Tiêu chuẩn iso 15926 2 2003

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Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply; those taken or adapted from other standards are repeated below for convenience

Definitions taken directly from other standards are accompanied by a reference, like “[ISO 10303-1]” These referenced definitions are normative, meaning they hold authoritative weight, while their inclusion here serves an informative purpose In the event of any inconsistencies, the definition in the original document takes precedence.

3.1.1 class category or division of things based on one or more criterion for inclusion and exclusion

NOTE 1 A class need not have any known members (things that satisfy its criteria for membership)

NOTE 2 Because of the spatio-temporal paradigm is used to define individuals in this part of ISO 15926, all classes are non-well-founded sets These are explained in D.2.4

The referenced documents are essential for the application of this document For dated references, only the specified edition is applicable, while for undated references, the most recent edition, including any amendments, is relevant.

The conceptual data model, as defined in the three-schema architecture by ISO/TR 9007, represents data structure in a way that is independent of physical storage and external presentation formats.

3.1.3 data representation of information in a formal manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human beings or computers

3.1.4 data store computer system that allows data to be stored for future reference

A data warehouse is a centralized data store that consolidates related information to create an integrated dataset, eliminating duplication and redundancy This structure supports various application perspectives, enhancing data accessibility and analysis.

3.1.6 individual thing that exists in space and time

Existence can refer to individuals in our current world or in any conceivable hypothetical realm This encompasses actual people, as well as those who are imagined, planned, expected, or deemed necessary.

EXAMPLE A pump with serial number ABC123, Battersea Power Station, Sir Joseph Whitworth, and the

Starship “Enterprise” are examples of individuals

NOTE 2 See 4.6.2 and 4.7 for a detailed discussion of the concept of individual

3.1.7 information facts, concepts, or instructions

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=University of Alberta/5966844001, User=ahmadi, rozita

Process plant life-cycle data refers to information that is represented in a computer-processable format, encompassing various phases of a process plant's life-cycle This includes critical stages such as design, engineering, construction, operation, maintenance, decommissioning, and demolition.

3.1.9 reference data process plant life-cycle data that represents information about classes or individuals which are common to many process plants or of interest to many users

Abbreviations

For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply

Conceptual data model

The data model specified in clause 5 is a conceptual data model Figure 1 shows its relationship to internal and external models (see ISO 15926-1:5.2)

NOTE 1 The term conceptual data model is defined in ISO 15926-1 and is based on the three-schema

To enable integration of life-cycle process plant information the model excludes all information constraints that are appropriate only to particular applications within the scope

Data integration involves merging information from multiple independent sources into a unified dataset that accurately reflects known information This process necessitates identifying common elements among the sources, eliminating duplicate data, and incorporating new insights For effective integration, the data model must encompass a context that accommodates all potential data needs.

Data model design

This data model is designed in accordance with data modelling principles [5] developed by the

European Process Industries STEP Technical Liaison Executive (EPISTLE) These principles control the use of entity data types, attributes and relationships when defining a conceptual data model

The effects of these principles are as follows

— The model entity data types are part of a universal subtype/supertype hierarchy of entity data types

— Entity data types are generic, representing and being named after the persistent nature of their members

— Attribute information is usually expressed by references to entity data types

— Attributes that are representations of numbers, text characters and binary patterns, are defined as

— Relationships and activities are represented by entity data types.

System identifiers

The data model features a unique system-defined identifier, referred to as thing.id, for each entity instance This identifier, which is part of the EXPRESS string data type, must be unique within the identifiers managed by the system System identifiers are essential and must remain consistent throughout the lifespan of each entity instance within the system.

A database system designed for managing information related to the design and engineering of offshore production platforms establishes unique identifiers for system entries within the database.

Each system identifier shall be interpreted as the system reference to the thing it is identifying

Other identifiers, external to the system, used for a particular thing are recorded using the class_of_identification entity data type.

Record management information

The data model is designed to store essential information about computer records that represent process plant data It specifies record management data as attribute values assigned to each entity instance, outlining the scope of the information captured.

— for records that originate in another system, the date and time when this copy of the record was created in the current system;

— the person, organisation, or system that first created this record in the originating system;

— the date and time that this record was logically deleted;

Logically deleted records remain in the system for historical reference but are marked as invalid The reason for their logical deletion is to ensure clarity and accuracy in data management, indicating that these records should no longer be considered valid statements.

The definitions of the record management attributes are given in 5.2.1.2.

Documentation conventions

Entity and attribute definitions

Clause 4.6 introduces the concepts of the data model The model is formally specified in clause 5 The introduction to 4.6 describes the model concepts and gives examples of their application The descriptions in 4.6 complement the definitions and examples of clause 5, with clause 5 being the definitive description of the model.

Diagrams

This clause makes extensive use of diagrams to support the description of the fundamental concepts and assumptions

Three types of diagrams are used:

 model diagrams, based on a subset of the EXPRESS G conventions;

Space-time maps visually represent the application of space-time extensions in modeling physical objects that exist within both space and time An example of a space-time map is illustrated in Figure 2.

A space-time map diagram features two perpendicular axes, with the vertical axis representing 3D space and the horizontal axis denoting time Space-time extensions are illustrated as bounded or shaded regions within these axes, where the left boundary signifies the beginning of the extension.

Model diagrams serve to visually represent specific aspects of a model, enhancing its explanation and comprehension They are designed to depict EXPRESS entity types, subtyping, and relationships, utilizing the correct EXPRESS G symbols.

EXAMPLE Figure 3 is an example of a model diagram a_entity c_entity_ subtype_of_a d_entity_ subtype_of_a

1 b_entity attribute_of_b_1 attribute_of_b_2

A full set of EXPRESS G diagrams for the model is given in clause 5

Instance diagrams illustrate the meaning of model entity types, with symbols detailed in Figure 4 In a classification relationship, the arrowhead signifies the member of the class, identified by “id.” For relationships that are neither classification nor specialization, role names are represented as role1 and role2 Additionally, a class of relationship is identified by “id,” while a specialization relationship is indicated by a circle representing the subclass.

