4 Information to be Supplied by the Purchaser See Note 1 4.1 PURCHASER SPECIFICATION In placing orders for line pipe to be manufactured in accordance with API Spec 5LCP, the purchaser s
Purchaser Specification
In placing orders for line pipe to be manufactured in accordance with API Spec 5LCP, the purchaser should specify the following on the purchase order:
Size: Outside diameter: 7.2, Table 3 Specified wall thickness 7.3
Pipe-to-Pipe Welds 7.6, Appendices A and B
Appendix HDelivery date and shipping instructions
Optional Purchaser Requirements
The purchaser should also state on the purchase order his requirements concerning the following stipulations, which are optional with the purchaser:
Nondestructive inspection for laminations 7.7.6 Radiographic Image Quality Indicator 8.6.5.2 Nondestructive Inspection of Standard-
Skelp End weld inspection by Ultrasound 8.6.6 Markings in SI (metric) units 9.1.1
Method of pipe-to-pipe welding Appendix A, B
Monogram marking (see Note 2) Appendix G
Requirements Subject To Agreement
The following stipulations are subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer:
Additional Skelp End Weld Inspection 8.6.4.2
Additional Inspection of Pipe-to-pipe welds 8.6.4.4 Type of X-ray Image Quality Indicator 8.6.5.2 Seam Weld Nondestructive Test Reference
This specification does not imply a preference for any specific material or process, nor does it suggest that all materials or processes are equal The purchaser should rely on their experience and the intended service of the pipe when selecting materials and processes.
Users should be aware that marking products with the API monogram is no longer mandatory While API still licenses the use of the monogram for products under this specification, its administration is handled separately by the Institute Details regarding the use of the monogram can be found in Appendix G Unauthorized use of the monogram is prohibited Licensees can mark products according to Appendix G or Section 9, while non-licensees may only mark products in accordance with Section 9.
5 Process of Manufacture and Material
Process Of Manufacture
Pipe furnished to this specification shall be welded as defined in 5.2.1.
Type Of Pipe
Electric welded pipe is defined as pipe having one longitudinal seam produced by the electric welding process defined in 5.4.1.1.
Types Of Welds
An electric-weld is a longitudinal seam weld produced by the electric-welding process defined in 5.4.1.1.
A skelp end weld is a type of butt weld that connects the ends of skelp These welds must be performed following a qualified welding procedure and can utilize gas-metal arc welding, plasma-arc welding, or gas tungsten arc welding It is essential that skelp end welds are made at right angles or at an acute angle to the skelp edges.
A pipe-to-pipe weld is a circumferential butt weld that connects two sections of pipe These welds must adhere to a qualified welding procedure and can be performed using gas-metal arc welding, plasma-arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, or a combination of these methods.
Welding Processes
Electric resistance or induction welding is a method that creates a seam by mechanically pressing the edges together, generating heat through the resistance to electric current flow.
Welds made with filler metals are for skelp-end welds and pipe-to-pipe welds only.
The welding process involves the coalescence of metals through heating via an arc between a continuous consumable electrode and the workpiece This method relies on an externally supplied gas or gas mixture for shielding, without the application of pressure, while the filler metal is sourced from the electrode itself.
The welding process involves the coalescence of metals through a constricted arc created between an electrode and the workpiece or a nozzle Shielding is provided by the hot ionized gas emitted from the torch, which can be enhanced with an additional source of shielding gas, either inert or a gas mixture The use of pressure in this process is optional.
The arc-welding process creates metal coalescence by utilizing an arc generated between a single tungsten electrode and the workpiece This method relies on gas for shielding, eliminating the need for pressure, and may involve the use of filler metal, although it is not always necessary.
Heat Treatment
The heat treating process must follow a documented procedure, ensuring that the weld seam and the entire heat affected zone undergo a normalizing heat treatment, followed by full body stress relief and/or tempering Alternative heat treatments or combinations of treatments and chemical compositions may be used if agreed upon by the purchaser and manufacturer In such cases, the manufacturer must demonstrate the effectiveness of the chosen method through a mutually agreed procedure, which may involve hardness testing, microstructural evaluation, and mechanical testing.
Note: During the manufacture of electric-welded pipe, the product is in motion through the surrounding air Normalizing is usually defined as
“cooling in still air”, hence the phrase “to simulate a normalizing heat treatment” is used here.
See 9.2.6 for applicable marking requirements.
Traceability
The manufacturer must implement and adhere to procedures that ensure the integrity of heat and master-coil identity until all necessary tests are completed and compliance with specification requirements is confirmed.
Chemical Properties
The pipe provided under this specification must meet the chemical requirements outlined in Table 1; however, alternative chemical compositions can be supplied if agreed upon by both the purchaser and the manufacturer.
Manufacturers have the discretion to use columbium, vanadium, titanium, or their combinations in pipe production While other elements may be included by mutual agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, it is crucial to carefully consider the quantity of these elements, as they can affect the weldability of the pipe based on its size and thickness.
For grades X52C to X65C, a reduction of 0.01% in the maximum carbon content allows for a corresponding increase of 0.05% in the maximum manganese content This increase is permitted up to a maximum of 1.45% for grade X52C, 1.60% for grades above X52C but below X70C, and 2.00% for grade X70C and higher.
Table 1—Chemical Requirements by Percentage of Mass
Each required analysis must at least determine the presence of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, along with chromium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, nickel, copper, titanium, and boron if they were added during the steel-making process Additionally, any other alloying elements introduced for purposes other than deoxidation should also be included in the analysis.
