[...]... place Las habitaciones son muy cómodas The rooms are very comfortable Adjectives in Spanish also function as nouns (see 5.3) and as adverbs (see 14) Adverbs Adverbs are words which tell you something about a verb, an adjective or another adverb: Me Ilaman muy a menudo They call me very often Ana Mar a era increíblemente bella Ana Mar a was incredibly beautiful Hablaba tremendamente rápido He/she was... [teme] fuma [fuma] vuelo lavar water whisky software [bwelo] [laβar] [báter] [( )wiski] [sofwer] examen [eksamen] /[e zamen] [ekstra] / [estra] extra Oaxaca [oaxaka] trayendo [trajendo] / [tra endo] yate [jate]/[ ate] 1.2 PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING z 1 2 zeta [θ] (like th in English ‘thin’ – standard Castilian pronunciation) or [s] (in Latin America and much of Andalusia) zona [θona] / [sona] ch and ll... before a, o or u or a consonant, [ama] [bweno] [imbéθil] [laβota] [a la a] [karo] [okre] [enθ a] / [ens a] cuando [kwando] (che) de [θ] (like th in English ‘thin’ – standard Peninsular pronunciation) or [s] (Latin America and much of Andalusia) before e or i cu before a vowel is pronounced [kw] [tʃ] (like ch in English ‘church’) [d] after a pause or after n or l; ama bueno imbécil la bota hablaba caro... English ‘canyon’) [o] [p] In Spanish this sound is not ‘aspirated’ (accompanied by a short puff of air) before a vowel as in English always appears with u: qu has the value [k] (see k) r between vowels or after p, b, t, d, c, g, is pronounced as a ‘flap’ [r] (with a single flick of the tongue); haga [a a] genio [xenjo] guardia [ wardja] fragua guerra [fraγwa] [ erra] ruegue [rrweγe] pingüino [pin wino] argüir... as well as making some general corrections and updatings Thank you to all our readers – we hope that they find this new edition as stimulating as the first Juan Kattán-Ibarra Christopher J Pountain April 2003 Introduction to the First Edition This book is divided into two major parts: Structures and Functions Part A – Structures is a concise grammar of Spanish organized in the familiar traditional way,... he/she comes back soon (subjunctive) Abre la ventana, por favor Open the window please (imperative) xxi GLOSSARY As a rough guide, the indicative is associated with statements and assertions, the imperative with orders and commands, and the subjunctive with a wide range of subordinate clause usages Nouns Nouns typically denote things, people or animals, or abstract concepts, e.g mesa, Ramón, ni a, cocodrilo,... narrative passage: –¿Qué pasa aquí? –preguntó asombrado –.No sab a que hab a un problema ‘What is happening here?’ he asked, astonished ‘I didn’t know there was a problem.’ Y con un «no» rotundo, se marchó And with a definite ‘no’, he/she went off (c) Other differences between English and Spanish punctuation are more a question of degree Spanish tends to use exclamation marks only for genuine exclamations and... The bi-partite approach we took when producing the first edition of Modern Spanish Grammar has proved popular with students and tutors alike For the second edition we went back to the people that use the Grammar and asked what they would like to see improved As s result, we have taken the opportunity to make some changes to Part A (Structures) and to carry out revisions and make additions to Part B (Functions),... Spanish assumes that Spanish words are stressed on the next to the last syllable if they end in a vowel, n or s, and on the final syllable if they end in a consonant other than n or s Such words are not written with an accent 7 1.5 PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING pa-pel a- rre-ba-tar ha-blan mu-je-res com-pra-mos ter-mi-na e-qui-va-len-te Any departure from this situation is marked by the writing of an accent... feminine adjective + -mente preserve any written accent that normally is used with the adjective: Adjective fácil magnánima Adverb fácilmente magnánimamente Punctuation 1.6 Spanish and English share many features of punctuation The chief differences are: (a) Inverted question marks and exclamation marks are used to introduce questions and exclamations This sometimes means that the inverted marks come . by Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Irene Wilkie ISBN 0–415–12099–3 Modern French Grammar Modern French Grammar Workbook Modern German Grammar Modern German Grammar Workbook Modern Italian Grammar Modern. or another adverb: Me Ilaman muy a menudo. They call me very often. Ana Mar a era increíblemente bella. Ana Mar a was incredibly beautiful. Hablaba tremendamente rápido. He/she was speaking tremendously. publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for