© ISO 2014 Heat treatable steels, alloy steels and free cutting steels — Part 18 Bright steel products Aciers pour traitement thermique, aciers alliés et aciers pour décolletage — Partie 18 Produits e[.]
Classification
Steel grades are classified according to ISO 4948-1 and ISO 4948-2 standards General engineering steels and free-cutting steels are considered quality steels, while steels designed for case hardening, quenching and tempering, as well as stainless steels, are categorized as special steels This classification ensures clear differentiation based on steel properties and intended applications.
Designation
For the steel grades covered by this document, the steel names given in the relevant tables are allocated in accordance with ISO/TS 4949.
5 Information to be supplied by the purchaser
Mandatory information
When submitting an enquiry, the manufacturer must obtain key information from the purchaser, including product dimensions and tolerances (refer to section 7.7 and Tables 3, 16-18), the relevant ISO 683-18 standard reference, the steel grade designation along with delivery conditions (see Tables 5-15), and the standard designation for the test report (ISO 10474) or other applicable inspection documents.
Options/Supplementary or special requirements
This section of ISO 683 provides various options that purchasers can specify to tailor product specifications, including reference testing for quenched and tempered steels, fine grain requirements, non-destructive testing, and tolerance dispositions Additional options include end condition specifications, product analysis, minimum deformation ratios, temporary corrosion protection, and special marking needs Buyers can also specify surface condition requirements such as ground or polished surfaces, surface quality classes, verification of straightness, hardenability features for special steels, permissible decarburization depths, and impact testing at temperatures below room temperature If no options are indicated, products are supplied according to the basic ISO 683 specifications.
Steel round bars with a nominal diameter of 20 mm and tolerance h9 are available in stock at a length of 6000 mm, made from high-quality C45 steel grade in accordance with relevant standards, and supplied in delivery condition +C with surface quality class 1 These bars are certified with a 2.2 test report as specified in ISO 10474, ensuring compliance and reliability Additionally, the bars are produced from steel grade ISO 683-18, specifically X5CrNi18–10+2B+2G, highlighting their corrosion-resistant properties and suitability for precision applications.
General
The manufacturing process of the steel and of the products is with the restrictions given by the requirements in 6.2 and 6.3 left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
For minimum reduction ratio or minimum thickness deformation ratio of rolled and forged products, see C.8.
Treatment and surface condition at delivery
The delivery of the product must meet the specified treatment and heat-treatment conditions as agreed upon in the purchase order These conditions should align with the options outlined in Table 1 or Table 2, ensuring compliance with quality standards Proper adherence to these specifications guarantees the integrity and performance of the delivered item.
Bright steel products in cold drawn or peeled/turned condition are coated with a light film of grease from processing, ensuring surface protection For bright steel products in a final heat-treated condition, manufacturers typically select rust protection measures after heat treatment to prevent corrosion and maintain product quality.
Regular application of basic grease or oil offers limited protection against rust, especially when condensation water is present For effective rust prevention, a suitable rust inhibitor or specialized packing should be used, and this must be specified and agreed upon during the inquiry and order process (see C.9).
Table 3 shows the possible surface conditions and tolerance classes according to ISO 286-2 at delivery.
Traceability of the cast
Each product shall be traceable to the cast, see Clause 10.
Chemical composition, mechanical properties and hardenability
Combination of usual treatment conditions at the time of delivery and requirements concerning chemical composition and mechanical properties are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
The chemical composition of the steels determined by the cast analysis, shall comply to ISO 630-2,
ISO 16143-2 The product analysis shall be carried out when specified at the time of enquiry and order (see C.7).
When ordering steels for case hardening or quenching and tempering, hardenability requirements specified according to ISO 683-1, ISO 683-2, and ISO 683-3 serve as the primary criteria for acceptance In these cases, cast analysis values may deviate from those listed in ISO 683-1, ISO 683-2, and ISO 683-3, Table 3, footnote b.
WARNING — Due to hazardous effects to health and environmental problems of Pb, it is recommended to use instead steels only with sulfur and other innocuous free-cutting element additions.
For steels ordered in specific treatment conditions outlined in Tables 1 and 2, the mechanical property requirements detailed in Tables 5 to 15 are applicable, except for stainless steel bars specified in condition +2D, where properties are governed by ISO 16143-2 The mechanical property values provided in these tables are based on test samples prepared according to the procedures illustrated in Figure 1.