Mechanical Properties
6.2.1.1 All coiled line pipe products shall conform to the tensile requirements specified in Table 2 Tensile tests to determine conformance shall be conducted on samples taken prior to any spooling.
Spooling and unspooling coiled line pipe can decrease yield strength by about 5% to 10% due to the Bauschinger Effect Consequently, the pipe grade is determined based on tests performed prior to the initial spooling in the manufacturing process.
The yield strength shall be determined by the 0.2% offset method
When documenting elongation, it is essential to indicate the nominal width of the test specimen for strip specimens, or to specify when full section specimens are utilized.
Hardness (max) psi MPa Psi MPa Psi MPa HRC
The minimum elongation in 2.0 in (50.8 mm) shall be that determined by the following equation:
U.S Customary Equation SI (Metric) Equation e = 625,000 A 0.2 /U 0.9 1944 A 0.2 /U 0.9 where e = minimum elongation in 2.0 in (50.8 mm) in percent, to the nearest percent
The cross-sectional area (A) of the tensile test specimen is measured in square inches (in²) or square millimeters (mm²) It is determined based on the specified outside diameter or nominal specimen width, along with the specified wall thickness The area is then rounded to the nearest 0.01 in² (10 mm²) or 0.75 in² (485 mm²), whichever value is smaller.
U = specified minimum ultimate tensile strength, psi (MPa)
See Appendix C for minimum elongation values for various size tensile specimens and grades.
6.2.1.3 Hardness shall be measured on the surfaces of skelp-end and pipe-to-pipe welds
The acceptable criteria for flattening tests require that all pipe diameter to thickness ratios (D/t) be flattened to two-thirds of the original outer diameter (OD) without any weld openings For pipes with a D/t greater than 10, flattening should continue to one-third of the original OD, ensuring no cracks or breaks occur except at the weld Additionally, for all D/t ratios, flattening must continue until the opposite walls of the pipe meet, with no signs of lamination developing throughout the test.
Weld ductility for all pipes must be assessed using full-section specimens with a minimum length of 4 inches (152.4 mm), which are flattened at room temperature between parallel plates The weld should be oriented 90º from the direction of the applied force, where maximum bending occurs Cracks or breaks on the outside surface of the weld or parent metal must not exceed 0.125 inches (3.2 mm) in any direction until the distance between the plates is less than the value of S calculated by the specified equation However, cracks originating at the edge of the specimen that are shorter than 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) will not result in rejection.
US Customary Units SI (Metric) Units
S = distance between flattening plates, in (mm), t = specified wall thickness of the pipe, in (mm),
D = specified outside diameter of the pipe, in (mm).
All grades of coiled line pipe must undergo a flaring test as outlined in section 8.3.3 The test's acceptable criterion requires that there be no cracking in the weld seam region or base metal, with a minimum internal diameter (ID) expansion defined as ID f in section 8.3.3.
Fracture toughness testing for Charpy v-notch energy is essential, taking into account the diameter and thickness limitations of the ordered pipe When feasible, transverse specimens should be machined in full size, 2/3 size, or 1/2 size, using tapered-end, non-flattened, or flattened specimens If not possible, longitudinal specimens limited to 1/2 size may be used Specimens must be oriented circumferentially, 90º from the weld, with the notch axis aligned with the pipe wall thickness Testing is conducted at 32ºF (0ºC), with acceptance criteria of 20 ft-lb (27 joules) average and 15 ft-lb (20 joules) minimum for full size transverse specimens, and 30 ft-lb (41 joules) average and 20 ft-lb (27 joules) minimum for full size longitudinal specimens Alternative tests may be agreed upon and specified in the purchase order if machining the required specimens is not feasible.
To ensure compliance with section 5.5, all pipes must undergo metallographic examination of a weld cross section to demonstrate that the entire heat affected zone has been heat treated This examination is required to be conducted on both ends of each milled length.
7 Dimensions, Mass Per Unit Length, Defects, and End Finishes
General—dimensions And Mass Per Unit Length
Coiled line pipe will be provided in the specified outside diameters, wall thicknesses, and mass per unit length as outlined in Table 3 of the purchase order, including options for intermediate sizes not explicitly listed.
3 are available by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
Diameter
The outside diameter shall be within the tolerances specified in Tables 4 and 5 for product in the as-milled condition
For pipe sizes measuring 6 5/8 inches and smaller, diameter measurements must be taken using a snap gauge, caliper, or similar device that accurately measures the diameter across a single plane These measurements should be conducted at both ends of each milled length and reported as the maximum and minimum dimensions across all planes.
Wall Thickness
Each milled length of pipe must have its ends measured to ensure compliance with the specified wall thickness requirements The wall thickness should adhere to the tolerances outlined in Table 6, with the exception that the weld area is not subject to the upper tolerance limit Measurements should be taken using a mechanical caliper or a calibrated non-destructive inspection device that meets the necessary accuracy standards In the event of a dispute, measurements obtained with the mechanical caliper will take precedence.
