Tiêu chuẩn iso 01927 7 2012

© ISO 2012 Monolithic (unshaped) refractory products — Part 7 Tests on pre formed shapes Produits réfractaires monolithiques (non façonnés) — Partie 7 Essais sur pièces pré formées INTERNATIONAL STAND[.]

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Monolithic (unshaped) refractory products —

Part 7:

Tests on pre-formed shapes

Produits réfractaires monolithiques (non façonnés) — Partie 7: Essais sur pièces pré-formées

First edition2012-12-01

Reference numberISO 1927-7:2012(E)

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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the

address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.

ISO copyright office

Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=University of Alberta/5966844001, User=sharabiani, shahramfs

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``,,,``,,`,```,,,,`,```,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` -Contents Page

Foreword iv

1 Scope 1

2 Normative references 1

3 Terms and definitions 1

4 Principle 4

5 Apparatus 4

6 Inspection by attributes 6

6.1 Preparation of the test piece 6

6.2 Measurement of dimensions 6

6.3 Measurement of angles 6

6.4 Measurement of warpage 7

6.5 Measurement of corner defects 8

6.6 Measurement of edge defects 9

6.7 Measurement of craters and bubbles 10

6.8 Measurement of cracks 11

6.9 Measurement of protrusions and indentations 11

6.10 Measurement of fins 12

6.11 Segregations 12

6.12 Friability 12

7 Inspection by variables 12

7.1 Destructive test methods 12

7.2 Non-destructive test methods 14

8 Test report 19

Bibliography 21

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ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies) The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards Draft International

Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting

Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies

casting a vote

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights

ISO 1927-7 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 33, Refractories.

ISO 1927 consists of the following parts, under the general title Monolithic (unshaped) refractory products:

— Part 1: Introduction and classification

— Part 2: Sampling for testing

— Part 3: Characterization as received

— Part 4: Determination of consistency of castables

— Part 5: Preparation and treatment of test pieces

— Part 6: Measurement of physical properties

— Part 7: Tests on pre-formed shapes

— Part 8: Determination of complementary properties

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``,,,``,,`,```,,,,`,```,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` -Monolithic (unshaped) refractory products —

ISO 1927-1, Monolithic (unshaped) refractory products – Part 1 Introduction and classification

ISO 1927-6, Monolithic (unshaped) refractory products — Part 6: Measurement of physical properties

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a

Key

a, b and c Three dimensions defining the missing corner

Figure 1 — Typical corner defect 3.2

e, f, and g Three dimensions defining the missing edge

Figure 2 — Typical edge defect 3.3

crater

clearly defined hole in the surface of a shape whose parameters, i.e maximum diameter, minimum diameter and depth, can be measured

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hairline cracks

measured and whose width is less than or equal to 0,2 mm, see Figure 3

protrusions and indentations

imperfections that can occur during fabrication or firing, if applicable

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``,,,``,,`,```,,,,`,```,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` -4 Principle

Testing of pre-formed shapes by qualitative and/or quantitative methods These methods are of two types:

a) Inspection by attributes by evaluating the integrity of a refractory shape by visual inspection of

cracks or other surface defects and by conformance to dimensional tolerances;

b) Inspection by variables by evaluating the quality of a refractory shape by determining physical

properties using appropriate destructive or non-destructive test methods

quality of a pre-formed shape

5 Apparatus

5.1 Linear measuring devices, steel tape and/or callipers in accordance with the tolerance required

and conforming to an accuracy that is twice the intended accuracy of the measurement

measurements are accurate to the millimetre (0,5 mm can be estimated) whereas callipers are accurate to 0,1 mm

5.2 Steel straightedge, at least 5 mm thick and of sufficient length to span the diagonal of the largest

shape to be measured

5.3 Two steel measuring wedges, which shall be either:

a) type 1, at least 50 mm in length and 10 mm in thickness at one end, of uniform cross-section for a length of at least 10 mm from that end and then tapering to zero thickness at the other end (see for example Figure 4a), or

b) type 2, up to 160 mm in length with an even taper from 4 mm to zero (see for example Figure 4b).Each wedge shall be graduated and numbered along the slope to show the thickness of the wedge between the base and the slope in increments of either 0,5 mm (type 1) or 0,1 mm (type 2)