Hardenability values for standard and specialized steels are provided in ISO 683 series standards, with ISO 683-1 and ISO 683-2 offering normal and narrowed hardenability data for special steels, while ISO 683-3 presents narrowed hardenability values specifically for alloy special steels These values serve as general guidance and should be used accordingly.
Stainless steel bars that are intentionally cold work hardened to achieve a specific 0.2-proof strength are governed by the mechanical properties outlined in Table 15 at room temperature For these products, mechanical properties such as strength are considered primary requirements, while other characteristics are regarded as secondary Ensuring these properties meet the specified standards is essential for maintaining quality and performance.
NOTE In this Tables 5 to 14, grades alloyed with further elements for better machinability are not explicitly mentioned, but the mechanical properties are also valid for them (see Tables A.1 to A.5).
For alloy case-hardening steels, the hardenability requirements outlined in ISO 683-3:—, Table 5 generally apply unless otherwise agreed upon If specified during the enquiry and order process, steels with restricted hardenability scatterbands, as detailed in ISO 683-3:—, Table 6, will be supplied, supplementing the values listed in Table 1, columns 6 and 7.
When ordering special steels for quenching and tempering using standard designations or within narrowed hardenability scatterbands, ensure that the hardenability values specified in ISO 683-1 or ISO 683-2 are referenced alongside the data provided in Table 1, columns 8 and 9.
NOTE In Tables 9 to 11, grades alloyed with further elements for better machinability are not explicitly mentioned, but the mechanical properties are also valid for them (see Tables A.3 and A.4).
Machinability
All non-stainless steels are machinable in the conditions ‘soft annealed’ (+A) and treated to ferrite/pearlite structure (+FP).
Where improved machinablity is required the grades with a specified sulfur or lead range should be
Grain size
Unless specified at the time of enquiry and order, the grain size of general engineering steels, free-cutting steels, non-alloy steels for quenching and tempering, and stainless steels shall be determined by the manufacturer’s discretion For applications requiring a fine grain structure, such as non-alloy steels for quenching and tempering or case-hardening and quenched and tempered free-cutting steels, it is necessary to order according to Annex C, Option C.3 This ensures the appropriate grain size is achieved based on specific material requirements.
NOTE If direct hardening treatment is used for free-cutting case-hardening steels, a fine grain structure should be ordered.
For optimal performance, case-hardening and alloy steels intended for quenching and tempering must possess a fine grain structure, with an austenite grain size of 5 or finer as determined by ISO 643 testing This specification ensures improved toughness and hardness, with verification conducted according to section C.3.
Non-metallic inclusions
Special steels must meet specified cleanliness standards, but verifying non-metallic inclusion content requires a prior agreement When such an agreement exists, microscopically non-metallic inclusion levels are determined through a defined procedure within agreed limits, following standards like ISO 4967, EN 10247, or JIS G 0555 For grades with a minimum sulfur content, the agreement should specifically address oxide inclusions.
This requirement pertains to the verification of macroscopic inclusions in special steels Upon mutual agreement, the method of inspection and acceptance criteria must be established during the inquiry and order process to ensure compliance with quality standards.
Internal soundness
Where appropriate, requirements relating to the internal soundness of the products shall be agreed at the time of enquiry and order (see C.4).
Decarburization
For non-stainless steels for quenching and tempering, requirements relating to the permissible depth of decarburization may be agreed at the time of enquiry and order.
The depth of decarburization shall be determined in accordance with the micrographic method specified in ISO 3887.
Shape, dimensions and tolerances
The tolerance class for thickness and width (for flats) must meet the requirements agreed upon during the enquiry and order process, as specified in Table 3 In the absence of an agreement, bright products are supplied with the standard tolerance class outlined in Table 3 Tolerance classes and their corresponding tolerances are detailed in Table 16 for rounds, squares, and hexagons, and in Table 17 for drawn flats Additionally, if specified by the purchaser at the time of enquiry and order, disposition tolerances must adhere to the guidelines in Table 16 as per section C.5, ensuring compliance with quality standards and precision requirements.
During the enquiry and order process, or in case of disputes, a designated number of bars will be assessed for straightness using the method outlined in Annex D The tolerances detailed in Table 19 will be applied to ensure compliance with quality standards.