The identifier "id" represents a potential individual temporal part within a class Additionally, "id" serves as its unique identifier Certain relationships cannot be effectively modeled using EXPRESS In the context of a multidimensional object, the elements are listed in a specific order, indicated by numbers such as 1, 2, 3, etc., which denote their sequence The roles are categorized as role1 and role2, highlighting their distinct functions.

Figure 5 illustrates an instance diagram featuring an object labeled #1234, which belongs to both the categories of "thing" and "pump." The term "pump" is classified under the broader category of "class." Both "thing" and "class" are recognized as entity types within the model.

NOTE 1 The symbols in Figure 4 enable examples of thing, entity data type, classification, specialization, relationship, and class_of_relationship to be represented in this part of ISO 15926

NOTE 2 In this part of ISO 15926, the model entity data types defined in clause 5 are considered to be classes Where such classes are used in illustrations, they are shown as a rectangular box

NOTE 3 In this clause, the instance diagrams are considered complete when the objects shown are entity data types or are direct or indirect members of entity data types The relationships between the model entity data types that are defined in the model are not shown

NOTE 4 The instance diagrams in this clause are not intended to show how the model would be instantiated in practice In particular, membership of the most specific model entity types may not be shown and some entity type memberships may be omitted altogether.

Data model concepts

Thing

The data model consists of a universal subtype/supertype entity type hierarchy

There is one root supertype named thing that is the class of everything things are subdivided into

The topmost subdivisions of this hierarchy are shown in Figure 6 (see also 5.2.1 and Figure 177)

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - thing possible_individual abstract_object class relationship 1 multidimensional_object

Possible individual

A possible individual is defined as an entity that exists within the dimensions of space and time, characterized by its unique space-time extension Importantly, no two individuals share the exact same space-time extension Commonly, these entities are known as concrete objects in our everyday physical world.

EXAMPLE The pump known by the serial number #1234 is a possible_individual

In contrast an abstract_object is a thing that does not exist in space-time class, relationship and multidimensional_object are kinds of abstract_object.

Class

A class represents an understanding of the nature of things, categorizing them into members and non-members based on specific criteria The defining characteristic of a class is its membership, ensuring that no two classes share the same members.

EXAMPLE 1 The concept known as pump is a class

Classes are universal with no space-time extent However, classes may involve time and space as criterion

EXAMPLE 2 ‘Sales in June’ is a class.

Relationship

A relationship is defined as the classification of an ordered pair, where each pair is unique and cannot be repeated in the same order for the same classification This order allows for the assignment of roles to the related entities, ensuring clarity in their connections.

EXAMPLE 1 The pair consisting of ‘pump’ and ‘#1234’ in the order where ‘pump’ acts as the class and

This part of ISO 15926 defines some explicit subtypes of relationship, covering some commonly used relationships in the process industries

EXAMPLE 2 Explicit subtypes of relationship include classification, specialization, lifecycle_stage and approval.

Multidimensional object

A multidimensional_object is an ordered list of things (see 5.2.4 and Figure 180) The things in the list can be possible_individuals, classes, relationships or other multidimensional_objects

EXAMPLE The list [2.0, 4.0, 5.7] is a multidimensional_object

The order of the elements of a multidimensional_object is defined using the EXPRESS LIST aggregate type.

Possible individual

Composition of possible individual

A possible individual can belong to other possible individuals, with composition distinguishing them from classes The whole-part relationship, represented by the composition of individual, is a subtype of relationship This concept is illustrated in Figure 9.

Figure 9 — Composition of individual relationships

The impeller of a centrifugal pump exemplifies a space-time extension, as its lifespan is intrinsically linked to both the pump and the impeller itself This relationship is depicted in the space-time map, where extensions #1234 and #5678 represent the impeller and the pump, respectively The intersection, labeled #9012, signifies the point at which the impeller is also considered a component of the pump.

Figure 10 — Intersecting space-time extensions

Figure 11 illustrates the model representing the three space-time extensions, highlighting that possible_individual #9012 is included within both possible_individuals #1234 and #5678.

#9012 composition_of_ individual whole whole part part

Temporal part of individual

In ISO 15926, temporal parts are defined as possible individuals that represent the complete spatial extent of another possible individual over a specific time period, as detailed in section 5.2.6.14 and illustrated in Figure 182 Figure 12 further exemplifies the concept of a temporal part.

NOTE State and substate are commonly used terms that are equivalent to temporal part

The entity data type for representing temporal parts is classified as a subtype of composition_of_individual, as illustrated in Figure 13 This classification highlights the relationship between individual components and their temporal whole-part structure.

EXAMPLE In Figure 14, #9012 is a temporal part of the impeller #1234 The composition_of_individual relationship can be specialised to be temporal_whole_part possible_ individual

#9012 temporal_whole_ part whole part

All characteristics of a possible individual are applicable to its temporal parts, except for the concepts of wholeness and the nature of its temporal extent Conversely, the traits of a temporal part do not automatically extend to the entire possible individual.

Connection of individual

possible_individuals may be connected for their lifetime such that they can interact with each other

The connection between individuals can be either direct, sharing a common boundary, or indirect, involving other individuals In the latter scenario, there may be a series of direct connections through intervening individuals that are not documented.

The space-time nature of a direct connection is illustrated in Figure 15, depicting two individuals who share a portion of their lives The temporal segments 'A' and 'B' of these individuals intersect in space during their connection, represented as a stationary boundary in time, although this may not always be accurate Additionally, 'A' and 'B' could be viewed as components of a third individual, 'W', which is not depicted Importantly, the connection between 'A' and 'B' does not necessarily indicate that they are parts of a unified whole, 'W', as this relationship must be explicitly defined through composition of individual relationships Furthermore, being parts of the same whole does not inherently suggest a connection between the two parts.