Table 3—Coiled Line Pipe Dimensions, Mass per Unit Length and Test Pressures
Mass per Unit length wpe
Size Wall (in.) (in.)a (lb/ft) (in.) X52C X56C X60C X65C X70C X80C X90C
Table 3—Coiled Line Pipe Dimensions, Mass per Unit Length and Test Pressures (Continued)
Mass per Unit length wpe
Size Wall (in.) (in.)a (lb/ft) (in.) X52C X56C X60C X65C X70C X80C X90C
Table 3—Coiled Line Pipe Dimensions, Mass per Unit Length and Test Pressures (Continued)
Mass per Unit length wpe
Size Wall (in.) (in.)a (lb/ft) (in.) X52C X56C X60C X65C X70C X80C X90C
The mechanical caliper must be equipped with contact pins that have a circular cross-section of 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) in diameter The pin's end that touches the inside surface of the pipe should be rounded, with a maximum radius of d/4 and a minimum radius of 0.125 inch (3.2 mm) Additionally, the end of the pin that contacts the outside surface of the pipe can be either flat or rounded, with a radius of at least 1 1/2 inches (38.1 mm).
Note a: Outside diameter and wall thicknesses shown are subject to the tolerances seen in Tables 4 and 6 Inside diameters are calculated and are given here for information.
Table 4—Tolerances for Diameter of Pipe Body
Table 5—Tolerances for Diameter at Pipe Ends [Within 4 in (101.6 mm) of the Pipe End]
Size Designation Minus Tolerance Plus Tolerance
( 1 /16 in.) Table 6—Tolerances for Wall Thickness
Table 3—Coiled Line Pipe Dimensions, Mass per Unit Length and Test Pressures (Continued)
Mass per Unit length wpe
Size Wall (in.) (in.)a (lb/ft) (in.) X52C X56C X60C X65C X70C X80C X90C
Calculated Mass Per Unit Length
The mass per unit length, w pe , shall be calculated using the following equation and rounded to the nearest 0.01 lb./ft (0,01 kg/m):
US Customary Equation (lb./ft) = w pe = 10.69 (D-t)t
SI equation (kg/m) = w pe = 0.02466(D-t)t where w pe = mass per unit length rounded to the nearest 0.01 lb/ft (0.01 kg/m)
D = specified outside diameter, in (mm) t = specified wall thickness, in (mm)
Length
The pipe length will be determined as per the purchase order, with any agreements on overage or underage to be established between the manufacturer and the purchaser, and clearly outlined in the purchase order.
The accuracy of length measuring devices shall be ±1%.
Pipe-to-pipe Welds
According to the written agreement and as indicated on the purchase order, the manufacturer may weld two or more lengths of pipe together It is important to note that the weld surface hardness values must not exceed the limits specified in Table 2.
Workmanship And Defects
Defects are identified as imperfections that surpass the criteria outlined in sections 7.7.1 to 7.7.10 Manufacturers are required to implement all reasonable measures to reduce the occurrence of these imperfections, as well as any damage and defects.
Pipes must not have dents exceeding the specified wall thickness, measured from the lowest point of the dent to the original contour of the pipe Additionally, the length of any dent should not surpass half the diameter of the pipe Any cold-formed dents deeper than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) with a sharp bottom gouge are classified as defects, which can be addressed through grinding.
The radial offset of the skelp edges of the longitudinal weld shall not exceed 0.020 in (0.5 mm) or 0.1t, whichever is greater
The outside flash shall be trimmed to an essentially flush condition.
Where, by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, the inside flash is not to be removed, the following require- ments apply:
For pipes smaller than 3 1/2 inches, the inside flash must not extend more than 0.090 inches (2.3 mm) above the original inside surface or the specified wall thickness, t, whichever is less For pipes 3 1/2 inches and larger, the maximum flash height is limited to 0.125 inches (3.2 mm).
The inside flash must be trimmed and should not exceed 0.020 inches (0.5 mm) above the extension of the original inner surface of the pipe, unless otherwise agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer.
The inside diameter at which internal flash can not be trimmed should be determined during contract review.
The groove depth resulting from the removal of inside flash must not exceed the limits specified in Table 7, which varies according to wall thickness This groove depth is determined by measuring the wall thickness approximately 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) from the weld line and comparing it to the remaining wall beneath the groove.
Specified Wall Thickness (t) Maximum Depth of Trim
0.150 in (3.8 mm) and less 0.10t 0.151 in (3.9 mm) to 0.300 in (7.6 mm)
0.015 in (0.4 mm) 0.301 in (7.7 mm) and greater 0.05t
All cracks and leaks shall be considered defects.
Any lamination or inclusion that extends into the face or bevel of a pipe and measures over 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) is classified as a defect Pipes with such defects must be cut back until no lamination or inclusion exceeds this dimension Additionally, any lamination within the body of the pipe that is 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) or larger in its minor dimension is also deemed a defect.
Defects must be addressed according to section 8.6.9, items a or b The manufacturer is not obligated to conduct specific inspections for laminations or inclusions unless the purchaser requests special nondestructive testing in the purchase order.
Arc burns are localized points of surface melting caused by arcing between electrode or ground and pipe surface, and shall be considered defects
The disposal of pipes with arc burns must follow the guidelines outlined in section 8.6.9, with specific conditions for defect removal through grinding Arc burns can be eliminated using grinding, chipping, or machining methods After removal, the cavity must be thoroughly cleaned and verified for complete damage removal using a 10% ammonium persulphate solution or a 5% nital solution If the damaged material is fully removed, the cavity can be smoothly integrated into the pipe's original contour through grinding, as long as the wall thickness remains within the specified limits.
