Tiêu chuẩn iso 20685 2 2015

© ISO 2015 Ergonomics — 3 D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometric databases — Part 2 Evaluation protocol of surface shape and repeatability of relative landmark position[.]

Er g onomics — 3-D scanning

Part 2:

Erg n mie — Méth dolo ie s d’e xploration tridimension e lle s

p ur le s b se s de do n e s a thro ométrique s comp tible s a pla

inte n tion l —

Partie 2: Protocole d’é alu tion de la frme e xtérieur et de la

ré éta ilité de s p sitions re latives de r pè e s

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F reword i v

Introduction v

1 Sc ope 1

2 Nor mati ve r eferenc es 1

3 Terms an definitions 1

4 Test pr otoc ol for evaluating sur face shape me surement 3

4.1 General aspe ts 3

4.2 Tes spher e 3

4.3 Pr oc dure 3

4.3.1 Measur ement of tes spher e 3

4.3.2 C lculation of q alty p r amete s 4

4.3.3 Rep rt 4

5 Test pr otoc ol for evaluating r epe tabiity of landmar k p sitio s 5

5.1 General aspe ts 5

5.2 Tes o je t 5

5.3 L ndmar ks 5

5.4 Pr oc dure 6

5.4.1 Measur ement 6

5.4.2 C lculation of q alty p r amete 7

5.4.3 Rep rt 7

6 Evaluatio of hidden ar ea 7

6.1 General aspe t 7

6.2 Re ruitment of subje ts 7

6.3 Pos ur e contr ol an measur ement 7

6.4 Pr oc dure to ev luate the hid en area 8

6.5 Report 8

A nne x A (informative)S mple of test o ject 9

A nne x B (informative)Example of test and rep r t 11

A nne x C (informative) E ample of r eport of evaluatio of hidden area 17

A nne x D (informative) Simultaneo s superimpositio of landmark c oordinate data from 10 s ans 19

Biblog raphy 20

ISO (he Int ernational Org nization for Stan ardization) is a worldwidefede ation of national s an ards

b dies (ISO membe b dies) The work of pr p ring Int ernational Stan ards is normaly car ied out

through ISO t ech ical committ ees Each membe b dy int er st ed in a subje t for w hich a t ech ical

committ ee has be n es a lshed has the right t o be r pr sent ed on that committ ee Int ernational

org nizations, g ove nmental an non-g ove nmental, in laison with ISO, also take part in the work

ISO cola orat es closely with the Int ernational Ele trot ech ical C mmis ion (IEC) on al matt ers of

ele trot ech ical s an ardization

The proc d r s used t o develo this document an those int en ed for it furthe maint enanc ar

desc ibed in the ISO/IEC Dir ctives, Part 1 In p rticular the dife ent a pro al c it eria ne ded for the

dife ent ty es of ISO document should be not ed This document was draft ed in ac ordanc with the

edit orial rules of the ISO/IEC Dir ctives, Part 2 ( e www.iso.org dir ctives)

A tt ention is drawn t o the p s ibi ity that some of the element of this document ma be the subje t of

p t ent right ISO shal not be held r sponsible for identifying any or al such p t ent right Detais of

any p t ent right identified d ring the develo ment of the document wi be in the Introd ction an / r

on the ISO ls of p t ent de larations r c ived ( e www.iso.org p t ent )

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenienc of use s an does not

cons itut e an en orsement

F or an ex lanation on the meaning of ISO spe ific t erms an ex r s ions r lat ed t o conformity

as es ment, as wel as information a out ISO’ s adhe enc t o the WTO principles in the Te h ical

Bar ie s t o Trade (TBT) se the fol owing URL: F or word - Sup lementary information

The committ ee r sp nsible for this document is ISO/TC 1 9, Erg n mic s , Subcommitt ee SC 3,

Anthro ometry a d biomecha ic s

ISO 2 68 consis s of the folowing p rt , un e the g ene al title 3-D sc an in meth dolo ies fr

inte n tio ally c omp tible a thro ometric data ases:

— Part 2 : Ev lu tio protoc ol o s urfc e sha e a d r peata i t y o r lative la dmark p s itio s