Figure 15 — Connected space-time extensions

The connection model consists of key elements illustrated in Figure 16, where the relationship known as connection_of_individual includes subtypes such as direct_connection and indirect_connection The attribute names side_1 and side_2 do not imply any specific order or direction; they are merely used to differentiate the individuals involved in the connection.

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - possible_ individual relationship connection_of_ individual side_1 side_2 direct_ connection thing indirect_ connection 1

EXAMPLE 1 Figure 17 shows the connection between a particular engine shaft and a particular seal The connection involves only temporal parts of the shaft and seal possible_individual

#my shaft subtemporal part #my seal temporal part direct_connection side_1 side_2

Figure 17 — Shaft seal direct connection

An indirect connection is established through other individuals, as illustrated in Figure 18, which depicts the relationship of individuals involved in the connection This process allows for the documentation of all individuals participating in an indirect connection, highlighting the potential relationships between individual side 1 and individual side 2, whether through direct or indirect connections.

1 individual_used_ in_connection connection usage

Figure 18 — Individual used in connection

EXAMPLE 2 Figure 19 shows an indirect_connection between the engine shaft and crankcase, where a bearing and seal is used to make the connection possible_ individual

#my engine shaft temporal part #my engine crankcase temporal part indirect_ connection side_1 side_2

#my seal temporal part individual_ used_in_ connection usage usage connection

Temporal sequence of individual

Space-time extensions can be arranged in a sequence based on time, where one extension follows another This concept is referred to as temporal_sequence in ISO 15926, specifically in section 5.2.22.6 and illustrated in the accompanying figure.

The space-time characteristics of the temporal sequence are illustrated in Figure 20, which depicts individuals 'A' and 'B' In this representation, all instances of 'B' occur sequentially after all instances of 'A' in the time dimension.

Figure 20 — Sequence of space-time extensions

The elements of the sequence model are shown in Figure 21 temporal_sequence is a type of relationship between a predecessor and successor possible_individual defining a sequence in time

Sequence solely documents the existing state of affairs The principles governing sequence, which dictate that the characteristics of a type are defined by the arrangement of its members, are articulated through the class_of_temporal_sequence (refer to sections 4.8.4.7 and 5.2.22.3).

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - possible_ individual relationship temporal_sequence successor predecessor thing

EXAMPLE Figure 22 below shows the possible_individual known as James Watt came after the Battle of Hastings possible_ individual

#Battle of Hastings #James Watt temporal_ sequence predecessor successor

Subtypes of individual

The model defines several direct subtypes of possible individuals, which include whole life individuals, arranged individuals, actual individuals, event individuals, and physical objects, as illustrated in Figure 23 and Figure 182.

Actual individual

Actual individuals are those that exist in the real world, while possible individuals refer to plans or expectations from the past or future that may never materialize Only the possible individuals that actually come to fruition are considered actual.

EXAMPLE The 25 gallon per minute pump that was required for the Omega production system from 21 March

In July 1998, a pump with a capacity of 28 gallons per minute was manufactured, representing an actual individual The extensions for the required 25 gpm pump and the actual 28 gpm pump are illustrated in Figure 24 Due to their differing space-time boundaries, these extensions are distinct from one another.

Figure 24 — Possible and actual individuals

Figure 25 shows the instance diagram for these extensions Two possible_individuals are shown #2345 and

#1234, each corresponding to a distinct extension #1234 is a member of both the classes actual_individual and possible_individual actual_ individual

Lifecycle stage of individual

Organizations and individuals frequently describe possible individuals through lifecycle concepts like proposed, planned, or required In ISO 15926, the lifecycle stage is represented as a relationship between two possible individuals, as detailed in sections 5.2.23.4 and 5.2.23.5, along with Figure 199.

26 possible_ individual relationship lifecycle_stage interest class_of_ relationship class_of_ lifecycle_stage interested

During the period from January 6 to September 27, 2002, the XYZ Company required a 25 gpm pump, identified as #2345 This pump may also be considered necessary or planned by another organization.

25 gpm pump possible_ individual lifecycle_ stage class_of_ lifecycle_stage required interest interested

Whole life individual

A whole life individual is a unique entity in space-time that does not belong to any other individual of the same class Their identities are regarded as independent from other individuals, highlighting their distinctiveness.

EXAMPLE 1 The actual impeller with serial number #1234 is a whole_life_individual It is not a temporal part of another impeller

In this example, a plastic blank, a cup made from that blank, and crushed plastic derived from the cup represent different temporal parts of a single plastic piece, sharing common molecules Although the cup differs in classification from the original plastic piece, it is regarded as a whole-life individual, a classification that also applies to the plastic blank and the crushed plastic This concept is visually represented in Figure 28.

Plastic blank Cup Crushed plastic TIME

Figure 28 — Space-time map of a piece of plastic

EXAMPLE 3 Figure 29 shows the model instances necessary to represent the cup #X93 and the plastic piece

#3A as whole_life_individuals, where the cup plays the role of part and the plastic piece the role of whole in the temporal_whole_part relationship whole_life_ individual

#X93 temporal_ whole_part whole part

Arranged individual

possible_individuals are composed of other possible_individuals, referred to as parts Those where the parts have a particular organization, or arrangement, are arranged_individuals (see 5.2.6.2 and

Figure 182) The properties, characteristics and behaviours of an arranged_individual are different from those of its individual parts possible_individual arranged_individual

EXAMPLE 1 A particular pump with a manufacturer’s serial number is a arranged_individual The pumping capablity is its behaviour that is not present in any of its individual parts

EXAMPLE 2 The stock of spare pump impellers is not an arranged_individual They have no intended aggregate behaviour

4.7.9.1 Arrangement of individual arrangement_of_individual is defined as a subtype of composition_of_individual, constrained to refer to arranged_individuals as the whole (see Figure 31) An arrangement_of_individual indicates that the part is arranged with respect to other parts of the whole (see 5.2.6.3 and Figure

Several aircraft flying in formation represent an organized arrangement of individual relationships, highlighting the temporal aspects of each aircraft involved When grounded, these aircraft are no longer part of the formation, emphasizing that the formation consists solely of the temporal components of the aircraft.