Non-round bars, including square, hexagon, and flat profiles, may have an undefined edge within 0.2 mm for widths up to 150 mm, and flats with widths exceeding 150 mm may have an undefined area within 0.5 mm, unless otherwise specified For widths greater than 150 mm, the corner profile can be undefined within 0.5 mm of the hypothetical edge unless sharp corners are explicitly ordered.
Surface quality
Bright products should have a smooth, scale-free surface, free from loose surface scale after final heat treatment Their surfaces may appear discolored or darker, but a consistent, high-quality finish is essential For products with special cross-sections such as hexagons, squares, flats, and profiles, achieving the same surface finish quality as round cross-sections is not always possible due to manufacturing limitations.
Surface discontinuities such as cracks, overlaps, scale, pores, pits, and grooves are unavoidable during manufacturing processes like hot and cold forming, heat treatments, handling, and storage, and these features often remain after drawing Therefore, clear agreements on surface quality are essential, with products classified into different standards according to Table 4 Cold drawn and ground/polished bars, including variants like +C, +C+QT, +C+G, +C+PL, +2H, +2D, +2H+2G, and +2H+2P, are delivered in surface quality class 1, ensuring high surface integrity In contrast, peeled or turned bars, along with ground/polished bars derived from them (e.g., +SH, +SH+G, +SH+PL, +2B, +2B+2G, +2B+2P), are supplied in class 3, indicating different surface finishing standards The preferred surface quality class can be mutually agreed upon during the enquiry and order process to meet specific application requirements.
For flats larger than 20 mm, squares exceeding 20 mm, and hexagons over 50 mm, the maximum allowable depth of surface discontinuities must be mutually agreed upon during the inquiry and ordering process, ensuring quality and customer satisfaction.
NOTE Where automatic testing of the surface is applied, 50 mm of each end of the bar is not normally covered.
Surface defects cannot be eliminated without removal of material Products in the ‘technically crack free by manufacture’ condition are only available in the peeled/turned and/or ground conditions.
Testing procedures and types of documents
Products compliant with ISO 683 must be ordered and delivered with an inspection document as specified in ISO 10474, ensuring quality assurance The specific type of inspection document should be agreed upon during the enquiry and order process to meet customer requirements If the order lacks a particular inspection document specification, a 2.2 test report will be issued automatically to verify compliance.
According to agreements made at the time of enquiry and order, if a test report is required, it must confirm that the material meets the order specifications, include test results for all elements listed in Tables A.1 to A.5 for the specific steel grade, provide outcomes of all inspections and tests conducted under supplementary requirements (refer to Annex C), and clearly associate inspection certificates, test pieces, and products through corresponding symbol letters or numbers.
Frequency of testing
The amount of testing, the sampling conditions and the test methods to be applied for the verification of the requirements shall be in accordance with the prescriptions of Table 20.
Specific inspection and testing
8.3.1 Verification of the hardenability, hardness and mechanical properties
When steels are ordered under specific treatment conditions outlined in Table 1 or Table 2, their hardness and mechanical property requirements must generally be verified However, the verification of mechanical properties for reference test pieces, as specified in Table 1, footnote d, is only necessary if the supplementary requirement specified in section C.2 is included in the order.
Steels ordered with the designation symbols +H, +HH, or +HL must meet specific hardenability requirements Unless otherwise agreed, only the hardenability criteria outlined in ISO 683-1, ISO 683-2, and ISO 683-3 are to be verified These standards ensure that the steel's hardenability meets the necessary performance specifications for various applications Confirming compliance with these ISO standards is essential for quality assurance and consistent material properties in heat-treated steels.
To ensure product compliance with specifications, a sufficient number of items must be inspected Dimensional inspection should be conducted as follows: for round bars, measurements should be taken at least 150 mm from the end; for round bars cut to length, accuracy must be verified at a minimum of 10 mm from the end; and for non-round shapes, measurements should be performed at least 25 mm from the end of the product.
Chemical analysis
The manufacturer has the discretion to select an appropriate physical or chemical analytical method for product analysis In case of disputes, the analytical method used must be mutually agreed upon, considering relevant International Standards to ensure consistency and accuracy.
NOTE The list of available International Standards on chemical analysis is given in ISO/TR 9769.
Mechanical tests
The tensile test shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 6892-1.
For the specified yield strength in the tables on mechanical properties in this standard, the upper yield strength (R eH ) shall be determined.