7.7.8 Undercuts at Pipe-To-Pipe Welds
Undercutting of pipe-to-pipe welds refers to the reduction in thickness of the pipe wall adjacent to the weld It can be visually identified on the outside surface, while the inside surface requires radiographic or ultrasonic methods for detection Minor undercutting is defined as acceptable without repair or grinding if it meets specific criteria: a maximum depth of 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) not exceeding 10% of the wall thickness, with a maximum length of half the wall thickness and no more than two undercuts in any 1 foot (0.3 m) of weld length; or a maximum depth of 1/64 inch (0.40 mm) regardless of length.
Undercutting that exceeds the specifications outlined in Item (a) is classified as a defect For undercut defects with a depth not greater than 1/32 in (0.8 mm) and not exceeding 10% of the specified wall thickness, removal must be performed through grinding as per section 8.6.6, Item a However, for undercuts that exceed a depth of 1/32 in (0.8 mm) or 10% of the specified wall thickness, the disposition should follow the guidelines in section 8.6.9, Item b.
7.7.9 Pipe-to-Pipe Radial Offset
For all pipe, the radial offset at pipe-to-pipe welds shall not exceed 0.020 in (0.5 mm) or 0.1t, whichever is greater.
Any imperfections having a depth greater than 10% of the specified wall thickness shall be considered a defect See 8.6.5.6 for defects discovered during radiography.
Pipe Ends
Pipe shall be furnished with torch cut, unfinished or plain ends, unless otherwise specified on the purchase order.
Drift Testing
Each spool of coiled pipe must undergo testing along its entire length using a gauge ball of a mutually agreed diameter between the purchaser and the manufacturer, ensuring that the gauge ball can pass freely through the pipe.
Test Equipment
Test equipment that requires calibration and verification as per this Specification must undergo recalibration or reverification if it experiences unusual or severe conditions that could compromise its accuracy, prior to any further use.
Testing Of Chemical Composition
The pipe manufacturer shall report the heat analysis and one product analysis representing each heat of steel used in the produc- tion of pipe under this specification.
Manufacturers have the discretion to select samples for product analysis from finished pipes, skelp, tensile test specimens, or flattening test specimens It is essential that these samples are taken from a location that is at least 90° away from the electric weld.
Testing Of Mechanical Properties
Manufacturers have the option to conduct longitudinal tests using either a full section specimen or a strip specimen taken from finished pipe It is important to note that the strip specimen must be tested without any flattening.
The specimens' type and size must be documented, with strip specimens measuring approximately 1.5 inches (38.1 mm) in gauge length This measurement is applicable when using appropriately curved face testing grips or when the specimen ends are machined to minimize curvature in the grip area.
Figure 1—Tensile Test Full Section Specimen
Figure 2—Orientation of Tensile Test Strip Specimen in Pipe
Tensile test strip specimens should be approximately 3/4 inch (19.0 mm) wide for pipe sizes 4 1/2 inches and smaller, and about 1 inch (25.4 mm) wide for pipe sizes larger than 3 1/2 inches If curved face grips are unavailable, the ends of the specimens may be flattened without heating.
A tensile test must be conducted on pipe from each heat produced, ensuring consistency in size, specified wall thickness, manufacturing process, and design control parameters Tests are required from both ends of each spool, with at least one tensile test performed for every 16,000 ft (4876.6 m) of pipe measuring 5 9/16 inches or smaller, and for every 8,000 ft (2438.3 m) of larger pipe.
Tensile tests conducted at the ends of milled lengths can replace the tensile tests mandated for every 16,000 feet (4876.6 m) or less of pipe measuring 5 9/16 inches and smaller, or for every 8,000 feet (2438.3 m) or less of larger pipes This substitution also applies to the tensile tests required for each heat, size, and wall thickness.
Flattening tests are required for every milled length of welded pipe, with one set of tests conducted on specimens from each end If a section is removed due to a defective longitudinal weld, tests must be performed on specimens from the usable ends Each set of flattening tests includes one test with the weld positioned at zero degrees and another at 90 degrees.
For coiled pipe produced from different heats, a flattening test must be conducted on pipes from each heat that share the same size, specified wall thickness, manufacturing process, and design control parameters.
One flare test shall be performed from each end of the continuously milled length of coiled pipe in accordance with ASTM A 450, except for the following details
Specimens measuring about 4 inches (101.6 mm) in length must be flared over a mandrel with a 60º included angle until the pipe's inside diameter expands by at least 21% without any cracking Prior to testing, the ID flash may be ground flush The formula for determining the minimum required inside diameter (ID f) after the flaring process is provided below.
ID f = required minimum inside diameter of the pipe after flaring, in (mm).
ID = calculated inside diameter, in (mm).
For coiled pipe produced from different heats, a flaring test must be conducted on pipe from each heat that shares the same size, specified wall thickness, manufacturing process, and design control parameters.
The minimum testing requirements for milled lengths of coiled line pipe stipulate that a weld ductility test must be conducted for every 16,000 feet (4876.6 m) of pipe that is 5 9/16 inches or smaller, and for every 8,000 feet (2438.3 m) of pipe that exceeds this size.
5 9 /16 The flattening tests of 8.3.2 which meet the weld ductility test requirements may be used for weld ductility tests.
Hydrostatic Tests
Hydrostatic testing shall be performed on finished lengths of coiled line pipe, spooled on the shipping reel, after all weld pro- cesses have been completed.