A r vision of ISO 2 6 5:2 1 is un e pr paration;w hen r vised, it wi be ome

— Part 1: Ev lu tio protoc ol fr b dy dimens io s ex trac ted from 3-D b dy s c ans

Anthro ometric measur s ar key t o many Int ernational Stan ards These measur s can be g the ed

using a v riety of ins rument An ins rument with r latively new a plcation t o anthro ometry is a

thr e-dimensional (3-D ) scan e 3-D scan e s g ene at e a 3-D p int clou of the out ide of the h man

b dy that can be used in a n mbe of situations inclu ing clothing an a ut omotive design, engine ring

an medical a plcations R ec ntly, digital h man models ar c eat ed from a 3-D p int clou , an used

for v rious a plcations r lat ed t o t echnolo ical design proc s Q ualty control of scan-extract ed

anthro ometric data is important sinc r q ir d q alty can dife ac ording t o a plcations

The e ar a n mbe of dife ent fun amental t echnolo ies that un e l e comme cialy a aia le

sy st ems These inclu e st er o hot ogrammetry, ultrasou d an lght (lase l ght, w hit e l ght an

infrar d), among othe s Furthe , the sof war that is a aia le t o proc s data from the scan v ries in

it methods A dditional y, methods t o extract lan mark positions ar dife ent betwe n comme cialy

a ai a le sy st ems In some sy st ems, anthro ometris s de ide landmark locations an p st e marker

s icke s, an scanne sy st em calculat e locations of marker s icke s an identify their names, w hie in

othe sy st ems, lan mark p sitions ar a ut omatical y calculat ed from the surfac sha e data Qual ty of

lan mark locations ha e signif icant efe t on the q al ty of scan-extract ed 1-D measur ment as wel

as digital h man models c eat ed b sed on these lan marks

As a r sult of dife enc s in fun amental t ech olo y, hardwar an sof war , the q alty of b dy surfac

sha e and lan mark locations from seve al dife ent sy st ems can be dife ent for the same in ivid al

Sinc 3-D scan ing can be used t o g the these data, it was imp rtant t o develo an Int ernational

Stan ard that alow s use s of such sy st ems as wel as use s ofscan-extract ed measur ment t o ju g e

w hethe the 3-D sy st em is adeq at e for these ne ds

The int ent of this p rt of ISO 2 68 is t o ensur the q alty control proc s of b dy scan e s, espe ialy

that ofsurfac sha e an locations of lan marks as spe if ied b ISO 7 5 -1

Er g onomics — 3-D scanning methodolog ies for

Part 2:

This part of ISO 2 68 ad r s es prot ocols for t es ing of 3-D surfac -scan ing sy st emsin the acq isition

of h man b dy sha e data an measur ment It does not a ply t o ins rument that measur the motion

of in ivid al lan marks

Whi e mainly conc rned with w hole-b dy scan e s, it is also a plca le t o b dy-segment scan e s

(head scan e s, han scan e s, fo t scan e s) This Int ernational Stan ard a ples t o b dy scan e s

that measur the h man b dy in a single view When a han -held scanne is ev luat ed, it has t o be not ed

that the h man o e at or can contribut e t o the o e al e ror When sy st ems ar ev luat ed in w hich the

subje t is rotat ed, movement art efact can be introd c d;these can also contribut e t o the o e al e ror

This p rt of ISO 2 6 5 a ples t o the lan mark p sitions det ermined b an anthro ometris It does not

a ply t o lan mark p sitions aut omaticaly calculat ed b sof war from the point clou

The q alty ofsurfac sha e of the h man b dy an lan mark p sitions is influenc d b pe formanc

of scanne sy st ems an h mans inclu ing measur rs an subje t This p rt of ISO 2 6 5 ad r s es

the pe formanc of scanne sy st ems b using art efact rathe than h man subje t as t es o je t

Traditional ins rument ar r q ir d to be ac urate to mi lmetr Their ac ura cy can be ve ified b

comparing the ins rument with a scale calbrated ac ording to an international s an ard of length To

ve ify or spe ify the a ccuracy of b dy scan e s, a calbrated tes o je t with k own form an siz is used

The int en ed a udienc is those w ho use 3-D b dy scan e s t o c eat e 3-D anthro ometric data ases

inclu ing 3-D lan mark locations, the use s of these data, an scan e designe s an man factur rs

