The following document is intended for individuals preparing for the IELTS Exam, particularly those who may require additional support in the areas of grammar and vocabulary, with the goal of enhancing their proficiency in a short time.
Trang 1IELTS WRITING TASK I INTRODUCTION (PARAPHRASING)
graph / chart / diagram line graph
the proportion of the percentage of / the figure for
the number of the figure for/ the quantity of
The number of people who visited HN The number of people visiting Hanoi/ the
number of visitors
from 1999 to 2009 between 1999 and 2009 / over a period of
10 years
in three countries in Vietnam, Thailand, and Singapore (name
the countries) various mobile phone features different functions of mobile phones
OVERVIEW
The overall trend was upward/ downward Xu hướng tổng thể là tăng/ giảm
All figures experienced except for Tất cả các chỉ số đều chứng kiến ngoại
trừ
Experienced the fastest growth Đã chứng kiến sự tăng trưởng mạnh nhất the highest/ lowest figure Là chỉ số cao nhất/ thấp nhất
There were significant changes in Đã có sự thay đổi lớn trong
Trang 2LINE GRAPH
A SENTENCE STRUCTURES
1) Time, S + V + adv
From 2000 to 2005, the number of workers decreased sharply
2) There + be + a/an + adj + N + in + S + time
There was a sharp decrease in the number of workers over the 5-year period
3) S + saw / witnessed / underwent a quick drop + time
The number of workers underwent a sharp decrease between 2000 and 2005
4) A + adj + N + in + S was recorded
A sharp decrease in the number of workers was recorded in the period from 2000 to
2005
B VERBS AND NOUNS
Increased Rose Grew Climbed
An upturn
An increase
A rise
A growth
A climb
Leaped Rocketed Surged
A boom
A surge
Dropped Declined Fell
A decrease
A drop
A decline
A fall
Slumped Dove Plummeted
A plunge
A slump
A dive
Trang 3Direction Verb Noun
Remained steady Leveled out Stayed constant
No change
A leveling out
C ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Dramatic Steep Sharp Huge
Dramatically Steeply Sharply
Rapid Quick Swift
Rapidly Quickly Swiftly
Significant Remarkable
Significantly Remarkably
Steady Moderate
Steadily Moderately
Trang 4Degree Speed
Slight Small Minimal
Slightly Minimally
Slow Gradual
Slowly Gradually
D PREPOSITIONS
Preposition Followed by Example Noun of
movements
An increase In + something A decrease of
5% in the number of infants
change
An upsurge From/to + old/new
figure
An upsurge from 1% to 20%
Verb of
movements
change
It rose by 5%
figure
It fell from 6%
to 1%
To peak/ start / end
At + figure/level It peaked at
5000
To fluctuate At around
Between
+ range It fluctuated at
around 10 tons per year
E CONNECTING SENTENCES
1) Before/After + V-ing, S + V + adv
After declining rapidly, the number of cars increased remarkably
2) S + V + adv, then more/less + adv
Only used for 2 movements in the same direction
The number of cars declined slightly in 2000, then more sharply in the next 6 years
3) S + V1 + adv, but later/then + V2 + adv
Only used for 2 movements in the opposite directions
Trang 5The number of cars declined slightly in 2000, but then went up sharply in the next 6 years
4) There was a/an + adj1 + N1, which was followed by + a/an + adj2 + N2
There was a slight decline in the number of cars, which was followed by a sharp growth
5) S + V + adv, V-ing … and then …
The number of cars declined slightly in 2000, remaining constant in the next 5 years and then grew slightly at the end of the period
F COMPARISON LANGUAGE
X + experienced / witnessed + the greatest
changes in something London experienced by far the greatest changes in food prices over the period Both P and Q rate rose / fell + time, but the
figures for P were significantly higher. Unemployment rates in both countries rose over the period shown, but the
figures for the US were significantly higher.
The most + adj + N was seen in the X
sector The most dramatic decrease was seen in the industrial sector
The biggest change was seen in …, which
fell/rose + adv over the period. The biggest change was seen in the proportion of Internet users in the US,
which fell steadily over the period.
A much larger percentage / proportion of S
+ V … in comparison with Y A much larger proportion of students chose portable MP3 player in comparison
with adults and senior citizens
The percentage of X was highest in … Of the three categories, the percentage of
Internet users was highest in the US
Of the x items, S + V + the most … Of the 6 items, consumers spent the most
money on laptops.
