Tiêu chuẩn iso 15590 2 2003

Microsoft Word C033104e doc Reference number ISO 15590 2 2003(E) © ISO 2003 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15590 2 First edition 2003 12 15 Petroleum and natural gas industries — Induction bends, fittings[.]

General

The fitting must have a pressure resistance that meets or exceeds that of the corresponding pipe, verified through calculations or proof testing as outlined in Annex A and Annex B Any additional strength design verifications, particularly regarding resistance to internal pressure under specific load cases per ISO 13623, should be specified during the inquiry or order process.

The design calculations and/or results of proof testing shall be available for review at the manufacturer’s facility

When the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the fitting material is lower than that of the corresponding pipe, it is essential to increase the minimum thickness of the fitting end This adjustment ensures that the product of the fitting's thickness and its SMYS meets or exceeds the product of the specified wall thickness and the SMYS of the matching pipe, as outlined in MSS SP-75.

Tees and headers

Outlet branches in tees and headers made from seam-welded pipe should be placed directly opposite the longitudinal weld If this alignment is not feasible, the placement must be determined through mutual agreement.

The design and welding for the attachment of guide bars of barred tees shall be decided by agreement prior to manufacture of the tee.

Extruded outlet headers

Extruded outlet headers shall be designed to comply with ASME B31.8

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

7 Information to be supplied by the purchaser

Principal information

The purchaser shall provide the following information in the order given below: a) fitting designation; b) required fitting dimensions, including

2) minimum wall thicknesses at the welding ends,

3) radius and type of radius (e.g long-radius),

NOTE Guidance on specific dimensions to specify is given in ISO 3545-3 c) end-preparation details; d) whether the purchaser wishes to approve the MPS prior to commencement of manufacturing.

Supplementary information

Purchasers should provide essential supplementary information, including minimum and maximum design temperatures, maximum wall thickness, and any special dimensional requirements Additionally, they must specify supplementary inspection and testing needs, gauging requirements differing from ISO 15590, and any alternative pipeline design standards or factors It's important to outline pipeline operating conditions, mechanical property requirements at maximum design temperature, and testing requirements such as proof, burst, or hydrostatic testing Furthermore, purchasers should detail activities for witnessing and approval, coating or painting specifications, marking requirements that deviate from ISO 15590, packaging and shipping instructions, third-party inspection organizations, and the ISO 10474 standard designation for required inspection documents.

The inspection document must meet specific format and content requirements, including the necessity for testing of welding procedures, welders, or welding operators related to the order Additionally, it should clarify whether the approval of the Material Production Specification (MPS) will be based on a review of prior production data or through testing Important considerations also include Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT), Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) testing, and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) testing.

Manufacturing procedure specification

Fittings shall be manufactured in accordance with a documented MPS If specified by the purchaser, manufacturing shall not proceed until the MPS has been accepted by the purchaser

The MPS shall specify the following items: a) for the starting material:

5) chemical composition, including that of the weld seam,

6) welding procedure specification; b) for fitting manufacture:

2) welding procedure specification and approval record,

3) heat treatment procedure including thermal cycles,

6) traceability; c) additional requirements such as end preparation, coating, and marking

Approval of the MPS may be necessary at the start of production, which can involve reviewing the manufacturer's prior production data or conducting the mandatory tests outlined in Table 2.

Starting material

The production of fittings begins with the use of blooms, billets, slabs, forging quality bars, plates, fusion-welded products with filler metal, or seamless tubular products, all made from fully-killed steels.

High-frequency welded (HFW) and helical-seam submerged-arc welding (SAWH) pipes shall not be used.

Fitting manufacture

All forming operations shall be performed in accordance with the MPS

Welding operations shall be conducted in accordance with those elements of ISO 3834-2 decided by agreement and the requirements of this part of ISO 15590

Welding and repair welding must adhere to procedures qualified under ASME IX or EN 288–3, ensuring compliance with industry standards Additionally, welders and welding operators are required to be qualified according to ASME IX.