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - possible_ individual relationship composition_of_ individual part whole arrangement_of_ individual

(RT)whole assembly_of_individual feature_whole_part

Two subtypes of arrangement_of_individual are identified to differentiate between piece part assembly and feature parts of arranged_individuals The assembly_of_individual relationships signify that the components are directly connected, allowing for reasonable joining and separation through mechanical methods such as welding, gluing, and other adhesion techniques This capability enables the replacement of parts throughout the lifespan of the arranged_individual and allows these parts to be utilized in other arranged_individuals.

EXAMPLE 2 Figure 32 shows the assembly_of_individual relationships between two temporal parts of the impeller #I27C, designated as A and B, and the pumps, shown as #2345 and #2346, of which they are a part

#2345 and #2346 are temporal parts of two other whole individuals that would also be classified as pumps but are not shown here actual_ individual

#2345 actual_ individual assembly_of_ individual whole part

#I27C temporal_ whole_part whole_ individual whole whole part

In this part of ISO 15926, instances of assembly_of_individual are restricted to mesoscopic sized

The feature-whole-part relations pertain to inseparable components of arranged individuals, as outlined in section 5.2.6.6 These features lack independent identification and are recognized solely as parts of the individuals they belong to According to ISO 15926, a feature part can either be a whole-life individual or a component of a whole-life individual that serves as a feature part of another arranged individual.

Figure 33 illustrates the data for a corroded section of a pipeline, which is characterized as a whole life individual feature This corroded area consists of distinct parts that indicate both the spatial extent and severity of the corrosion The temporal aspect reflects the condition of the pipe as a feature By identifying a suitable whole life object, the progression of corrosion can be monitored over time through the observation and measurement of its temporal parts.

#7128 actual_ individual feature_whole_part whole Corroded bit temporal_whole_part whole_life_ individual whole part part

Event and point in time

In this part of ISO 15926, events are defined as space-time extensions with zero time extension (see

5.2.9.5 and Figure 185) events may be at one-time only, or may be continuous in time, or a combination of both Figure 34 shows a space-time map for one-time and continuous events Both types satisfy the condition of zero time extension as every part has zero duration

3D SPACE continuous event one-time event

Event space-time extensions define the temporal boundaries of possible individuals The space-time map illustrates an object's movement, showing phases of motion, rest, and motion again The one-time events 'A' and 'B' indicate the stationary temporal segment of the object, while the continuous event 'C' signifies the boundary of the leading edge.

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - edge of the moving object event ‘D’ that has parts ‘C’ and ‘B’, is the beginning temporal boundary of the moving temporal part of the object

SPACE stationary part one-time events continuous event

Figure 35 — Event boundary space-time map

The event model, illustrated in Figure 36, represents a subtype of possible_individual that can also function as an actual_individual An event serves as a temporal boundary for other space-time extensions Temporal_bounding, classified as a subtype of composition_of_individual, specifically constrains its parts to be events The subtypes beginning and ending denote the temporal sequence of the boundary in relation to the bounded individual.

(ABS) temporal_bounding beginning ending

Figure 36 — Model diagram of event

A pipeline pig is temporarily halted and parked before resuming its movement This stationary phase marks a unique event for the individual pig, as illustrated in Figure 37 below.

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - possible_individual stationary state of pig event ending end of stationary state whole part temporal_bounding actual_individual

Figure 37 — Instance diagram of the ending of the stationary state

EXAMPLE 2 Figure 38 shows the space-time trajectory of the front edge of the pig for the period of motion

The start of the moving state is the end of the stationary state Both are parts of the beginning event of the moving state possible_individual

Moving state of pig event beginning pig trajectory whole part temporal_bounding end of stationary period whole part

Figure 38 — Instance diagram of the pig space-time trajectory

Some one-time events include the entire space extension; these are known as point_in_time (see

5.2.9.8 and Figure 185) One-time events are always a part of a point_in_time This is illustrated in

Figure 39 — Point in time extensions

The event and point_in_time model, illustrated in Figure 40, indicates that both events and point_in_time can be classified as possible_individuals, and they may also represent actual_individuals.

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - event point_in_time possible_individual actual_individual

Figure 40 — Model diagram of Event

EXAMPLE 3 The time known as 10am 17 November 2002 UTC that has occured is a point_in_time and an actual_individual (see Figure 41) point_in_time

10 am 2002/11/17 event actual_individual possible_individual

Figure 41 — Instance diagram of the actual point in time described as 10am 17 November 2002

UTC events that are not points in time are spatial parts of a point_in_time, defining the time of the event

The composition_of_individual relationship is used to represent this

EXAMPLE 4 Figure 42 shows the stationary state of the pipeline pig began its existence, at 10 am 2002/11/17

2000-11-17 T10:00 UTC event composition_of_individual start of stationary state whole part

Period in time

Figure 43 — Period in time space-time extension

The model for period_in_time is shown in Figure 44 period_in_time possible_individual

Figure 44 — Period in time entity type

Periods in time are bounded by a beginning and ending point in time as shown in Figure 45

∆T > 0 period in time points in time

Figure 45 — Space-time map for a period of time and its bounding points in time

#11:09 point_in_time beginning whole part temporal_bounding whole part end

Physical object

In ISO 15926, a physical_object is defined as a distribution of matter and/or energy across time and space These objects are inherently part of space and typically possess a non-zero temporal extension Importantly, physical_objects and activities are not mutually exclusive, as a possible_individual can embody both characteristics.