The X was the most + adj + type + time Football was the most common type of
hobbies from the late 1970’s onwards
X accounted for / took up / occupied the
largest proportion of Y. Plants accounted for the largest proportion of electricity used
There were more X than Y + Ving, figure A
versus figure B. In 2003, there were more boys than girls suffering obesity, over 700 thousand
versus about 650 thousand
In a similar trend, S + also + V In a similar trend, the rate of growth also
increased for Vietnam’s GDP
Trang 6Structure Example The X rate rose / increased by …, but there
was a much smaller rise/increase in Y. From 1990 to 200, the employment rate inYemen rose by 40%, but there was a much
smaller rise in the figure for Italy
X + was triple + that of + Y Canada’s wheat production was triple that
of Vietnam.
Almost a% of S + V, compared to about b%
of S2 and only c% of S3 Almost 80% of Canadians used the Internet over the period, compared to
about 60% of Americans and only 50% of Mexicans
Outnumbered / surpassed In the first 6 hours, the percentage of
people listening to radio outnumbered
that of viewers
The figures for A and B were lower, at
about x% and y% respectively. The figures for oil and gas were much lower, at about 12% and 8% respectively
Trang 7BAR CHART COMPARISON STRUCTURE:
1) Superlative: A + be + the + adj-est/most adj/least adj + in (group)
Eg: The population of Germany was the greatest in 11 countries mentioned/given
2) Comparative
S1 + be + adj-er/more adj/less adj + than S2 with Number
Eg: The population of France with 65mil was higher than that of Italy with 60mil
There + be + more N/ fewer Ncp / less Nunc + Ving/Vp2 + than S2
Eg: There were more people in France living than (that) in Italy
More/Fewer/Less + N + Vpast + than S2
Eg: More people lived in France than in Italy
S1 + V1 while S2 + V2
Eg: The population of France was 65mil while that of Italy was 60mil
Notice: The population of France was higher than that of Italy with 65mil and 60mil respectively (lần lượt)
3) Equalative
S1 + be + as adj as + S2
Eg: The population of Brazil was as high as that of Czech and Greece
There be as many Ncp/ as much Nunc + Ving/Vp2 as S2
Eg: There were as many people living in Brazil as in Czech and Greece
As many Ncp/ As much Nunc + Vpast + as + S2
S1 + be + the same as/similar to + S2
Eg: The population of Brazil was the same as that of Czech and Greece
Trang 8PIE CHART
A SENTENCE STRUCTURES
1) S(piece/portion) + accounted for/comprised + % + (of total)
occupied/constituted made up/took up
Eg: Holiday accounted for 47% of the reasons international visitors coming to New
Zealand
2) There be + % + of total Ving/Vp2…
There were 47% of the reasons international visitors coming to NZ for holiday/because of holiday
2’) % (of total) + Ved
Eg: 47% of (the reasons) international visitors came to NZ for holiday
3) Smax came first with % WHILE/ WHEREAS Smin came last with %
Eg: Holiday came first with 47% while other reasons except business and visiting people came last with 11%
Or: Holiday came first while other reasons except business and visiting people came last
with 47% and 11% respectively.
B LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE PERCENTAGES
From basic percentages… … to using it with comparisons and
different tenses
73% of people = a significant majority of
people = approximately three quarters of
people
X become the most important / prevalent / popular … in 2000, … ing / accounting for almost 75% of …
66% of people = a large proportion of =
precisely two thirds of … Nuclear power became the most importantfuel source in France in 2000, producing
almost 75% of the country’s electricity 5% = an insignificant amount of … = a small
fraction of … Developing countries are expected to account for a bigger share of emissions in
2030, 68% compared to 48% in 1999
Accounted for 35% of … X countries are projected to make up a
lower proportion, 43%, 9% down over the period
Trang 9From basic percentages… … to using it with comparisons and
different tenses
Occupied a good proportion of … X & Y made up a much lower proportion,
each producing (an estimated) 1 billion ton Made up just over a third of … X became the major producer in 2000 Constituted 35% of …
35% of people chose …
The proportion of people who chose red
was 35%
Took up a large amount of …
Are estimated to take up the remaining 9%
Trang 10A Comparison between sentences
In contrast The most popular form of holiday among the Welsh was self-catering
with over 60% choosing to cook for themselves In contrast, only 5%
of the English chose this form of vacation and hotel accommodation was much more popular at 48%
In comparison Almost 50% of the English, Scots, and Northern Irish chose to stay in a
hotel for their holiday In comparison, staying in self-catering accommodation was much less popular with around 10% of people choosing this
However The general pattern was for hotel accommodation to be the most
popular with around half people choosing it The majority of the Welsh, however, chose to stay in self-catering accommodation
On the other
hand It is clear that a majority of the British chose to stay in hotel for their holiday On the other hand, there was an exception to this because
over 50% of the Welsh opted for self-catering accommodation
B Comparison within sentences
While While there are 4 million miles of train lines in the UK, there are only 3
million in France
Whereas Whereas the majority of the French prefer to travel to work by train,
only a small minority of the British do
Although Although 15% of the French read novels, only 5% of the British do
But Almost 25% of French females study maths with a private tutor, but
nearly 60% study English with one
C Comparison with More or Less/Fewer
Than 5% more/less/fewer girls chose to read books than go to the cinema
Fewer/Less Fewer mobile phones were bought in 2013 than 2014
Less oil was consumed in 2013 than 2014
D Quality your comparisons with Much / Far / Slightly or A Number
- Far fewer people chose to travel by train than by car (Where’s the detail?)