Acceptance criteria for all tests shall be as specified in Clause 9

Where practicable, longitudinal butt welds should be double-sided Backing rings shall not be used All welds shall have complete penetration and shall be finished in accordance with Clause 9

Temporary welded attachments shall be removed, where possible, before heat treatment and the weld area shall be treated in accordance with 9.5.3.4 and 9.5.3.5

Fittings shall not contain girth welds

All welds that will remain in the fitting shall be heat-treated in accordance with 8.3.3

All fittings must undergo normalization, normalization and tempering, or quenching and tempering following welding or forming The heat treatment process should adhere to a documented procedure that specifies key parameters, including the heating schedule, soaking temperature and time, cooling schedule, quenching temperature, and the quenching medium, along with its initial and final temperatures.

A record shall be maintained of each heat treatment When submission of the heat treatment record is specified, it shall be included in the inspection document

The tolerances on specified nominal values of soaking temperature and soaking time shall be ± 15 °C and + 20 %, respectively

For unequal wall thicknesses, the joint design shall be as shown in Figure 1

Dimensions in millimetres a) Internal offset b) External offset c) Combination

When joining sections with differing Specified Minimum Yield Strengths (SMYS), the minimum thickness, $ t_D $, must be at least $ t $ multiplied by the ratio of the SMYS of the pipe to the fitting, but it cannot exceed $ 1.5t $ However, if the materials being joined have equal SMYS, there are no restrictions on the minimum angle.

Figure 1 — Bevel designs for unequal wall thicknesses

General requirements

Testing and inspection shall be carried out on fittings after final heat treatment

For pipeline installations requiring post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of fittings, additional testing may be necessary to confirm that the mechanical properties are maintained post-PWHT The specific thermal cycle for PWHT during installation must be clearly defined, and the testing requirements along with acceptance criteria should be established through mutual agreement.

Where the procedure requirements of 8.3.3 are not met, test pieces shall be taken from each heat treatment batch.

Extent of testing and inspection

The testing and inspection to be performed during qualification and production shall be as summarized in Table 2 for each fitting class

Production testing shall be performed at the minimum frequency specified in Table 3

Test pieces for mechanical testing shall be taken from one or more of the following:

 extension lengths, formed and heat-treated as part of the fitting and/or test piece attached to the fitting;

 starting material which has been subjected to the same forging reduction and heat treatment as the proposed fitting;

Test piece locations from fittings will be determined by mutual agreement The starting material sample must undergo heat treatment alongside the fittings within the same batch, following the guidelines of ISO 377:1997, Clause 5.

Fittings heat-treated within the tolerance requirements of 8.3.3 may be considered as being in the same heat treatment condition

Table 2 — Summary of testing and inspection requirements

Clause number specifying acceptance criteria

Physical tests Tensile – base metal M M M 9.4.2.3

Transverse weld tensile M a M a M a 9.4.2.3 Impact – fitting body O M M 9.4.3.3 Impact – weld seam O M M 9.4.3.3 Through-thickness hardness O M M 9.4.4.2

End preparation (MT or PT) M M M 9.5.4 Fitting end (UT) N M M 9.5.4 Weld seam (RT or UT) d M M M 9.5.5 Fitting body (UT or MT) e O O O 9.5.7

Inside diameter at ends M M M 9.6 Out-of-roundness at ends M M M 9.6

NOTE The abbreviations mean as follows:

O = Requirement for test or inspection at the purchaser’s option

Approval of the welding procedure requires Q, but it may be omitted at the purchaser's discretion for fittings with a diameter less than 210 mm Production tests are mandatory for fittings designed for sour service, while such testing is not necessary for fittings intended for non-sour service If applicable, this testing can be integrated into the overall process.

MPS qualification testing d May be carried out on the starting material by agreement e By agreement.

Table 3 — Extent of testing and inspection

Type of test Number of tests

Chemical composition One per heat Tensile — base metal One per test unit Transverse weld tensile One per test unit Impact — base metal One set per test unit

Impact — weld seam 37 mm thickness and above: two sets per test unit less than 37 mm: 1 set per test unit Through-thickness hardness One per test unit

Guided bend (weld seam) Two per qualification test

Dimensional inspection is essential for every fitting For fittings that have been demagnetized during production, the frequency for determining residual magnetism will be established by mutual agreement In all other cases, 25% of the fittings will be randomly selected for inspection.

Chemical composition

The product analysis shall be in accordance with Table 4.