Each completed coiled length of pipe must endure a hydrostatic test without leakage, adhering to the pressure requirements outlined in section 8.4.3 These tests should be performed after nearly all air has been eliminated from the coiled pipe According to Table 3, the test pressures must be maintained for a minimum of 15 minutes, with a permissible drop of no more than 100 psig (0.7 MPa) during the final 15 minutes of the test.
Each milled length of pipe must be tested to the required pressure, with testers equipped with recording gauges to document the test pressure and duration These records must be accessible for inspection by the purchaser at the manufacturer's facility Additionally, the test pressure measuring device must be calibrated using a dead weight tester or an equivalent method within four months prior to each use, with calibration records retained as specified in section 11.2.
The minimum test pressure must adhere to the standard pressure specified in Table 3, or it may be set at an intermediate or higher level as determined by the manufacturer, unless the purchaser imposes specific limitations Alternatively, a higher pressure can be mutually agreed upon by both the purchaser and the manufacturer For grades, outside diameters, and wall thicknesses not included in the table, the minimum test pressure will be calculated using the equation provided in Note 2 Additionally, all test pressures should be rounded to the nearest 100 psig or 0.1 MPa.
The hydrostatic test pressures mentioned are intended solely for inspection purposes and should not be used as a design basis, as they do not directly correlate with working pressures.
Note 2: The test pressures given in Table 3 were computed by the following equation and rounded to the nearest 100 psig or 0.1 MPa
Note 3: The test pressures are limited to 15,000 psi (103.4 MPa) to accommodate hydrostatic tester limitations.
US Customary Equation SI (Metric) Equation
P = hydrostatic test pressure, psi (MPa)
S y = specified minimum yield strength, psi (MPa) t = specified wall thickness, in (mm)
D = specified outside diameter, in (mm)
Dimensional Testing
All measuring instruments used for acceptance or rejection must have their accuracy verified at least once per operating shift This verification includes inspecting snap gauges and gauge balls for wear and ensuring they conform to specified dimensions For rules, length measuring tapes, and other non-adjustable devices, a visual check for the legibility of markings and general wear of fixed reference points is required Additionally, the adjustable and non-adjustable status of measuring devices utilized by the manufacturer must be documented.
Measuring equipment that requires calibration or verification under this Specification must be recalibrated or reverified if it has been exposed to unusual or severe conditions that could compromise its accuracy before being used.
Nondestructive Inspection
Upon request in the purchase order, the manufacturer will arrange a demonstration for the purchaser or their representative during production This demonstration will utilize either materials currently in progress or sample lengths of similar materials that showcase specific natural or artificially produced defects as outlined in sections 8.6.5.5, 8.6.5.6, 8.6.6, or 8.6.7.2 If the purchase order specifies inspection by the purchaser, the guidelines in Appendix F will be applicable.
According to ASNT Recommended Practice No SNT-TC-1A, or an equivalent standard, NDT personnel must meet specific qualification criteria, excluding the visual method If personnel have not engaged in a previously qualified NDT method for over 12 months, they are required to undergo requalification NDT activities should be carried out by certified Level I, II, or III personnel.
Evaluation of indications shall be performed by Level I personnel under the supervision of Level II or III personnel, or by Level II or III personnel.
Inspections beyond surface examination and wall thickness verification must adhere to relevant ASTM standards or their equivalents The required inspection methods include: Electromagnetic (flux leakage) E 570, Electromagnetic (eddy-current) E 309, Ultrasonic Inspection E 164 and E 213, Ultrasonic (weld seam) E 273, Magnetic Particle E 709, Radiographic Inspection E 94, and Liquid Penetrant E 165.
The skelp or pipe surfaces must undergo inspection to identify surface defects through a method comparable to visual inspection Acceptable techniques include optical or electromagnetic methods that have proven effective in detecting such defects.
Visual inspection of welds and imperfection verification must be carried out by trained personnel who can effectively detect and assess surface imperfections These inspectors should possess visual acuity that complies with the standards set forth in ASNT Recommended Practice No SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent guideline.
Skelp End Welds must undergo radiographic inspection in their skelp form, as specified in section 8.6.5 Alternative inspection methods, including ultrasound, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant inspections, may be utilized if agreed upon by both the purchaser and the manufacturer, as outlined in the purchase order.
Seam welds must undergo full-length (100%) inspection using ultrasonic or electromagnetic methods as outlined in sections 8.6.7.1 to 8.6.7.4 The placement of equipment within the manufacturer's facility is determined by the manufacturer Additionally, if specified in the purchase order and agreed upon by both the purchaser and manufacturer, electric welds are to be nondestructively inspected in accordance with SR21 (refer to Appendix E).
Pipe-to-pipe welds must be inspected using radiographic or ultrasonic techniques Alternative inspection methods, including magnetic particle and liquid penetrant inspections, may be utilized if agreed upon by both the purchaser and the manufacturer, as specified in the purchase order.
8.6.5 Radiographic Inspection of Skelp End Welds and Pipe-To-Pipe Welds
The homogeneity of skelp-end and pipe-to-pipe welds will be assessed using radiographic methods, involving x-rays directed through the weld material onto radiographic film or a detector This process will display the results on a screen and ensure permanent recording through a digital medium, given that sufficient sensitivity is achieved.
The reference standard for image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be the ASTM hole-type IQI or the ASTM and ISO wire-type IQIs, as specified in the relevant tables Alternatively, other standard IQIs may be utilized if agreed upon by the purchaser and manufacturer, ensuring that equivalent or superior sensitivity is maintained.