Dimensions in millimetres

10 8

6 4

2

50

10

a) Type 1

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``,,,``,,`,```,,,,`,```,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` -40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

5.4 Graticule, with 0,1 mm graduations and/or feeler gauges of an appropriate size and accuracy

to be used for the measurement of crack width If necessary, the gauges can be replaced by measuring wedges of appropriate accuracy

5.5 Sliding bevel, for the measurement of angles.

5.6 Depth gauge calibrated in millimetres of depth, having a probe of 3 mm diameter.

5.7 Breakage defect sizer, with a slot uncovering 2 mm on both surfaces, for determination of

minimum defect sizes for corner and edge defects, according to Figure 5

NOTE 1 One breakage defect sizer can be used together with a steel straightedge for the measurement of corner defects (see 6.5) Two breakage defect sizers can be used together with a linear measuring device for the measurement of edge defects (see 6.6)

NOTE 2 A breakage defect sizer permits an objective definition of the point of departure for the measurement

of the size of a broken edge

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``,,,``,,`,```,,,,`,```,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` -5.8 Balance, capable of measuring to an accuracy of 1 %.

5.9 Ultrasonic pulse velocity measuring equipment.

5.10 Equipment for determining the resonant frequency by mechanical shock.

5.11 Rebound hammer.

5.12 Drying oven, capable of being controlled at 110 °C ± 5 °C.

5.13 Furnace, capable of operating at 1 050 °C ± 25 °C.

6 Inspection by attributes

6.1 Preparation of the test piece

The definition of edges may be improved, after any protrusions or indentations have been measured, by removing any projections such as fins or protrusions This can normally be achieved by light abrasion

Figure 6 — Positioning the sliding bevel

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``,,,``,,`,```,,,,`,```,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` -Figure 7 — Measurement of the angle

6.4 Measurement of warpage

For a concave surface, place the straightedge on edge across a diagonal of the surface being tested, insert a wedge at the point of maximum warpage (ensuring that the reading is not affected by raised imperfections on the castable surface) and record the maximum obtainable reading to the nearest 0,5

mm at the point of contact between the wedge and the straightedge

For a convex surface, insert a wedge at each end of the straightedge and perpendicular to it as shown

in Figure 8 Adjust the wedges, to a position not more than 15 mm from the corner of the shape, so that equal readings are obtained from each of them, making certain that contact is maintained by the straightedge at the point of maximum convexity Record the readings to the nearest 0,5 mm

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Figure 8 — Measurement of convex warpage

Calculate the warpage ratio, W in percent, using the equation:

W h

l

= ×100

where

l is the length of the diagonal of the surface being tested, in millimetres;

h is the reading of the amount of warpage, in millimetres.

6.5 Measurement of corner defects

Measure the dimensions a, b and c of a corner defect using a steel straightedge, a breakage defect sizer

and a steel tape, as indicated in Figure 9 The breakage defect sizer shall be positioned along the edge to

be measured in such a way that the leading edge of the slot coincides with the broken corner on at least

one surface of the shape, as shown in Figure 10 The dimensions a, b, and c are measured between the

steel straightedge and the leading edge of the breakage defect sizer, to the nearest millimetre

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Figure 9 — Measurement of a corner defect

Figure 10 — Positioning the breakage defect sizer

6.6 Measurement of edge defects

Measure the length, g, of an edge defect using two breakage defect sizers and a steel tape, as indicated

in Figure 11 Measure the depth of the edge defect as defined by e and f using a steel straightedge and a

steel tape Measure all dimensions to the nearest millimetre

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Figure 11 — Measurement of the length of an edge defect

6.7 Measurement of craters and bubbles

Measure the maximum and minimum diameter of a crater using a steel tape as indicated in Figure 12

The apparent crater diameter, da, is given by the equation:

da = D d+

2where

D is the maximum diameter of the crater, in mm;

d is the minimum diameter of the crater, in mm.