Mechanical testing

Test pieces shall be prepared in accordance with ISO 377

Orientation of the base metal test pieces shall be as follows:

 transverse to the major axis of the fitting for D W 210 mm;

 longitudinal to the major axis of the fitting for D < 210 mm

Transverse test pieces shall be cold-flattened Round bar made from a test piece may be used Round-bar test pieces machined from unflattened samples may be used by agreement

Welds shall be ground flush Local imperfections and mill scale shall be removed

Tensile testing at ambient temperature must adhere to ISO 6892 standards, while elevated temperature testing, if required, should follow ISO 783 The frequency of testing and acceptance criteria will be determined through mutual agreement.

For base metal, R t0,5 , R m , and percentage elongation after fracture shall be determined For tensile tests transverse to the weld, it is required only to determine R m

The percentage elongation after fracture must be reported based on a gauge length of 5.65 A₀ If different gauge lengths are utilized, the elongation corresponding to a gauge length of 5.65 A₀ should be calculated following ISO 2566-1 standards.

The tensile properties shall meet the requirements of the corresponding part of ISO 3183

Table 4 — Chemical composition for product analyses

Maximum permitted alloy content, mass fraction, % Element

Class A Classes B and C Class CS

V+Nb+Ti shall not exceed 0,15 %

The combined content of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) must not exceed 0.6% However, higher levels of Cr, Mo, and Ni may be permitted through agreement for specific applications, particularly those involving low temperatures or thick sections.

The total Al:N ratio shall not be less than 2:1 a Ca:S ratio shall be a minimum of one (1) for S in the range 0,001 5 % to 0,003 0 % b Carbon equivalent, calculated as follows:

Mn Cr + Mo + V Ni + Cu

6 5 15 c Crack measurement parameter, calculated as follows: cm Si Ni V Mo Cr + Mn + Cu

Charpy V-notch test pieces shall be prepared in accordance with ISO 148, with the axis of the notch perpendicular to the fitting surface

Test pieces should be oriented transversely, with a width ranging from 5 mm to 10 mm If it is not feasible to use transverse test pieces with a minimum width of 5 mm, then longitudinal test pieces with the maximum width between 5 mm and 10 mm must be utilized.

Impact testing is not required if the fitting dimensions are insufficient to extract longitudinal base metal test pieces with a minimum width of 5 mm

Charpy V-notch test pieces shall be taken from the sample in accordance with ISO 3183-3

Test specimens for welds must be extracted from the weld centerline, while specimens from the fusion line should be obtained by mutual agreement, with the notch location specified as illustrated in Figure 2 for both symmetric and asymmetric welds.

4 Charpy notch t is the length of Charpy V-notch

Figure 2 — Location of Charpy V-notch in weld fusion lines 9.4.3.2 Test method

Each set of impact tests shall consist of three adjacent test pieces taken from a single, non-flattened sample

Charpy V-notch impact testing shall be in accordance with ISO 148 An additional requirement to report shear area of the fracture surface shall be by agreement

The impact test temperature shall be established in accordance with Table 5

Table 5 — Maximum Charpy V-notch test temperature

Class A Class B Class C t u 20 By agreement T d, min T d, min − 10

20 < t u 25 By agreement T d, min T d, min − 20 t > 25 By agreement By agreement By agreement

In no case shall the test temperature exceed 0 °C.

The Charpy V-notch impact tests must satisfy specific criteria, including a minimum average absorbed energy in joules for each test set, measured in the transverse direction, which should be equal to the specified minimum yield strength (smys).

R where R smys is the specified minimum yield strength, expressed in megapascals

For steel grade L245, the minimum average Charpy-V absorbed energy in the transverse direction is set at 27 J Additionally, any individual test result must not fall below 75% of this average value When testing samples in the longitudinal direction, both the minimum average and individual values must be 1.5 times greater than those for transverse samples If specified, the shear area should average 50%, with a minimum individual value required.

For subsize test pieces, the minimum required absorbed energy values shall be adjusted in accordance with ISO/TR 7705:1991, Clause 6

Through-thickness hardness testing shall be performed using the Vickers method in accordance with ISO 6507-1, method HV 10 (i.e with a test force of 98,07 N)

Hardness indent locations for welded fittings must follow the guidelines outlined in Figure 3 For seamless fittings, indentations should be placed 1 mm to 2 mm from both the inside and outside surfaces, with four indents spaced 5 mm apart, arranged similarly to Figure 3.