This p rt of ISO 2 68 int ends t o pro ide the basis for the a r ement on the pe formanc of b dy

scanne s betwe n scan e use s an scanne pro ide s as wel as betwe n 3-D anthro ometric

data ase pro ide s an data use s

2 Normati ve r eferences

The folowing document , in w hole or in p rt, ar normatively r fe enc d in this document an ar

in ispensa le for it a pl cation F or dat ed r fe enc s, only the edition cit ed a pl es F or u dat ed

r fe enc s, the lat es edition of the r fe enc d document ( inclu ing any amen ment )a pl es

ISO 7 5 -1, B as ic h ma b dy meas ur ments fr techn lo ic al des ig — Part 1: B ody meas ur ment

de initio s a d la dmark s

ISO 1 3 0-8, G eometric al produc t s pec ific atio s (GPS)— Ac c epta c e a d r ve ific atio tes ts fr c oordin te

meas urin sys tems (CMS) — Part 8: CMMs w ith o tic al di s ta c e s ens ors

ISO 2 68 , 3-D sc an in meth dolo ies fr internatio ally c omp tible a thro ometric data as es

3 Terms and definitions

F or the purposes of this document, the folowing t ermsand definitions a ply

er or of spherical form me surement

e ror within the rang e of the Gaus ian radial dis anc , det ermined b a leas -sq ar s fit of measur d

data point on a t es sphe e

Not e 1 to entry: Er or of sp erical form me surement is as ociated with the performance of the b d s an er

an the sp ericity of the t est sp ere

3.2

spherical form disper io v alue

smales width of a sphe ical shel that inclu es n % of al the measur d data p int

Not e 1t o entry: S e Figure 1, right

Not e 2 t o entry: n should be 9 %

3.3

standard deviation of radial distances

s an ard deviation of radial dis anc s from measur d data p int an bes -f it sphe e

Not e 1 t o entry: Stan ard deviation of radial dis anc s is an in icat or of e ror of sphe ical form

measur ment an is highly cor elat ed with e ror of sphe ical form measur ment ( 90% )

3.4

er or of diameter me surement

e ror of the diamet er of a leas -sq ar s f it of measur d data p int on a tes sphe e

Not e 1t o entry: S e Figure 1, lef

Not e 2t o entry: It is calculat ed as the me sured diameter min s the calibrat ed diameter

2 sp erical from disper ion value (n)

3 centr e of the b st-fit sp er e

d diameter of the b st-fit sp er e

r r adial distance of a me sur ed data point r om the centre of the b st-fit sp er e

NOTE Sp erical form disper ion value (n ), in which n % of the me sured data points are located, is shown as

the radial thick es of the shaded are of the right f igure Sp erical form disper ion value (n ) is calculat ed as the

1 0 – n 2 per entile value min s n 2 per entile value of the radial distances of the me sured data points from

the centre of the b st-f it sp ere

Figure 1 — Er or of diameter me surement and spherical form disper io v alue

4 Test protocol for evaluating surfac e shape measurement

4.1 General aspects

The environmental con itions shal cor esp n t o the o e ating conditions of the 3-D b dy scan e

When o e ation mode ne ds t o be modif ied t o measur thet es o je t, it shal be spe if ied in the r p rt

4.2 Test sphere

Sphe e made of st eel, c ramic, or othe suita le mat erials with difusely r fle ting surfac ar used t o

det ermine the q al ty paramet er sphe ical form dispe sion v lue an e ror of diamet er measur ment

It is desira le that the diamet er of the sphe e should be larg er than 1 % of the larg es dimension of a

r ctangular p ralelepiped scan ing v lume

The diamet er and form of the t es sphe e shal be calbrat ed, an a cal bration c rtificat e shal be

a ai a le Sinc the form deviation an the rough es of the t es sphe e influenc the t es r sult ,

e ror of sphe ical form measur ment in the c rtificat e shal be smale than one f if h of the ma imum

pe mis ible e ror det ermined b the body scan e man factur r

The surfac pro e ties of the t es sphe e ma significantly afe t the t es r sult The mat erial of t es

sphe e shal be r p rt ed

The r fe enc sphe e sup led with the b dy scanne for the cal bration purp ses shal not be used

