF, PVAc, MF)
Apparatus
21.3.1 Free-fall test apparatus, of the type shown in Figure 13, or an equivalent which will produce the same results
21.3.2 Polished steel ball, of mass (324 ± 5) g and diameter (42,8 ± 0,2) mm, having no damaged or flattened areas on its surface
21.3.3 Specimen clamping frame, conforming to Figure 14
21.3.4 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and relative humidity (50 ± 5) %.
Test specimens
Specimens must be square, measuring (230 ± 5) mm For laminates with a thickness of less than 2.0 mm, prepare specimens by uniformly bonding the laminate to wood chipboard using the specified adhesive, applied evenly at a rate of 80 g/m² to 120 g/m² Prior to testing, the bonded specimens should be preconditioned for a minimum of 72 hours at a temperature of (23 ± 2) °C and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)%.
For laminates with a thickness between 2.0 mm and 6.0 mm, the bonding effect on the specimen is minimal, allowing the test to be performed with the laminate securely clamped in the frame and in direct contact with the chipboard.
Laminates of thickness ≥ 6,0 mm shall be tested clamped in the frame without the chipboard support Sufficient specimens shall be prepared to obtain a final result (about five is usually sufficient).
Procedure
The test shall be carried out in the laboratory atmosphere
Secure the specimen in the clamping frame and position it on the stable base of the free-fall test apparatus Place a sheet of carbon paper, coated side down, over the decorative surface of the specimen Finally, adjust the height scale until its base makes contact with the specimen's face.
Position the electromagnet at any arbitrary height (the specification limit for the material under test is a useful starting point)
Place the steel ball on the energized electromagnet and activate the release mechanism to allow the ball to fall onto the specimen, ensuring it is caught on the first rebound to prevent multiple impacts Inspect the tested face for damage at the impact point; if cracks are visible or the carbon imprint exceeds the specified diameter, lower the electromagnet and retest If no cracks are found, maintain a minimum distance of 50 mm between impact points and from the specimen's edge For referee purposes, conduct only one impact per specimen, aiming for the impact point to be as close to the center as possible.
Repeat the above procedure, to determine the impact resistance of the laminate under test on five different specimen
In situations of uncertainty or disagreement, a minimum of three observers is necessary for visual evaluation, all of whom must possess good color vision When three observers are involved, the final rating for the test surface will be calculated as the average, rounded to the nearest nominal value.
1 steel base plate levelled and set firmly to the floor
3 wing nut (to lock adjustable scale)
Figure 13 — Free-fall test apparatus
Expression of results
The impact resistance of the laminate is determined by the maximum height at which no visible surface cracking or imprints exceeding the specified diameter are observed after five consecutive strikes on five different specimens.
To prove compliance with a specified limit value it is only necessary to carry out the test at the specified drop height
NOTE For the expression of the result, it is advised to keep into account the surface finish and colour influence as described in Annex A.
Test report
The test report must contain essential details, including a reference to the relevant European Standard, the product's name, type, and nominal thickness, as well as its impact resistance measured in centimeters and indentation diameter in millimeters Additionally, it should note any deviations from the specified testing method and include the date of the test.
22 Resistance to impact by large diameter ball (flooring grade laminates)