8.6.5.2.1 ISO Wire Image Quality Indicator
The ISO wire-type image quality indicator must conform to Fe 6/12 or Fe 10/16 as per ISO Standard 1027, referencing Tables 8 and 9 for the correct wall thickness When positioned across the weld, the wire diameter should account for the specified wall thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement thickness, ensuring it does not exceed the maximum limit Conversely, when the indicator is placed on the base metal, the wire diameter should be determined solely by the specified wall thickness.
The ASTM image quality indicator must comply with Table 10 based on the specified wall thickness It can be either a wire type, following ASTM Standard E 747, or a hole type, adhering to ASTM Standard E 1025 Sensitivity adjustments can be made through mutual agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, as noted in the purchase order.
Table 8—ISO Wire 4 Percent Image Quality Indicators Table 9—ISO Wire 2 Percent Image Quality Indicators
Wire Over Through Wire diameter Wire Over Through Wire diameter
# in mm in mm in mm # in mm in mm in mm
Table 10—ASTM Image Quality Indicator
8.6.5.3 Frequency of Use of Image Quality Indicator
The image quality indicator shall be used to check the sensitivity and adequacy of the radiographic technique on each skelp-end weld and each pipe-to-pipe weld.
During the adjustment of radiographic technique sensitivity using the image quality indicator, the skelp or pipe must remain stationary Proper sensitivity is achieved when either the individual wires of the ISO image quality indicator or the 2T hole in the ASTM image quality indicator are clearly discernible.
8.6.5.4 Acceptance Limits for Radiographic Inspection
Radiographic examination shall be capable of detecting weld imperfections and defects as described in 8.6.5.6 and 8.6.5.7.
8.6.5.5 Imperfections Observed During Radiographic Inspection
The maximum acceptable size and distribution of three dimensional discontinuities within the welds are as follows:
For skelp end welds, the maximum acceptable size is determined by the chosen image quality indicator, which should not exceed the size of the hole in the ASTM image quality indicator or the width of the wire in the ISO or ASTM image quality indicators.
2 No more than two such imperfections shall be permitted in any 6 in (152.4 mm) length of weld
For pipe-to-pipe welds, the allowable imperfections are limited to a maximum of three indications larger than 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) in any dimension, or up to ten indications larger than 1/64 inch (0.4 mm) in any dimension, within a 6-inch (152.44 mm) length of weld.
8.6.5.6 Defects Observed During Radiographic Inspection
Cracks, lack of complete penetration, lack of complete fusion and imperfections greater in size and/or distribution than given in 8.6.5.5, as indicated by radiographic examination, shall be considered defects.
8.6.5.7 Disposition of Defects Observed During Radiographic Inspection
Any weld defect detected as a result of radiographic examination shall be rejected Disposition of the pipe containing the defect shall be in accordance with 8.6.9.
8.6.5.8 Inspection by Other Nondestructive Test Methods
All welds shall be free from two-dimensional defects Cracks or other two-dimensional defects found by any means, shall be rejected
8.6.6 Ultrasonic Inspection of Skelp-End Welds
Test Methods
Methods and practices relating to chemical analysis shall be performed in accordance with ASTM A 751 Calibrations performed shall be traceable to established standards.
The tensile testing procedure must adhere to ASTM A 370 standards, ensuring that all tests measure yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation These tests are to be conducted at room temperature using the specified specimens.
Tensile test machines shall have been calibrated within 12 months preceding any test in accordance with the procedures of ASTM
E 4 Where yield strength is determined by the use of extensometers, such extensometers shall be calibrated within the preceding
12 months in accordance with the procedures of ASTM E 83.
Invalidation Of Tests
If any portion of the fracture extends beyond the middle third of the gauge length, as indicated by pre-test scribe scratches on the specimen, a retest is permitted.
Any test specimen exhibiting defects in preparation or material unrelated to the specific mechanical test may be discarded and replaced with another specimen from the same length of pipe, regardless of whether these imperfections are observed before or after testing.
Retests
If the heat analysis or product analysis does not meet the specified requirements, the manufacturer may choose to reject the heat or conduct two recheck analyses using two additional samples from the heat.
If both recheck analyses meet the specified requirements, the heat will be accepted, excluding the master-coil from which the initial failed sample was taken However, if one or both recheck analyses do not conform, the manufacturer may choose to reject the heat or test the remaining portions individually for compliance with the specified requirements.
For individual testing, it is essential to analyze only the rejecting element or elements Recheck analysis samples must be collected from the same locations designated for product analysis samples.
If a tensile test specimen does not meet the specified requirements, the manufacturer can retest two additional specimens from the same milled length Acceptance of the milled length occurs if both retested specimens conform; otherwise, the manufacturer may retest two more samples within 50 ft (15.2 m) of the milled length's end, focusing only on the specific requirements that were not met The segment used for retesting must be discarded, and if either of these tests fails, the entire milled length will be rejected Retest specimens must be taken in the same manner as the original failed specimen, which may have been coiled.
If the flattening test does not meet the specified requirements, the manufacturer can retest two additional specimens from the failed end or areas near pipe-to-pipe welds, alternating the weld orientation at 0º and 90º Should one or both retested specimens fail, the manufacturer may conduct further tests within 50 ft (15.2 m) of the milled length's end or the pipe-to-pipe region, focusing only on the specific requirements that were not met If this subsequent test also fails, the affected milled strip length will be rejected, and additional strips within the spooled length will undergo inspection according to the flattening test requirements Retest specimens must be collected in the same manner as the original failed specimens.