for thistes

Ex mple of sphe e is shown in Annex A

4.3 Proc edure

4.3.1 Me sur ement of test sp ere

The sphe e shal be measur d at leas nine dife ent p sitions within the scan ing v lume Measur ment

p sitions shal inclu e the folowing nine p sitions (Figur 2): p sition 1 is the c ntr of the scanning

v lume on the flo r; p sition 2 t o position 5 ar 5 0 mm, 1 0 0 mm, 1 5 0 mm, an 2 0 0 mm of the

flo r, a o e p sition 1; p sition 6 an p sition 7 ar 2 0 mm ant erior t o or p st erior t o the c ntr

p sition an 1 0 0 mm of the flo r; p sition 8 an p sition 9 ar 40 mm right or lef t o the c ntr

p sition and 10 0 mm of the flo r

When the sphe e cannot be measur d at p sitions desc ibed a o e d e t o a smale scanning v lume,

measur the sphe e at a position closes t o the int en ed p sition, an r cord the ex ct position

Figure 2 — Me surement positio s of the sphere

4.3.2 Calculatio of qualty par ameter s

Data p int from o je t othe than the t es sphe e, such as a trip d, shal be delet ed man al y Outlying

data p int d e t o r fle tion can bealso r mo ed

Centr of a bes -fit sphe e iscalculat ed from the measur d data p int Calculat e radial dis anc s from

the c ntr of the bes -fit phe e t o al data p int Thediamet er of the bes -f it sphe eis calculat ed as the

mean of al radial dis anc s

Er or of diamete measur ment is calculated as the diamete of the bes -f it sphe e min s the

calbrated diamete

Sphe ical form dispe sion v lue ( 90 % ) is calculat ed as 9 pe c ntie v lue min s 5 pe c ntie v lue of

the radial dis anc s

Stan ard deviation of al radial dis anc s shal be calculat ed

4.3.3 Repor t

Mat erial an calbration r sult of t es sphe e (diamet er an pro ing dispe sion v lue) shal be r p rt ed

F or each p sition, actual measur ment position, e ror of diamet er measur ment, sphe ical form

dispe sion v alue (90 % ), an s an ard deviation of radial dis anc s from measur d data point an the

bes -fit sphe e shal be r p rted Figur s of measur d data p int of t es sphe e help int erpr ting r sult

Ex mple of t es proc d r an r p rt ar shown in An ex B

5 Test protocol for evaluating r epeatabi ity oflandmar k positions

5.1 General aspects

The environmental con itions shal cor esp n t o the o e ating conditions of the 3-D b dy scan e

When o e ation mode ne ds t o be modif ied t o measur thet es o je t, it shal be spe if ied in the r p rt

5.2 Test object

An anthro omorphic d mmy r pr senting the siz an sha e of a natural h man, rathe than an

ideal z d h man, shal be used It is desira le that the d mmy has no mo a le p rt , an the p s ur

r commen ed in ISO 2 68 for cir umfe enc s It is furthe desira le that it be made of FRP (f ibr

r infor ed plas ics), metal or othe suita le mat erials with a difuse r fle ting surfac The lan marks

t o be ev luat ed should be pr marked on the d mmy

An ex mple of d mmy is shown in Annex A

5.3 Landmar ks

L n marks t o be ev luat ed ar lst ed in Ta le 1 Among the 47 landmarks, #1 t o #2 ar defined in

ISO 2 6 5, and shal be ev luat ed L n marks #3 t o #47 ar o tional When lan marks othe than

those lst ed in Ta le 1 ne d t o be ev luat ed, these lan marks ar n mbe ed from #48

Befor measur ment, marker s ickers ar p st ed on lan mark p sitions t o be ev luat ed Marker

s icke s should be chosen t o be a pro riat e for the scanne being t est ed

Table 1 — Landmarks to be evaluated

# L n mark Clause # in ISO 2 68

5.4 Proc edure

5.4.1 Me surement

The d mmy shal be scan ed 1 times Aft er each scan, d mmy shal be slghtly mo ed t o simulat e the

v ariation in the s an ing p sition of h man subje t Variation in p sition shal inclu e ant ero-post erior

an lat eral translations an rotational dife enc s The 1 p sitions shown in Ta le 2 ar r commended