Dimensions in millimetres t is the thickness

Figure 3 — Hardness indent locations for welded fittings

No hardness reading shall exceed

 300 HV 10 for class A, B and C fittings,

 250 HV 10 for class CS fittings

The test method and acceptance criteria shall be established by agreement

Before conducting through-thickness hardness testing, specimens must be examined at a minimum magnification of ×100, and grain-size measurement should adhere to ASTM E 112 standards.

The type of microstructure and actual grain size shall be recorded on the manufacturing procedure qualification test report

The minimum average grain size number shall be 7

If HIC testing is specified, the test procedures and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with EFC Publication 16:1995, Annex B

If SSC testing is specified, test procedures and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with EFC Publication 16

CTOD testing is not required for any fitting class, except by agreement

Test methods and requirements shall be decided by agreement

The test pieces shall be in accordance with ISO 7438

Full-thickness curved-section test pieces are necessary for fittings with wall thicknesses of 20 mm or more For fittings with wall thicknesses under 20 mm, rectangular cross-section test pieces can be machined to a thickness of 19 mm, with weld reinforcement removed from both faces.

The mandrel dimensions shall be as defined in the corresponding part of ISO 3183 for the grade of fitting

Both test pieces shall be bent through approximately 180°, one with the root of the weld and the other with the face of the weld directly under the mandrel

Test pieces must meet specific criteria: they should not completely fracture, and any cracks or ruptures in the weld metal must not exceed 3 mm in length, irrespective of their depth Additionally, cracks or ruptures in the parent metal, heat-affected zone, or fusion line should also be limited to a maximum length of 3 mm and must not be deeper than the wall thickness tolerance of the corresponding pipe.

Cracks that occur at the edges of the specimen and that are less than 6 mm in length shall not be cause for rejection, regardless of their depth

If a fracture or crack in a test piece is caused by imperfections, the test piece may be discarded and a new test piece substituted.

Non-destructive testing

All NDT shall be conducted in accordance with documented procedures If specified by the purchaser, NDT procedures shall be decided by agreement before commencement of fitting manufacture

All NDT personnel shall be qualified and certified in accordance with ISO 9712 to the appropriate level of competence The minimum level of competence for UT shall be NDT level 2

All non-destructive testing (NDT) for the acceptance of fittings, as outlined in this section of ISO 15590, must be conducted after the final heat treatment of the fittings, unless radiography of the weld seam of the starting material is specifically required (refer to Table 2).

The surface must be clean and dry, devoid of any dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux, spatter, oil, or other contaminants that could hinder non-destructive testing (NDT).

Fitting surfaces shall be finished so that surface imperfections can be detected by visual inspection

Fittings must be free from several defects, including: a) sharp-bottom gouges in dents; b) dents deeper than 3 mm without sharp-bottom gouges; c) peaks taller than 3 mm; d) hard spots; e) weld reinforcement over 3 mm for fittings with a wall thickness of 12 mm or less; f) weld reinforcement exceeding 4 mm for fittings with a wall thickness greater than 12 mm; g) incompletely filled weld preparations; and h) radial offset or misalignment of plate edges greater than 2 mm for fittings with a specified wall thickness.

12 mm or less; i) radial offset of plate edges, or plate misalignment, exceeding 3 mm, for fittings with a wall thickness greater than 12 mm; j) laps, flats, tears, pulls and similar defects

NOTE Definitions and visual examples of some of these imperfections can be found in ASM International's Metals

Imperfections not classified as defects may remain in the fitting without repair Localized grinding, however, may be performed

9.5.3.3 Treatment of dressable surface defects

All surface defects on the pipe must be removed through grinding, ensuring that the treated area seamlessly integrates with the pipe's contour Verification of complete defect removal will be conducted through local visual inspections, supplemented by appropriate non-destructive testing (NDT) methods if needed Following the grinding process, the wall thickness in the treated area must be assessed to ensure it meets the requirements outlined in section 9.6.

9.5.3.4 Treatment of non-dressable surface defects

Fittings containing non-dressable defects shall be given one of the following dispositions

 Weld defects in welded fittings shall be repaired in accordance with 9.5.3.5

 The fitting shall be rejected

9.5.3.5 Repair of defects by welding

Repair by welding on weld seams may be performed only by the following processes:

 metal inert gas/metal active gas welding;

Weld defects separated by less than 100 mm shall be repaired as a continuous single weld repair

Each repair must consist of at least two weld passes, extending over a minimum length of 50 mm Additionally, all welding repair procedures should be qualified in accordance with section 8.3.2.