The Charpy-V-notch (CVN) impact test must be conducted according to ISO 148-1 standards Cold drawn bars with designations such as +C, +C+G, +C+PL, +2H, +2H + 2G, and +2H + 2P typically do not meet impact test requirements unless specified in the mechanical properties tables Impact testing is typically not applicable for these cold drawn bars unless explicitly mentioned in the relevant specifications.
At the time of enquiry and order additional requirements concerning the impact energy and the verification at temperatures other than room temperature (0 °C, –20 °C and –40 °C) can be agreed.
The average of three test specimens must meet or exceed the specified value to ensure quality compliance A single test result can be below the target value as long as it is not less than 70% of the specified standard This tolerance allows for minor variations while maintaining overall performance standards.
If these conditions are not satisfied the sample product is rejected and retests may be carried out on the remainder of the test unit.
Hardness and hardenability tests
9.3.1 Hardness in treatment conditions +A and +FP
Hardness tests for products in treatment conditions such as +SH (hot-rolled and peeled/turned), +A+SH (soft annealed and peeled/turned), +A+C (soft annealed and cold drawn), +FP+SH (ferrite-pearlite structure treated and peeled/turned), and +FP+C (ferrite-pearlite structure treated and cold drawn) must be performed according to ISO 6506-1 standards.
For verification of hardenability, see ISO 683-1, ISO 683-2 and ISO 683-3.
Verification of dimensions
The out-of-roundness test has to be carried out by the two-point measuring method Other methods have to be agreed at the time of enquiry and order.
Retests
Retests for steels for quenching and tempering and criteria should be as specified in ISO 404.
Manufacturers must appropriately label products, bundles, or boxes to ensure clear identification of the cast, steel type, and origin of delivery, facilitating traceability and compliance with quality standards (see C.10).
Table 1 — Combinations of usual treatment conditions at delivery and requirements for non-stainless steels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 me nt c on di ti on at d el iv er y Sy m bol
Chemically composed, all steels possess unique properties that make them suitable for various engineering applications Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and ductility are crucial for selecting the right steel for specific uses General engineering steels are versatile and widely used across industries due to their reliable performance Free-cutting steels are designed for easy machining, enhancing manufacturing efficiency Non-alloy case-hardening steels offer surface hardness without compromising toughness, making them ideal for wear-resistant components Understanding these characteristics helps optimize material selection for durable, efficient, and cost-effective engineering solutions.
Alloy cast-hardening steels are renowned for their high strength and durability, making them ideal for demanding industrial applications Non-alloy steels used for quenching and tempering processes provide excellent toughness and wear resistance Alloy steels designed for quenching and tempering, whether rolled, peened, or turned, meet strict standards such as ISO 630-2, ISO 683-1, ISO 683-2, ISO 683-4, and ISO 683-3, ensuring consistent chemical composition; detailed information can be found in Tables A.1 to A.4.
This article references multiple tables (Table 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11) that provide detailed data on various metallurgical structures and processes It highlights specific conditions such as cold drawn and peened or turned surfaces, with added elements like +C and +S H, and discusses the effects of annealing and peening on different structures like ferrite-pearlite and tempered martensite The article emphasizes the importance of controlling parameters like temperature, peening, and quenching to achieve desired microstructures, referencing standardized procedures outlined in ISO 4954 for processes such as stress relief, normalization, and cold heading, which are critical for ensuring mechanical properties and dimensional stability Proper treatment conditions, including stress management (+S R), normalization (+N), and mechanical treatments, are essential and should be agreed upon during inquiry and order to meet specific metallurgical and mechanical requirements.
For diameters of 16 mm and above, it is most feasible to use piloting or turning rather than drawing For diameters exceeding 80 mm, drawing is typically less practical, and so the process should involve piloting or turning instead The steel should be properly drawn, quenched, and tempered, with the specific values for this treatment found in the comparable special steel grades listed in Tables 10 and 11 Properties specified in these tables, such as for the +C and +C+QT conditions, must be achieved after the appropriate heat treatment, provided this is agreed upon in the order, according to section C.2. -**Sponsor**Need help refining your article and ensuring it's SEO-friendly? [editorr](https://pollinations.ai/redirect-nexad/YSaVciBA) can assist you in rewriting your content, focusing on clarity and coherence while adhering to SEO guidelines Our platform offers on-demand proofreading and editing services, providing real-time feedback from qualified editors to enhance your writing We'll help you craft compelling narratives and optimize your article's structure, ensuring it resonates with your audience and ranks well in search results Let Editorr transform your text into a polished and impactful piece that captures the essence of each paragraph and meets SEO standards.