EXAMPLE ‘Radioactive materials’, ‘living organisms’ and ‘fire’ are examples of physical_object and activity

There are four recognized types of physical objects, categorized based on their continuity These subtypes include materialized physical objects, functional physical objects, physical object streams, and spatial locations, as illustrated in Figure 47.

Figure 47 — Types of physical object

Materialised physical object

materialized_physical_objects are physical_objects that consist of the same or slowly changing

EXAMPLE A mechanical pump bearing the manufacturer’s serial number is a materialized_physical_object

Even if all components are replaced over time, an object is still considered the same For instance, a space-time map illustrates a pump that starts with two parts, A and B Over time, component A is replaced with a new component, C, followed by the replacement of B with D This process maintains material continuity, as some original material remains throughout each transition.

Figure 48 — Material continuity space-time map

The pump consists of a number of temporal parts each corresponding to the different component parts This is illustrated in Figure 49 whole_life_ individual

C temporal part temporal_ whole_part whole part whole part

C whole part arrangement_ of_ individual materialized_ physical_object materialized_ physical_object

Functional physical object

functional_physical_objects are physical_objects based on continuity of intended function (see

5.2.6.7 and Figure 182) The material that makes up the object can be completely changed, provided the intended function of the individual remains the same temporal_whole_part relations are used to indicate which materialized_physical_object temporal parts are parts of a functional_physical_object

The pump designated as 'P101' is a functional physical object that has undergone a series of installations and removals of different pumping equipment As depicted in Figure 50, pump 1 was first installed and later removed from Tag P101, followed by the installation and removal of pump 2 Although there is no material continuity between the two pumps, they both serve a similar function while in operation The specific instances related to pump 1 are illustrated in Figure 51.

The possible_individual that is a temporal part of both the tag and of the pump is both a materialized_physical_object and functional_physical_object installed

SPACE removed installed removed pump 1 pump 2 Tag P101

Figure 50 — Function physical object P101 space-time map whole_life_ individual

Tag P101 pump 1 in service P101 temporal_ whole_part whole part pump 1 whole part materialized_ physical_object functional_ physical_object materialized_ physical_object

Spatial location

spatial_locations are physical_objects where continuity of relative position is the basis of identity

EXAMPLE An offshore license area is a spatial_location.

Stream

streams are physical_objects where continuity of flow path is the basis of identity (see 5.2.6.13 and

Activity

An activity is something happening or changing (see 5.2.9.1 and Figure 185) In this part of ISO

15926, activities are considered to be space-time extensions in which other individuals and events participate participation is defined as a type of composition_of_individual as shown in Figure 52

(see 5.2.9.7) possible_ individual composition_of_ individual part whole activity (RT) whole participation

The process of creating a plastic cup from a flat plastic blank involves using a hot moulding machine, which reshapes the plastic material This activity encompasses both the transformation of the plastic and the temporary use of the machine during the manufacturing process.

Figure 53 illustrates the spatio-temporal scope of the plastic used in the "cup forming" process, which is essential for creating the cup and signifies the conclusion of the plastic blank's lifecycle.

TIME plastic blank formed cup forming activity changing shape

Cup pressing run possible_ individual participation whole part whole part whole part Temporal part of the finished cup

Temporal part of the plastic piece

Temporal part of the cup machine

Figure 54 — Instance diagram of cup forming activity

Activities lead to changes that can be identified by specific events For instance, Figure 53 illustrates two key changes: the initiation of the cup's existence and the end of the plastic blank's existence The causal model is depicted in Figure 55, where the relationship defined as cause_of_event is explored This relationship highlights the connection between events, individuals, and activities that cause these changes.

Figure 55 — Cause of event model

EXAMPLE 2 Figure 56 shows a particular cup pressing activity that causes the begin event of the cup and the ending of the plastic blank state activity

Cup pressing run beginning of cup

Ending of plastic blank cause causer caused causer caused event

Figure 56 — Cup beginning caused by a cup pressing run

The model also allows abstract_objects and possible_individuals from the future or the past relative to the activity to be involved indirectly as shown in Figure 57 (see 5.2.9.6).

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - possible_ individual relationship involver activity involvement_ by_ reference involved thing

A production activity can define the specifications for the individuals it produces These specifications represent a class of individuals that are related to the activity through an involvement-by-reference relationship.

Activities can lead to the acknowledgment of abstract conditions, establishing a relationship between the activity and the recognized entity This recognition signifies that the entity has been identified as a result of the activity The model elements for this recognition process are illustrated in Figure 58, highlighting the individual relationships involved in recognizing activities and the recognized entities.

EXAMPLE 4 Figure 59 shows a ship survey activity that recognizes that the ship has a ‘Class A’ classification activity

Class A Ship ship temporal part participation recognizing recognized whole part physical_ object recognition class

Approval

Approval is a relationship that connects a potential individual—be it a person, organization, or machine—with the entity that receives the approval According to ISO 15926, only relationships can be approved, as this imparts significance to the approval process Approving a possible individual or class lacks meaning; rather, it is the endorsement of their involvement with another entity that holds true significance.

The approval model consists of several key elements, including individual relationships, approver classes, and approval statuses These components work together to define the structure and process of approval within the system.

Approval types are determined by classifying approval relationships according to a specific class of approval by status This classification allows for the establishment of rules governing the types of relationships that can be approved based on individual types.

Figure 61 illustrates the involvement of raw plastic in the cup pressing process, which has received approval from the Production Supervisor The term 'Approved' signifies a specific class of approval status, while 'Not Approved' represents an alternative class of approval status.

Cup pressing run temporal part of the plastic piece possible_ individual participation approved approver whole part approval

Production supervisor approved class_of_ approval_by_status

Figure 61 — Approval of cup raw material

Class

Classification

classification is a relationship that indicates membership of a class (see 5.2.2.3 and Figure 178)

Class membership indicates that an individual meets specific criteria for both inclusion and exclusion Classification is represented as a distinct subtype of relationship, as illustrated in Figure 62 Individuals, classes, relationships, and multidimensional objects can all be classified accordingly.