-> 25% fewer people chose to travel by train than by car (Better now we have detail and not just a comparison)
E Comparisons with most or least / fewest
When you are looking for details to include, the highest / lowest number is almost always
Trang 11- The most popular form of entertainment in the UK was going to the cinema
- The least common form of transport was taking a taxi
F Comparisons for similar numbers
Similar (to)
- The percentages of females and males who studied languages at university were very similar
- A similar amount of gas and electricity was used domestically in homes
The figures for 2012 were very similar to the figures for 2013
The same as
- The percentage of females who studied at university in 2011 was almost exactly the same as in 2012
G Comparisons with differ / different / difference
Compare 2 things that are very different in number / amount
- The amount of time spent at home differed by almost 25% according to gender
- There was a difference of over 25% in the amount of time males and females spent a home
- The figure was very different among males, only half of whom watched television
I Comparisons by doing some calculations
A number + more / less /
fewer 5 million fewer units of gas were sold in 2014.
Twice - Twice as many people elected to use gas and not
electricity for cooking
- Twice the amount of gas was used for cooking in this period
Three / Four times Four times as many people chose to heat their house
with electricity as with gas
Half - Half the number of people chose to use gas as
electricity
- Electricity was half as popular as gas for cooking
Trang 12A Some Notes
1) 2 types of Process and things to remember
Manufacturing process Use Passive Form BOTH USE PRESENT TENSE Natural process Use Active Form
2) Sequencing Language
- The first stage is when … + Clause
- The first step involves + V-ing
- Firstly / Initially + Clause
- Finally / The process ends when
- Next, / Then, / Afterwards, / Subsequently, / After that, / Following that,
At the next stage of the process, + Clause
- At the fourth stage of the process,
Example
- The third step is when the bricks are put in a cooling chamber.
- The process ends when the bricks are packaged and ready to be delivered to
customers
3) Synonyms: End = Culminate; At the same time = While = As = Simultaneously
B Useful expressions for Introduction
- The diagram / process + illustrates / demonstrates / shows + the procedures / the various stages / steps in producing + something
- The diagram / process shows + how + something is / are manufactured / produced
-> With example:
1/ A + shows / describes / illustrates + how + clause
E.g: The diagram below shows how salt is removed from sea water to make it
drinkable.
2/ A + shows / describes / illustrates + noun
Note: Illustrate thường được dùng cho diagram để miêu tả 1 quá trình gì đó
E.g: The diagram illustrates the various stages in the desalination of seawater to make
it suitable for drinking
Trang 13MAP SENTENCE STRUCTURES TO DESCRIBE MAPS
1/ Chủ động: S (sự vật mới) + V (động từ miêu tả sự thay đổi) + O (sự vật cũ)
- A new stadium replaced a number of houses along the coast
- Some factories took the place of many trees on the right bank of the river
2 Bị động: O (sự vật cũ) + was/ were + P II (replaced/ removed/ demolished + by/ to make way for/ to give way to + S (sự vật mới)
- The old shopping center was demolished to make way for several offices and a
university
- The industrial complex was extended towards the South
2/ Time + witnessed / experienced / showed + N (danh từ miêu tả sự thay đổi)
- The period from 2000 to 2009 witnessed the replacement of the western residential area by a new shopping centre
- The 2000s experienced the extension of the industrial complex towards the South
3/ There + be + N (danh từ miêu tả sự thay đổi) + something
- There was an appearance of a cinema in place of the art centre in the west of the
village
- There was an extension of the industrial complex towards the South over the nine-year period
4) Direction + witness / experience / show + N (danh từ miêu tả sự thay đổi)
- The west of the lake side witnessed the appearance of a cinema in place of the art centre
5) Sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ
- The derelict warehouse which was situated in the north of the lakeside near the old town was knocked down to give way to a car park
6) Câu ghép chính phụ
- While the old town was demolished, there was an appearance of several offices and a university in the 2000s