Table 2 — Types of process routes, surface finish and requirements for stainless steels a
1 Type of process route Symbol b Surface finish b Note Chemical composition Mechanical properties
Heat treated c , mechanically or chemically descaled or rough machined, cold processed d ,
Smooth and matt or bright Substantially smoother than finishes 1E, 1D or 1X Not free of surface imperfec- tions.
On products formed by cold drawing without subsequent heat treatment, the tensile strength is substantially increased, particularly in austenitic materials, depend- ing on the degree of forming
The surface hardness may be higher than the centre hard- ness.
ISO 16143-2, See for informa- tion see Table A.5
Smooth and matt or bright Smoother than finishes 1E or 1D Not free of surface imper- fections.
This finish allows the restora- tion of the mechanical proper- ties after cold processing
Products with good ductility (cold heading) and specific magnetic properties.
Heat treated c , mechanically or chemically descaled or rough machined, cold processed d , mechanically smoothed e
Smoother, uniform and bright Brighter than finishes 1E, 1D or 1X
Cold drawing significantly enhances the tensile strength of austenitic materials, especially when no subsequent heat treatment is applied This process is commonly used to improve the finish and overall quality of products, with strength increasing proportionally to the degree of cold working These products are typically utilized in their current condition or are further refined for better surface finishing and performance.
The surface hardness may be higher than the centre hardness Pre-finish for close ISO-tolerances.
Cold processed with special finishing process
Finishes +2H, +2D or +2B, centreless ground, mechani- cally smoothed (optional) f
+2G Smooth, uniform and bright Free of surface defects
Finish for close ISO-tolerances (see Table 3) Unless otherwise agreed the surface roughness shall be Ra ≤ 1,2.
6 Finishes +2H, +2D or +2B, polished +2P Smoother and brighter than finish +2G Free of surface defects.
Finish for close ISO-tolerances (see Table 3) Surface rough- ness can be specified at the time of enquiry and order.
Not all process routes and surface finishes, such as +2H, +2D, and +2B, are available for all types of steel, with process identification codes indicating hot formed (1) or cold processed (2) according to ISO 16143-2 Heat treatment may be omitted for ferritic, austenitic, and austenitic-ferritic grades if hot forming and cooling conditions meet mechanical property and intergranular corrosion resistance requirements The choice of cold processing methods, including cold drawing, peeling or turning, and centreless grinding, is at the manufacturer’s discretion, provided that specified tolerances and surface roughness are maintained Similarly, the selection of mechanical or specular polishing techniques, such as electro-polishing, felting, or buffing, is left to the manufacturer unless otherwise agreed upon, ensuring flexibility in surface finish options.
Table 3 — Surface condition and tolerance class at delivery
1 Surface condition at delivery Symbol
Rounds Squares Hexagons Drawn flats Special sec- tions Notes
2 Cold Drawn or heat-treated and cold drawn
(h9 to h12) see h10 Table 16 h11 for d ≤ 80 mm, h12 for d > 80 mm (h11 or h12); see Table 16 h11, h12, see Table 17 – b See Table 1, lines 3,5,7,9 and Table 2 line 2
+C+QT (+C+N) (+C+SR) (+C+A) +2D see Table 16 h11 – – – – Finish for good duc- tility see Table 1, line
Table 16 – – – – See Table 1, lines 2,4,6 and Table 2, line 4
Obtained e.g from conditions Table 1, lines 2 to 7 and 9 and see Table 2 line 5
Standard tolerance classes are typically obtained from conditions outlined in Table 1, lines 2 to 7 and 9, as well as Table 2, line 6, unless otherwise specified Additional tolerance classes, based on ISO 286-2, may be applicable if required at the time of inquiry and order Certain details, such as specific tolerance classes, are to be agreed upon during the enquiry and ordering process.
The permissible depth of discontinuities depends on the thickness of the material, with a maximum of 0.3 mm for thicknesses (t) less than or equal to 15 mm For thicknesses between 15 mm and 100 mm, the maximum allowed discontinuity depth is 0.02 times the thickness, up to a limit of 0.3 mm for t between 15 mm and 75 mm For materials thicker than 75 mm, the maximum discontinuity depth increases to 1.5 mm Additionally, specific guidelines specify a maximum discontinuity depth of 0.2 mm for thicknesses up to 20 mm and 0.01 times the thickness for thicknesses between 20 mm and 75 mm.