Classification is not transitive Members of a class are not necessarily members of any class of the class thing possible_ individual abstract_ object class relationship 1 classification multidimensional_ object classifier classified

Figure 62 — Model of classification relationship

EXAMPLE 1 Figure 63 shows a category of things known as ‘Pump’ that is a class Members of ‘Pump’ are arranged_individuals that enable pumping activity The arranged_individual referred to as #1234 is a

‘Pump’ The relationship that indicates #1234 is a member of ‘Pump’ class is a classification In the case of the

The membership of the 'Pump' class remains unchanged regardless of whether the arranged individual is a whole life individual or a temporal part of a whole life individual.

Classification allows something to be a member of many classes

EXAMPLE 2 The arranged_individual referred to as #1234 is a ‘Pump’ and is also ‘operating’ as shown in Figure 64

Figure 64 — Classification of operating pump

Many classifications that apply to a whole_life_individual also apply to all of the temporal parts of the whole_life_individual (a form of inheritance)

In Figure 65, #1234 represents a temporal component of the whole life 'pump' #PA01, which is classified under whole_life_individual This classification is inherited by all temporal parts If the whole_life_individual is absent from the database, the classification can be directly assigned to the temporal part.

#PA01 temporal_ whole_part whole part

Figure 65 — Operating temporal part of a pump

Specialization

Specialization is a relationship between two classes where the members of a subclass are also members of a superclass This relationship illustrates that a subclass is a subdivision of the membership of another class.

A subclass inherits the rules of its superclass, meaning that all members of the subclass must adhere to the membership criteria established by the superclass.

EXAMPLE 1 Figure 67 showns a manufacturer’s ‘model 106’ is a class that is a specialization of the “pump” class – all members of ‘model 106’ are also members of ‘pump’ model 106 class pump

Specialization relationships are transitive The members of a subclass of a subclass are members of the more general superclass

EXAMPLE 2 In Figure 68 a manufacturer offers two options for their ‘model 106’ pumps, types ‘A’ and ‘B’

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - model 106 class pump model 106 - B model 106 - A

Classification and specialization are distinct concepts Classification involves categorizing a member into a class, but the members of that specific class do not have to belong to the broader class that is used for classification For instance, in Figure 68, an entity classified as 'model 106 – A' does not represent a class itself.

Types of class

The International Standard identifies immediate subtypes of class, which include individual class, role and domain class, abstract object class, relationship class, and multidimensional object class, as illustrated in Figure 69.

Figure 69 — Subtypes of class 4.8.3.1 Class of individual

A class_of_individual is a class whose members are space-time extensions i.e possible_individuals (see 5.2.7 and Figure 183)

EXAMPLE 1 The class ‘pump’ is a class_of_individual

EXAMPLE 2 The class ‘red’ is a class_of_individual; only space-time extensions can be ‘red’

A class_of_class is a classification system where the members are themselves classes, allowing for the organization of various subdivisions within a class This structure helps in identifying different types of subdivisions effectively.

In Figure 70, the class 'colour' serves as a class_of_class, encompassing the members 'red' and 'blue' The individual 'my car' belongs to the class_of_individual 'red', while 'blue' is identified as a possible_individual within the class_of_class 'colour'.

Figure 70 — Colour class of class

The EXPRESS subtypes of class outlined in this section of ISO 15926 are considered instances of class_of_class, despite the EXPRESS language specification not permitting this declaration.

4.8.3.3 Class of relationship class_of_relationship enables types of relationship to be recognised, often defining constraints in terms of the types of things that can participate in the member relationships (see 5.2.12 and Figure

ISO 15926 specifies certain explicit subtypes of class_of_relationship, where the roles of these relationships are clearly defined as EXPRESS attributes For those class_of_relationships that lack explicit definitions, they can be managed using class_of_relationship_with_signature, as detailed in section 4.10.2.

The complete enumeration of explicit subtypes is detailed in section 5.2.12.2 An illustrative model for the explicit subtype "class_of_connection_of_individual" is presented in Figure 71, which includes the classes "class_of_individual," "class_of_connection_of_individual," "class_of_side_1," "class_of_side_2," and "class_of_relationship."

In Figure 72, the 'connection of Type A shaft to seal' illustrates that members of the 'Type A drive shaft' class are linked to members of the 'seal' class The relationship between shaft #5678 and seal #1234 exemplifies the 'Type A shaft seal' connection.

Connection of Type A shaft to seal

#5678 class_of_connection_ of_individual arranged_ individual seal

#1234 connection_of_ individual side_1 side_2 class_of_side_1 class_of_side_2 class_of_ individual

Figure 72 — Seal connected to Type A drive shaft 4.8.3.3.1 Cardinality constraints

Cardinality constraints of a class_of_relationship are defined by its cardinality attributes, as illustrated in Figure 73 These attributes function similarly to cardinality constraints in Entity-Relationship diagrams, determining the number of member relations that connect one member at one end to members at the other end The constraints are governed by specified minimum and maximum values; if no maximum is defined, it implies no limit, while the absence of a minimum indicates a limit of zero.

The end_1_cardinality and end_2_cardinality attributes shall be applied to the role attributes in the order of their declaration in the EXPRESS definition of the class_of_relationship

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - cardinality class class_of_ abstract_object class_of_ relationship

INTEGER maximum_ cardinality minimum_ cardinality end_1_ cardinality end_2_ cardinality

Figure 73 — Cardinality constraints for classes of relationship

Cardinality constraints may be applied to the members of the explicit subtypes of class_of_relationship

A Type A drive shaft must be positioned by two seals, as illustrated in Figure 74 The configuration allows for a shaft to connect to either zero, one, or two seals, while a seal can be linked to zero or one shaft This flexibility acknowledges that seals may be removed for maintenance at any time.