After weld repair, the total area of the repaired zone shall be subjected to RT in accordance with 9.5.5

The complete end preparation shall be subjected to MT in accordance with ISO 13664, or PT in accordance with ISO 12095 The MT technique should employ fluorescent ink

For MT and PT, linear indications with a length less than 2 mm shall be acceptable

For class B and C fittings, a 50-mm wide band at each end must be inspected for laminar imperfections using ultrasonic testing (UT) as per ISO 11496 This band extends from the weld bevel intersection to the fitting's outer diameter and along the fitting's body The length of any laminar imperfections must not exceed specified limits.

6 mm in the circumferential direction and their area shall not exceed 100 mm 2

Weld seams must undergo radiographic testing (RT) as per ISO 12096, with an image quality class of R1 Acceptance criteria will also follow ISO 12096 guidelines Alternatively, ultrasonic examination can be used in place of radiographic testing if agreed upon.

Guide bar attachment welds shall be subjected to MT in accordance with ASTM E 709

If specified, the methods and acceptance criteria for fitting body NDT shall be decided by agreement prior to fitting manufacture

The residual magnetic flux density at the fitting ends shall not exceed 3 mT.

Dimensions

Dimensions and tolerances shall be in accordance with MSS SP-75 and, for nominal sizes less than DN 400, ASME B16.9

Gauging

The requirements for gauging, including pigging assessments, shall be decided by agreement.

Hydrostatic testing

Hydrostatic testing of fittings can be skipped unless explicitly required If this testing is not performed, the manufacturer must provide certification that the fitting can endure an internal pressure equal to or greater than that of the corresponding pipe.

The required ISO 10474 designation of inspection document, and any specific requirements for format and content of the document, shall be specified

One or both ends of each fitting shall be marked with the following information:

 purchase order and item number;

 fitting designation, as defined in Clause 5;

 nominal wall thickness at the fitting ends;

 heat number or manufacturer’s heat identification;

 any additional marking specified in the purchase order

For fittings designed with a lower SMYS than the matching pipe, both the fitting designation and the intended matching pipe grade shall be marked

Markings must be applied using indelible paint on the interior surface; however, if marking the interior is not feasible due to smaller diameter fittings, the markings should be placed on the exterior surface instead.

For fittings sized DN 100 and above, identification markings must be in block capitals with a minimum height of 19 mm For smaller fittings, the character height should be suitably adjusted It is important to note that identification markings should not be placed on weld bevels.

In addition to paint-marking, the manufacturer’s unique fitting identification number shall be die-stamped on a weld bevel of each fitting

The minimum wall thickness of the extrados shall be equal to t

The wall thickness of the intrados shall be determined from the following formula: t i = t × E where t i is the minimum wall thickness required in the elbow intrados;

E is a factor given in Table A.1

Table A.1 — E -values for intrados wall thickness calculation

3 1,04 Intermediate values may be interpolated a Elbow centreline radius divided by outside diameter b Known as a short-radius elbow c Known as a long-radius elbow

Caps must have an ellipsoidal shape with a base radius to depth ratio of 2:1 The ellipsoidal shape can be approximated using spherical radii, where the head measures 0.9 times the base diameter and the knuckle measures 0.17 times the base diameter Additionally, a straight skirt length should be incorporated into the cap design The minimum wall thickness for the cap's body, knuckle, and straight skirt must be equal to $ t $.

Reducers are designed with a conical reduction section that features tangents at both ends and knuckle radii connecting the conical section to the tangents It is essential that the cone angle does not exceed 30° in the design of the reducer.

D L is the outside diameter of the larger end of the reducer; t D L is the nominal wall thickness of the larger end of the reducer;

The outside diameter at point n, denoted as D n, is measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, while t n represents the wall thickness at this diameter The minimum wall thickness must be maintained at t throughout the body of the reducer, except in the cylinder portion of the small end, where it should not be less than t 1.