If the flaring test does not meet the specified requirements, the manufacturer can retest two additional specimens from the same region of the milled length Acceptance of the milled length occurs if both retested specimens conform; otherwise, further testing may be conducted within 50 ft (15.2 m) of the end of the milled length, focusing only on the specific requirements that were not met If this subsequent test also fails, the affected milled strip length will be rejected, and further strips within the spooled length will undergo inspection according to flare testing requirements Retest specimens must be taken in the same manner as the original failed specimen.
General
Pipe manufactured in conformance with this specification shall be marked by the manufacturer on the shipping reel as specified herein
Length and hydrostatic test pressure markings must be in US customary units If specified in the purchase order, these markings can also include SI units or be solely in SI units However, if not specified, manufacturers may choose to mark pipes intended for use in SI system countries exclusively in metric units.
9.1.2 Additional markings including those for compatible standards following the specification marking are allowed and may be applied as desired by the manufacturer or as requested by the purchaser.
Sequence Of Markings
The sequence of identification markings shall be as specified in 9.2.1 – 9.2.8.
Manufacturer’s name or mark shall be the first identifying mark, followed by manufacturer’s spool number.
Spec 5LCP shall be marked when the product is in complete compliance with this Specification.
Products in compliance with multiple compatible standards may be marked with the name of each standard.
The size and specified wall thickness or the applicable intermediate outside diameter and specified wall thickness shall be marked.
The symbols to be used are as follows:
The symbols to be used are as follows: a Normalized or normalized and tempered—HN b Stress relieved—HS c Quench and tempered—HQ d Age hardened—HA
When the specified hydrostatic test pressure is higher than the tabulated pressure (Table 3), the word TESTED shall be marked followed by the test pressure in psi.
See Appendix E for supplementary requirements.
Length
In accordance with section 9.2, the length of all pipe sizes must be reported in feet, unless specified differently in the purchase order This measurement should be paint-stenciled on the outer surface of the shipping reel for the finished coiled line pipe.
Coatings
Coiled line pipe must be coated with an external protective film to prevent rust during storage or transit, unless specified otherwise The coatings should be smooth, ensuring they do not drain or evaporate from the pipe surface Additionally, the design of the coating must allow for easy uncoiling without binding the pipes together.
When ordering bare or specially coated pipes, the purchase order must clearly indicate the desired specifications For special coatings, it should specify whether the coating applies to the entire length of the pipe or if a certain distance from the end should remain uncoated It is important to note that unless stated otherwise, bare ends are typically coated for protection during transit.
Protection From Corrosion
10.2.1 Protection of Outer Diameter of Uncoated Pipe
To protect coiled line pipe without a corrosion-resistant coating from liquid water exposure, it is essential to wrap the shipping reel in plastic, cover the pipe with a suitable tarpaulin, or place the reel in a water-resistant container However, these protective measures are unnecessary if the coiled line pipe is stored in a dry warehouse.
For hydrostatic testing, the fluid must be treated to maintain a pH level between 7.2 and 10, and a corrosion inhibitor can be included in the test fluid to enhance protection against corrosion.
Following the completion of hydrostatic testing, the manufacturer must thoroughly remove all hydrostatic test fluid, gauging and fluid removal pigs, and any other debris from the interior of the coiled pipe A documented drying procedure should be implemented to effectively displace the test fluid If the purchaser specifies unique drying requirements for the interior surface, these must be clearly outlined in the purchase order.
10.2.4 Post Drying Coiled Pipe Preparation
Once the manufacturing of the coiled line pipe is finalized and it is prepared for shipment or storage, it must be filled with a dry, non-reactive gas and sealed at both ends For coiled line pipes that have been stored before shipment, it is essential to inspect the end seals If any seals are found to be broken, the manufacturer is required to repeat the drying process, refill the pipe with inert gas, and reseal the ends to ensure integrity.
Note: These procedures (drying, filling with non-reactive inert gas, and sealing) are required to help minimize ID corrosion before the coiled line pipe product is delivered.
The manufacturer shall establish procedures for maintaining traceability of heat, master coil, and skelp identity of all finished pipe with regard to all applicable chemical and mechanical test results.
Certification
The manufacturer must provide the purchaser with a compliance certificate confirming that the material has been produced, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with the specified standards, and that it meets all necessary requirements.
The manufacturer must provide essential data to the purchaser, including a certificate stating the API specification and revision date of the pipe, as well as details on diameter, wall thickness, grade, and heat treatment type Additionally, chemical analyses must be included, showing the mass percentages of all specified elements Test data for tensile tests, including yield strength and hardness, must be provided, along with the location of any welds and the minimum hydrostatic test pressure and duration The method of nondestructive inspection for weld seams, along with the type and size of image quality indicators used, should also be documented Furthermore, the minimum heat treatment temperature for weld seams, fracture toughness test results, and any supplemental testing required by the purchaser must be reported Lastly, the manufacturer should indicate the number of times the pipe has been spooled and certify the coiled pipe drying procedure.
Retention Of Records
Records of tests and inspections specified in Table 12 must be retained by the manufacturer for three years following the purchase date These records should be made available to the purchaser upon request.