Type A drive shaft class_of_ individual seal class_of_ side_1 class_of _side_2 class_of_connection_ of_individual cardinality min=0 max=1 min=0 max=2 end_2_cardinality end_1_cardinality

Figure 74 — Type A drive shafts may connect to up to two seals

The use cardinality with class_of relationship_with_signature is described in 4.10.3

Explicit subtypes of class_of_relationship impose constraints on member relationships by referencing specific classes In the context of class_of_connection_of_individual, the roles class_of_side_1 and class_of_side_2 signify that the member relationships pertain to the participation of members from the specified classes, characterizing these instances as symmetric class_of_relationship.

Not all relationships in a class are symmetric The class of representation of a thing, illustrated in Figure 75, indicates that member relationships consistently refer to the same entity in the represented role When this pertains to a class, it signifies the class itself rather than its individual members Such instances are categorized as asymmetric relationships within the class of representation.

Figure 75 — An asymmetric class of relationship

A symmetric class of relationship can be transformed into an asymmetric class of relationship by applying specific constraints As illustrated in Figure 76, a class of relationship may serve as both a class of connection of individuals and a class of relationship with related end 2 The related attribute limits the domain of class of side 2 to a single entity The entity types class of relationship with related end 1 and class of relationship with related end 2 must define the roles of the class of relationship in accordance with the order specified in the EXPRESS model definition.

Figure 76 — Constraining a symmetric class of relationship

Figure 77 illustrates the connection of individual relationships linking a seal to shaft #5678, providing a historical overview of seals associated with this specific shaft This class of connection is a specialization of the 'Type A shaft seal' class depicted in Figure 72.

#5678 class_of_connection_ of_individual arranged_ individual seal

#1234 connection_of_ individual class_of_relation_ with_related_end_1 class_of_side_2 class_of_side_1 side_2 side_1 related

Figure 77 — Seals connected to a particular shaft

In the example the attribute related is a specialization of the attribute class_of_side_1, but the rules of the EXPRESS language prevent this being shown.

Class of individual

A class_of_individual is a class whose members are space-time extensions i.e possible_individuals

The subtypes of the class of individuals are clearly illustrated in Figure 78, which includes the class of arranged individuals, the property of participating roles and domains, the status of events, and the class of periods in time, along with individual dimensions and points in time.

Figure 78 — Subtypes of class_of_individual

Rules for the composition of members within a class of individuals can be defined using the class of composition of individuals The model for this class is illustrated in Figure 79 Specific subtypes are established for the class of temporal whole part, class of participation, class of arrangement of individuals, and class of assembly of individuals.

The article discusses various classifications related to individuals and their arrangements within a temporal context It emphasizes the importance of understanding the composition and participation of individuals as part of a whole, highlighting the assembly and arrangement of these individuals in different contexts.

( RT) class_of_whole class_of_ feature_whole_part

Figure 79 — Class of composition of individual and subtypes

A class of composition of individuals defines a condition for its members, requiring them to possess parts that belong to the class of parts.

In Figure 80, the centrifugal pump is categorized as a class of arranged individuals The assembly class of the pump impeller indicates that a centrifugal pump includes an impeller as one of its components.

#5678 class_of_assembly_ of_individual arranged_ individual impeller

#1234 assembly_of_ individual whole part class_of_whole class_of_part

Centrifugal pumps consist of arranged individuals, which are space-time extensions with specific roles and arrangements within the system A class of arranged individuals serves as a subdivision of these arranged individuals, highlighting their organized structure and function.

Explicit subtypes are defined covering:

 arrangements based on organization of material;

 arrangements based on information presentation and representation;

Explicit subtypes of class_of_arranged_individual recognizing different types of material orgnization are defined as follows (see 5.2.8 and Figure 184):

 class_of_sub_atomic_particle;

The model for material organization classes illustrates the hierarchy of biological matter, functional objects, and composite materials, as depicted in Figure 81 It encompasses various classifications, including molecules, compounds, atoms, subatomic particles, and particulate materials, highlighting the arrangement of individual parts within these categories.

Figure 81 — Classes of arranged individual for material structure

The material organization types reflect increasing levels of compositional arrangement, starting with the subatomic particles culminating in functional objects and biological matter

The 'Hydrogen atom' is a specific class of atom, consisting of individual atoms that are composed of a neutron, a proton, and an electron These components—neutron, proton, and electron—belong to the class of subatomic particles.

In ISO 15926, compounds are defined as large-scale aggregates of molecules or atoms, where members of a class at each level can consist of aggregates from one or more classes at the next lower level.

EXAMPLE 2 An aggregate of hydrogen molecules, perhaps forming a gas, is member of the ‘Hydrogen’ class_of_compound

Water is a class of compound composed of H₂O molecules, with various levels of molecular arrangement illustrated in Figure 82 Additionally, Figure 83 provides a diagram showcasing the arrangement of H₂O molecules in water.

Oxygen atom arrangements of arrangements of

Figure 82 — Levels of arrangement of for water class_of_compound water

#abc class_of_ arrangement_of_individual arranged_ individual H 2 O

#e596 arrangement_ of_individual whole part class_of_molecule class_of_whole class_of_part

Two other types of class_of_arranged_individual are defined for crystalline_structure and phase

These qualify material aggregations at the level of compound

EXAMPLE 4 A cloud of hydrogen gas is a member of the ‘hydrogen’ class_of_compound, and a member of the phase class ‘gas’

Particulate and composite material classes are further levels of arrangement, where the parts are compounds

EXAMPLE 6 ‘Sand’ is a class_of_particulate_material whose parts are constrained to be members of the

EXAMPLE 7 ‘Fibre glass’ is a class_of_composite_material whose parts are constrained to be members of the

‘glass fibre mat composite’ and ‘resin compound’ classes

Functional objects represent the pinnacle of organization, where individual members are specifically arranged to fulfill a particular function or purpose Factors such as weight, size, shape, or material that could influence the feasibility of this function are not taken into account The interplay of purpose and form is acknowledged through the complex arrangement classes outlined in section 4.8.4.1.2.