The included (apex) angle, α, of a concentric reducer shall not exceed 60°

The included angle, α, of an eccentric reducer shall not exceed 30°

The minimum thickness, t min , of the conical shell section shall be determined by the following equation

  where p is the design pressure;

D 1 is the outside diameter at the point under consideration, measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; α is the included (apex) angle;

R m, red is the allowable tensile strength of the reducer

A.4 Tees (full outlet and reducing)

Tees must have integral outlets with the bodies, and separately welded outlets are not acceptable The radius of curvature of the external contoured portion of the outlet, denoted as \$\rho_o\$, must be no less than \$0.05D\$ (with the exception that for branch sizes larger than DN 760, \$\rho_o\$ should not exceed 30 mm) and no greater than \$(0.10 \times D) + 12\$ mm Machining is prohibited to achieve compliance with the radius requirements Additionally, the minimum crotch thickness of the tee at the 45° plane must be \$1.5 \times t\$.

Test specimens must consist of fittings that match the manufactured products These fittings should be inspected to ensure they meet the dimensional requirements specified in section 9.6 A straight seamless or welded pipe, corresponding to the intended wall designation for service, must be connected to the test specimen to simulate actual service conditions Additionally, both the matching pipe and the tested fittings should represent the materials intended for use in service.

The matching pipe connected to the test specimen must have a length that is at least equal to its nominal diameter For branch fittings to a header, this length is measured from the edge of the fitting Beyond the minimum length of one diameter, the matching pipe can be capped or reinforced to prevent premature failure Testing may focus solely on pressure if the design load condition is restricted to pressure, meaning there are no pipe forces on the fitting that exceed the end-cap force.

The required test pressure shall be calculated using the following equation: p m p p

2f R t p = D where p p is the numerical value of the computed proof pressure, expressed in megapascals; f is the testing factor determined from Table B.1, dimensionless;

R m is the tensile strength of the test fitting, expressed in megapascals; t p is the nominal wall thickness of the matching pipe, expressed in metres;

D p is the specified outside diameter of the matching pipe, expressed in metres

Tests of different sizes within manufacturing capabilities will be conducted to establish design formulas or criteria for sizes that have not been tested.

A minimum of three tests should be considered

Number of tests Testing factor f

The pressurizing medium for testing must be water or another suitable liquid, and the test pump should deliver pressure exceeding 1.25 times the calculated proof pressure The pressure-measuring device, either dial-indicating or pressure-transducer type, must have a measurement range between 1.5 and 4 times the specified proof pressure To ensure accuracy, dial-indicator graduations should allow for readings with no more than a 5% error margin from the actual proof pressure Additionally, the pressure-measuring device must be calibrated within the last six months and remain visible to the pump operator during the test.

The test assembly must be pressurized gradually, with an incremental rate not exceeding 2.75 MPa/min, until it either fails due to loss of pressure integrity or reaches a pressure of 1.05 times the calculated test pressure.

B.4 Establishment of the equivalent wall or schedule

An adequate pipe fitting configuration is determined when the actual proof pressure during testing meets or exceeds the calculated proof pressure Consequently, the fitting or joint is deemed to possess an equivalent weight designation or schedule number that corresponds to the associated pipe.

A pressure rating for one pipe fitting may represent other pipe fittings to the extent permitted in this part of ISO 15590

Tests conducted on single or replicate specimens can be applied to geometrically similar specimens that are between half and twice the size of the original test specimen The assessment of untested specimens' similarity should be based on attributes related to the specimen's failure mode, including the ratio of pipe outside diameter to nominal wall thickness (D p /t) or the cross-sectional area.

The results of testing DN 600 pipe may be extrapolated to any larger size pipe if DN 600 is the largest pipe size possible in the proof test assembly

The satisfactory test of a non-reducing fitting qualifies reducing fittings of the same pattern and method of manufacture

The satisfactory test of an elbow qualifies elbows having a greater centreline radius than the test fitting, provided they meet the size and attributes requirements stated above

The test report must encompass a detailed description of the test, the instrumentation and calibration methods employed, the actual proof pressures recorded for each test, the duration from the start of the test to the failure point, the calculations conducted, and a comprehensive description of the failure mode(s) along with a sketch or photograph illustrating the failure.

Tiêu đề	Induction Bends, Fittings And Flanges For Pipeline Transportation Systems
Trường học	International Organization for Standardization
Chuyên ngành	Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
Thể loại	International Standard
Năm xuất bản	2003
Thành phố	Geneva

Định dạng
Số trang	34
Dung lượng	318 KB