Measure the depth, h in mm, of a crater using a depth gauge as indicated in Figure 12.

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Measure the width of a crack either with a graticule or with feeler gauges (see 5.4).

Table 1 — Accuracy of measurement

Width of open crack: between 0,2 mm and 1 mm

Measure the dimensions of cracks to the accuracy given in Table 1 Surface crazing (see 3.5) shall be measured using a steel tape and reported in cm2

6.9 Measurement of protrusions and indentations

Measure the height of a protrusion from the surface of the shape by means of a straightedge (see 5.2) and measuring wedges (see 5.3), to the nearest 0,5 mm Place the straightedge parallel to the surface and in contact with the protrusion and adjust the measuring wedges so that equal readings are obtained

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on each of them, as indicated in Figure 13 Measure indentations using the same method as used for craters (see 6.7).

Measure the extent of the honeycombed structure using a linear measuring device Measure dimensions

to the nearest millimetre

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``,,,``,,`,```,,,,`,```,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` -7.1.2 Physical properties

Wherever possible, the dimensions and testing of test pieces cut from pre-formed shapes shall be in accordance with ISO 1927-6 If this is not feasible, for example, if test pieces have to be cored or are of non standard dimensions, the test data will vary due to different test piece geometry

prepared test piece prepared according to ISO 1927-5

7.1.3 Moisture content (see NOTE 2 of 7.1.4)

Weigh the shape or test piece on an appropriate sized balance to the nearest 1 %, and dry it in a drying oven at 110 °C ± 5 °C to constant mass

Calculate the loss in mass, M, as a percentage of the original mass using the equation:

M m m m

= 1− 2 ⋅

where

M is the moisture content, as a percentage;

m1 is the original mass in kilograms;

m2 is the dried mass in kilograms

7.1.4 Loss on ignition

Dry the shape or test piece at 110 °C ± 5 °C until constant mass Allow to cool to ambient temperature

and weigh to the nearest 1 %, recording the mass as m3 Fire at 1 050 °C ± 25 °C until constant mass

Allow to cool and weigh to the nearest 1 %, recording the mass as m4

Calculate the loss on ignition, LI, as a percentage of the final mass using the following equation:

L m m m

where

LI is the loss on ignition, as a percentage;

m3 is the mass after drying in kilograms;

m4 is the final mass in kilograms.

NOTE 1 An intermediate temperature can be assigned for determining the loss on ignition This temperature should be agreed between the parties involved prior to testing and noted in the final report

NOTE 2 If it is not possible to determine the moisture content or the loss on ignition on a full shape then a test piece should be obtained without using wet cutting methods, for example by breaking the shape to obtain a representative test piece

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7.2 Non-destructive test methods

7.2.1 Ultrasonic testing

7.2.1.1 General

Ultrasonic testing techniques do not give commonly accepted physical properties, but are used to determine an overall quality level The methods employed are applied to pre-dried and cooled shapes at ambient temperature

7.2.1.2 Principle

Propagation of ultrasonic waves through a test piece and determining their velocity

In such cases the reliability of the measurement should be checked by preliminary testing Wherever possible, the contact surface should be greater than the area of the sensor

7.2.1.3 Testing equipment (see Figure 14)

7.2.1.3.1 Two identical low frequency sensors, (between 40 kHz and 100 kHz) with low damping rate

One sensor shall be the emitter and the other sensor shall be the receiver

7.2.1.3.2 A suitable contact system as a couplant between the sensors and the test pieces, e.g silicone

grease and/or rubber disks

If possible, use a clamping device to maintain the sensors in contact with the test piece

Tiêu đề	Monolithic (unshaped) refractory products — Part 7: Tests on pre-formed shapes
Trường học	University of Alberta
Thể loại	tiêu chuẩn
Năm xuất bản	2012
Thành phố	Switzerland

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