EXAMPLE 8 ‘Cup’ and ‘pump’ are examples of class_of_functional_object

EXAMPLE 9 ‘Centrifugal pump’ is not a class_of_functional_object, centrifugal being a form or design of a pump function

Complex arrangement classes enable more detailed types of individual to be recognised (see Figure

Complex arrangements often serve as intersections of various classes, integrating elements of material, shape, and property The specific types of these intricate configurations are illustrated in Figure 84, which includes categories such as class of inanimate physical objects, class of organisms, class of persons, and class of arranged individuals.

Figure 84 — Complex classes of arranged individual

EXAMPLE ‘Plastic cup’ is a class_of_inanimate_physical_object that is the intersection of the class_of_functional_object ‘cup’ and class_of_compound ‘plastic’ as shown in Figure 85

Plastic cup class_of_inanimate_ physical_object class_of_ functional_object class_of_compound cup plastic

The representation of meaning through symbols relies on the use of consistent and recognizable patterns, which are categorized as classes Each specific writing or rendering, whether on paper or a video screen, can be perceived through our senses and is considered an individual instance belonging to a particular pattern class.

In this part of ISO 15926, a class_of_information_representation identifies a pattern used to represent information (see 5.2.17.4 and Figure 193)

The rendered patterns often have many presentational variations such as colour, font, size, and weight class_of_information_presentation describes these variations (see 5.2.8.10 and Figure 184)

The class of information objects consists of recognizable patterns and their presentation styles, as illustrated in Figure 86 This includes the class of arranged individuals, the class of information presentation, and the class of information representation, specifically focusing on the representation of Gregorian dates and UTC time.

Figure 86 — Information classes of arranged individual

Figure 87 illustrates an arranged individual named Smith, categorized as both an inanimate physical object and an information object represented in 24 pt Times New Roman bold This representation class is an intersection of the information representation class 'smith' and the presentation styles 'Times New Roman' and 'bold'.

‘24pt’ The physical aspects of the label substrate are not shown

Smith in bold 24pt Times New Roman class_of_ information_object smith class_of_ information_presentation class_of_ information_representation bold 24 pt

Times New Roman arranged_individual

#smith label class_of_inanimate_ physical_object physical_object

Figure 87 — Class of information object

Numbers

4.8.5.1 Arithmetic number arithmetic_number is a class_of_class as shown in Figure 154 (see 5.2.5.1 and Figure 179) In this part of ISO 15926, integer numbers are distinguished from real numbers Both are single-dimensional numbers arithmetic_number integer_number class_of_class real_number 1 multidimensional_number

NOTE Representations of numbers is intended to be handled with class_of_information_representation

EXAMPLE 1 Figure 155 shows that there is a class ‘x’ that is a real_number represented by the

```,``,,,``,``,,,,``````````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - real_number EXPRESS_real x 12.7 class_of_identification represented pattern

Figure 155 — Representation of real number multidimensional_number enables ordered pairs, triples etc of arithmetic_numbers to be defined

EXAMPLE 2 Figure 156 shows the coordinate triple [1.2, 2.3, -6.8] is a multidimensional_number The order, given by the element number, is significant The triple [2.3, 1.2, -6.8] is a different triple real_number multidimensional_number

Figure 156 — Multidimensional number 4.8.5.2 Class of number class_of_number is a class_of_class that includes both discrete and continuous sets of numbers (see

5.2.5.3, Figure 179 and Figure 181) The model is shown in Figure 157 class_of_class class_of_number number_space number_range enumerated_ number_set 1 multidimensional_ number_space enumerated_set_ of_class

4.8.5.2.1 Enumerated number set enumerated_number_set enables discontinuous sets of numbers, either all real numbers or integer numbers or a mixture of integer and real numbers to be defined (see 5.2.5.4)

EXAMPLE Figure 158 shows the integer_numbers 45, 59, 73 are members of an enumerated_number_set

No order is implied integer_number

The number range, defined as constrained single-dimension number spaces, has specific upper and lower bounds that are integral members of the number range This concept is illustrated in Figure 159, which depicts the relationship between the enumerated number set, class of number, and the classification of the number space, including its arithmetic properties and classifiers.

Figure 159 — Bounds of number range

EXAMPLE Figure 160 shows the real_numbers in the range 5.2 to 9.3 is a number_range with lower bound of 5.2 and an upper bound of 9.3

5.2 real_number lower_bound_of_ number_range

5.2-9.3 classifier upper_bound_of_ number_range classified classified

Figure 160 — Number range 5.2 to 9.3 4.8.5.2.3 Multidimensional number spaces

A multidimensional_number_space is a continuum of multidimensional_numbers (see 5.2.5.8,

EXAMPLE 1 Figure 161 shows ‘R1’, the continuum of all real numbers, is a number_space ‘R3’, the three- dimensional real number_space, is a multidimensional_number_space, with ‘R1’ as elements 1, 2 and 3

NOTE ‘R1’ and the entity type real_number of this model are the same thing number_space

Complex numbers, such as \(7.1 + 9.3i\), represent a multidimensional number space, consisting of a real part (7.1) and an imaginary part (9.3) The elements of complex numbers are defined by their roles and domains, specifically the 'Real part' and 'Imaginary part', which are combinations of the real or imaginary roles with the real number domain.

Complex number multidimensional_ number_space

Other user defined relationships

Schema definition

Tiêu đề	Tiêu chuẩn iso 15926 2 2003
Trường học	University of Alberta
Thể loại	tiêu chuẩn
Năm xuất bản	2003
Thành phố	Switzerland

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Số trang	241
Dung lượng	2,75 MB