Table 2 — Recommended positio s to s an the d mmy

1 T e b se position, the position where h man subjects stan

2 1 mm anterior to the b se position

3 1 mm post erior t o the b se position

4 1 mm right to the b se position

5 1 mm lef to the b se position

Table 1 (c ontin ed)

# Position

6

R otate cou ter -clockwise: place only the right he l anterior to the b se position

by 1 mm

7 R otate clockwise: place only the lef he l anterior to the b se position by 1 mm

8 1 mm ant erior t o the b se position, an rotat e cou t er -clockwise as position #

9 1 mm posterior t o the b se position, an rotate clockwise as position #7

1 T e b se position

5.4.2 Calculatio of qualty par ameter

L n mark co rdinat es ar o tained for each scan using a aia le method

Only those lan mar ks that can be o tained from al 1 scans ar used to calculate q alty p rameters The

1 lan mar k p sition data ar supe imposed sim ultaneously S e Annex D for an ex mple of proc d r

Aft er the supe imp sition, for each landmark, the e ror is calculat ed as the dis anc betwe n

cor esp n ing lan mark positions for al p s ible pairs of lan mark p sition data (N =

1C

2

= 45) F or

each lan mark, mean e ror an ma imum e rors ar calculat ed as the q alty p ramet ers

Annex D ex lains methods of simultaneous supe imposition of lan mark data o tained from 1 scans

5.4.3 Report

Mat erial, siz , p s ur , colour, an othe r lev nt information of the anthro omorphic d mmy used

shal be desc ibed

Ev luat ed lan marks shal be r port ed F or each lan mark, n mbe of scans for w hich lan mark

position could be calculat ed, mean e ror, an s an ard deviation of e rors shal be r p rt ed

Ex mple of the t es proc d r an r p rt is shown in Annex B

6 Evaluation ofhidden area

6.1 General aspect

The e ar seve al aspe t of q alty ofh uman b dy sha pe data that can ot be ev aluated using a d mmy,

be a use d mmies might not r pr sent the p pulation of int er st , an the av aia le b dy sha pes ar

lmited One of the mos imp rtant aspe t that afe t the q alty ofsurfac sha e an lan mar k

p sitions is the hid en ar a, a p rt of the b dy that can ot be measur d be a use of the oc lusion b othe

p rt(s) of the b dy Hid en ar a depen s on the b dy sha e The efor , actual h umans should be used to

ev aluate the hid en ar a, as wel as to ve ify that the scanne can ac ommodate the p pulation of int er s

6.2 Rec uitment of subjects

S ans from mor than one subje t should be used It is desira le t o sele t subje t t o r pr sent the

sha e v ria i ity of the po ulation of int er s This might inclu e some combination of male an female

p rticip nt that ar smal (e.g 5th pe c ntie) an larg e (e.g 9 th pe c ntie) b s atur an BMI, or it

might inclu e peo le with v rious disa i ties

6.3 P osture c ontr ol and me sur ement

The subje t takes the pos ur for cir umfe enc measur ment r commen ed in ISO 2 6 5 The subje t

is scan ed onc ac ording t o usual scan ing proc d r

Table 2 (c ontin ed)

6.4 Proc edure to evaluate the hidden area

Measur d data aft er ordinal data proc s ing of the b dy scan e sy st em should be displa ed as the

surfac p ly g on without smo th shading Some b dy scan e s aut omaticaly f il g ps or holes befor

visualzation If p s ible, do not use such fu ction If this is imp s ible, r p rt it

The o e at or che ks the lack of surfac data as the hid en ar a b eye inspe tion The s an ard ar a

code of the hid en ar a should be r corded Ta le 3 show s the ar a code Othe ar as can be ad ed

2 Over the shoulder

2 Un er the bust

2 Un er the but ocks

24 Un er the c ot ch an the medial side of the thighs

2 Side of the b d , arms, an le s

3 Tru k side of the arm

40 T e plantar part of the fo t

Mean, minimum, an ma imum v lues of the b dy height, b dy mas , an BMI of the subje t should

be r p rt ed Numbe of subje t with hid en ar a for each ar a should be r port ed Imag es of g ps or

holes wi l helpint erpr ting r sult

Ex mple of r p rt is shown in An ex C