Pipe-to-Pipe Butt Welds 11.1.1
Qualification of Personnel 8.6.2, Radiographic (Film or digital) 8.6.5.1, 11.1.1 Ultrasonic and Electromagnetic 8.6.7, 11.1.1 Supplemental weld seam inspection Appendix E, SR21, 11.1.1
Pipe-to-pipe welds must adhere to a qualified welding procedure and can be performed using gas-metal arc welding, plasma-arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, or a combination of these welding techniques.
To ensure proper welding, the ends of the pipes must be cut perpendicular to their axes and prepared according to the specified procedure Each weld should maintain a uniform cross section around the entire circumference of the pipe Additionally, the crowned surface of the weld must not be lower than the outer surface of the parent metal and should not exceed it by more than 1/32 inch (0.8 mm).
A.3 Pipe-to-Pipe Weld Location
The position of every pipe-to-pipe weld in relation to the reference end of the coiled pipe must be documented, along with records identifying the welder or operator responsible for the work.
All pipe-to-pipe welds in coiled pipe sections must undergo 100% inspection using either radiographic or ultrasonic methods Radiographic inspections should adhere to the procedures outlined in section 8.6.5, while ultrasonic shear wave inspections and acceptance criteria must comply with API Standard 1104.
Pipe-to-pipe welds failing to pass these tests shall be subject to disposition as stated in 8.6.6
Proper handling and storage of welding materials, following the manufacturer's guidelines, is essential to prevent moisture and contamination Additionally, it is important to conduct test welds on pipe stock.
The manufacturer is required to keep a record of the welding procedures and the results of procedure qualification tests Operators, including welders and welding machine operators, must be qualified according to ASME Section IX or API Std 1104 Upon request, copies of the welding procedure specification and procedure qualification record must be provided to the purchaser.
B.2 Skelp-End and Pipe-To-Pipe Welding Procedure Qualification
Welding procedures must be qualified by preparing and testing welds as outlined in this Appendix Manufacturers have the option to substitute tests from the latest ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, or API Standard 1104 In this context, automatic welding encompasses both machine welding and automatic welding as defined by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.
An existing procedure shall not be applicable and a new procedure must be qualified when any of the following essential vari- ables is changed beyond the stated limits:
1 A change in the welding process
2 A change in method, such as manual to semi-automatic.
1 A change in grade category When different alloying systems are used within one grade category, each alloying composi- tion must be separately qualified Grade categories are as follows:
2 Within each grade category, a material thicker than 1.5t for the grade qualified.
In the specified grade category and thickness range, the carbon equivalent (CE) of the material to be welded must exceed the CE of the qualified grade by more than 0.06 percentage points based on product analysis.
Note: CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15
1 A change in filler metal classification.
3 A change of more than 5% in the composition of the shielding gas.
4 A change of more than 20% in the flow rate of the shielding gas.
1 A change in the type of current (such as AC vs DC).
For automatic and semi-automatic welding, it is essential to establish schedules for welding current, voltage, and speed that accommodate various wall thicknesses Testing of specifically chosen points within these schedules is necessary to qualify the entire process A new qualification must be conducted if there is a deviation from the established schedule that exceeds specified limits.
• 20% in travel speed for automatic welding.
For manual and semi-automatic a change of weld bead width greater than 50%.
The addition or deletion of post-weld heat treatment.
B.2.2 MECHANICAL TESTING FOR PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION
B.2.2.1 Two specimens of skelp-end welds and/or pipe-to-pipe welds are required for qualification.
The transverse tensile test shall meet the following requirements:
1 Skelp-end welds: The manufacturer shall provide a documented procedure which stipulates how the transverse tensile test specimen is prepared and how the transverse tensile test shall be performed
Pipe-to-pipe welds can be tested using either a full-section pipe specimen or a strip specimen derived from a full pipe weld It is essential that the pipe-to-pipe weld is positioned perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the test specimen.
Weld reinforcement must be eliminated from both sides of the strip specimen or the outer diameter of the pipe Testing should adhere to a documented procedure, ensuring that the ultimate tensile strength meets or exceeds the minimum requirements for the specified pipe grade.
B.2.2.3 Guided Bend Test for Pipe-to-Pipe Welds
The transverse guided-bend test specimens must adhere to the specifications outlined in Figure B-1 and API 5L Fig C-2 Each specimen is to be positioned in the die with the weld at mid-span and the external surface under tension, then bent approximately 180° in a jig as per ASME Section IX, QW-462.3(a), Figure B-2, and Table B1 The test is deemed acceptable if there are no cracks or defects larger than 1/8 in (3.2 mm) in any direction within the weld metal or base metal post-bending, with the exception of cracks originating on the outer radius of the bend along the specimen's edges that are smaller than 1/4 in (6.4 mm) All procedures must be qualified according to ASME Section IX.
Figure B-1—Guided-bend Test Specimen
Note: Weld reinforcement shall be removed.
Every welder and operator must obtain qualification A welder or operator certified in a higher grade category is also qualified to work in any lower grade category, as long as the same welding process is employed.
To qualify, a welder or operator must produce welds that are acceptable as determined by film radiographic examination as out- lined in Section 8.
If the test in section B.3.1.2 is not passed, the welder or operator has the option to perform an additional qualification weld However, if this weld also fails the B.3.1.2 test, the welder or operator will be disqualified No further retesting is allowed until the welder has undergone additional training.