0,75 mm for t > 75 mm technically crack free by manufacture e
Maximum percentage of delivered weight with discontinuities in excess of specified level
Nominal thickness (t) represents the diameter of bars and the distance across flats of squares and hexagons Availability of classes is indicated by a + sign for available and a - sign for not available The maximum depth of discontinuities pertains to the respective section, whether width or thickness Eddy current crack detection is not feasible for thicknesses greater than 20 mm or 50 mm, as specified Reference dimensions should be confirmed during the enquiry and order process Surface quality must exceed class 3, with verification requirements to be agreed upon at the time of ordering.
Table 5 — Mechanical properties of bright steels for general engineering use
For steel thicknesses less than 5 mm, mechanical properties are typically agreed upon at the time of enquiry and order, with tensile strength values serving as the decisive factor in case of dispute When selecting steel gauges, 63 < t ≤ 100 mm, the tensile strength ranges from 164 to 207 MPa, 164 to 207 MPa, 550 to 710 MPa, and 290 to 820 MPa, depending on the specific section For flats and special sections, the proof strength (Rp0.2) may deviate by –10%, and the tensile strength (Rm) by ±10% Additionally, steels C50 and C60 in delivery condition +C can be soft annealed prior to cold drawing to achieve desired properties.
63 < t ≤ 100 196 to 278 670 to 940 - - - a For thickness < 5 mm, the mechanical properties may be agreed at the time of enquiry and order. b In case of dispute, the tensile strength values are the decisive factor. c For flats and special sections, the proof strength (R p0,2 ) may deviate by – 10 % and the tensile strength (R m ) by ± 10 %. d Steels C50 and C60 in delivery condition +C may be soft annealed before cold drawing.
Table 6 — Mechanical properties of free-cutting bright steels
(except steels for quenching and tempering)
Mechanical properties As-rolled + peeled
MPa A min. Steels not intended for heat treatment
63 < t ≤ 100 160 420 to 540 265 440 to 650 10 a For thickness < 5 mm, the mechanical properties may be agreed at the time of enquiry and order. b In case of dispute, the tensile strength values are the decisive factor. c For flats and special sections, the proof strength (R p0,2 ) may deviate by – 10 % and the tensile strength (R m ) by ± 10 %. le 7 — Mechanical properties of free-cutting bright steels for quenching and tempering Me ch an ic al p ro pe rt ie s A s- ro lle d + p ee le d (+ SH ) Co ld d ra w n (+ C) Q ue nc he d a nd t em pe re d a nd p ee le d c (+ Q T+ SH ) Q ue nc he d a nd t em pe re d + c ol d d ra w n (+ Q T + C) ar dn es s d H BW ma x R m M Pa R p0, 2 M Pa m in R m M Pa A % m in
This article provides detailed insights into the mechanical properties and tensile strength of various materials under different conditions, including as-rolled, peeled, quenched, and tempered states, as shown in Figure B.1 Key factors such as yield strength (Rp0.2), ultimate tensile strength (Rm), and hardness values are critical in determining material performance, with the proof strength potentially deviating by ±10% The mechanical characteristics are highly dependent on the heat treatment process, with specific results for cold drawn (+C), quenched (+Q T), and combinations like quenched and tempered (+Q T + SH) or quenched, tempered, and cold drawn (+Q T + C) Thickness measurements and maximum hardness values further influence the material's suitability for various applications Accurate assessment of these properties enables optimal selection and processing to achieve desired performance criteria in engineering and manufacturing contexts.
This article discusses the mechanical and thermal properties of materials under various temperature and pressure conditions, emphasizing the importance of tensile strength and proof stress values It highlights that for materials less than 5 mm thick, mechanical properties can be assessed at the time of inquiry and order, confirming their suitability under different conditions such as cold drawn and quenched states (+C +QT) The tensile strength (Rp0.2) is a crucial factor, with potential deviations of up to ±10%, while proof strength (Rm) may vary by ±10%, depending on specific section requirements The data in Figure B.1 illustrates the relationship between temperature, pressure, and material strength across different ranges, providing valuable insights for engineering applications Ensuring accurate mechanical property values is essential for safe and reliable design, particularly when considering variations in material conditions and measurement tolerances.
Table 8 — Mechanical properties of non-alloy bright steels for case hardening es s a t