Astm d 6856 d 6856m 03 (2016)

Designation D6856/D6856M − 03 (Reapproved 2016) Standard Guide for Testing Fabric Reinforced “Textile” Composite Materials1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6856/D6856M; the number[.]

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Designation: D6856/D6856M−03 (Reapproved 2016)

Standard Guide for

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6856/D6856M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the

year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last

reapproval A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

INTRODUCTION

A variety of fabric-reinforced composite materials have been developed for use in aerospace, automotive, and other applications These composite materials are reinforced with continuous fiber

yarns that are formed into two-dimensional or three-dimensional fabrics Various fabric constructions,

such as woven, braided, stitched, and so forth, can be used to form the fabric reinforcement Due to

the nature of the reinforcement, these materials are often referred to as “textile” composites

Textile composites can be fabricated from 2-dimensional (2-D) or 3-dimensional (3-D) fabrics

Stitched preforms and 3-D fabrics contain through-thickness yarns, which can lead to greater

delamination resistance Textile composites are also amenable to automated fabrication However, the

microstructure (or fiber architecture) of a textile composite, which consists of interlacing yarns, can

lead to increased inhomogeneity of the local displacement fields in the laminate Depending upon the

size of the yarns and the pattern of the weave or braid, the inhomogeneity within a textile composite

can be large compared to traditional tape laminates

Thus, special care should be exercised in the use of the current ASTM standards developed for high performance composites In many cases, the current ASTM standards are quite adequate if proper

attention is given to the special testing considerations for textile composites covered in this guide

However, in some cases, current standards do not meet the needs for testing of the required properties

This guide is intended to increase the user’s awareness of the special considerations necessary for the

testing of these materials It also provides the user with recommended ASTM standards that are

applicable for evaluating textile composites The specific properties for which current ASTM

standards might not apply are also highlighted in this guide

1 Scope

1.1 This guide is applicable to the testing of textile

com-posites fabricated using fabric preforms, such as weaves,

braids, stitched preforms, and so forth, as the reinforcement

The purpose of this guide is to:

1.1.1 Ensure that proper consideration is given to the unique

characteristics of these materials in testing

1.1.2 Assist the user in selecting the best currently available ASTM test method for the measurement of commonly evalu-ated material properties for this class of materials

1.2 Areas where current ASTM test methods do not meet the needs for testing of textile composites are indicated 1.3 It is not the intent of this guide to cover all test methods which could possibly be used for textile composites Only the most commonly used and most applicable standards are included

1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each

1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite

Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina and

Laminate Test Methods.

Current edition approved Sept 1, 2016 Published September 2016 Originally

approved in 2003 Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6856-03(2008) ɛ1

DOI: 10.1520/D6856_D6856M-03R16.

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system shall be used independently of the other Combining

values from the two systems may result in non-conformance

with the standard

1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish

appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the

applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.

2 Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:2

D790Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced

and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating

Materi-als

D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity

(Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement

D883Terminology Relating to Plastics

D2344/D2344MTest Method for Short-Beam Strength of

Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates

D3039/D3039MTest Method for Tensile Properties of

Poly-mer Matrix Composite Materials

D3171Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite

Materials

D3410/D3410MTest Method for Compressive Properties of

Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported

Gage Section by Shear Loading

D3479/D3479MTest Method for Tension-Tension Fatigue

of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials

D3518/D3518MTest Method for In-Plane Shear Response

of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by Tensile Test of

a 645° Laminate

D3846Test Method for In-Plane Shear Strength of

Rein-forced Plastics

D3878Terminology for Composite Materials

D4255/D4255MTest Method for In-Plane Shear Properties

of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear

Method

D5229/D5229MTest Method for Moisture Absorption

Prop-erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix

Composite Materials

D5379/D5379MTest Method for Shear Properties of

Com-posite Materials by the V-Notched Beam Method

D5528Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture

Tough-ness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix

Composites

Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

D5961/D5961MTest Method for Bearing Response of

Poly-mer Matrix Composite Laminates

D6115Test Method for Mode I Fatigue Delamination

Growth Onset of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced

Poly-mer Matrix Composites

D6415Test Method for Measuring the Curved Beam

Strength of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Compos-ite

D6272Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-als by Four-Point Bending

D6484/D6484MTest Method for Open-Hole Compressive Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

D6641/D6641MTest Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture

D6671/D6671MTest Method for Mixed Mode I-Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing

E122Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process

E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics

E1237Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

3 Terminology

3.1 Definitions—Definitions used in this guide are defined

by various ASTM methods TerminologyD3878defines terms relating to high-modulus fibers and their composites Termi-nologyD883defines terms relating to plastics TerminologyE6 defines terms relating to mechanical testing TerminologyE456 defines terms relating to statistics In the event of a conflict between definitions of terms, Terminology D3878shall have precedence over the other standards Terms relating specifically

to textile composites are defined by Ref ( 1 ).3

3.2 textile unit cell—In theory, textile composites have a

repeating geometrical pattern based on manufacturing param-eters This repeating pattern is often referred to as the materials

“unit cell.” It is defined as the smallest section of architecture required to repeat the textile pattern (seeFigs 1-4) Handling and processing can distort the “theoretical” unit cell Param-eters such as yarn size, yarn spacing, fabric construction, and fiber angle may be used to calculate theoretical unit cell dimensions However, several different “unit cells” may be defined for a given textile architecture For example, Fig 2 shows two different unit cells for the braided architectures Thus, unit cell definition can be somewhat subjective based on varying interpretations of the textile architecture The user is

referred to Refs ( 1 , 2 ) for further guidance In this guide, to be

consistent, the term “unit cell” is used to refer to the smallest unit cell for a given textile architecture This smallest unit cell

is defined as the smallest section of the textile architecture required to replicate the textile pattern by using only in-plane translations (and no rotations) of the unit cell Examples of the smallest unit cells for some of the commonly used textile composites are shown inFigs 1-4 For the 3-D weaves inFigs

3 and 4, the smallest unit cell length (as indicated) is defined by the undulating pattern of the warp yarns The smallest unit cell

2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.

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width is the distance between two adjacent warp stuffer yarn

columns (in the fill yarn direction) and the smallest unit cell

height is the consolidated woven composite thickness

FIG 1 Smallest Unit Cells for Plain Weave and 5-Harness Satin Weave Architectures

FIG 2 Smallest Unit Cells for a 2-D Braid and a 2×2, 2-D Triaxial Braid

FIG 3 Smallest Unit Cell Length for Through-Thickness Angle-Interlock Weave

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4 Significance and Use

4.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference for the

testing of textile composite materials

4.2 The use of this guide ensures that proper consideration

is given to the unique characteristics of these materials in

testing In addition, this guide also assists the user in selecting

the best currently available ASTM test method for

measure-ment of commonly evaluated material properties

5 Summary of Guide

5.1 Special testing considerations unique to textile

compos-ites are identified and discussed Recommendations for

han-dling these considerations are provided Special considerations

covered are included in Section 7 on Material Definition;

Section8on Gage Selection; Section9on Sampling and Test

Specimens; Section 10on Test Specimen Conditioning;

Sec-tion11on Report of Results; and Section12on Recommended

Test Methods

5.2 Recommended ASTM test methods applicable to textile

composites and any special considerations are provided in

Section12for mechanical and physical properties Section13

identifies areas where revised or new standards are needed for

textile composites

6 Procedure for Use

6.1 Review Sections 7 – 12 to become familiar with the

special testing considerations for textile composites

6.2 Follow the recommended ASTM test method identified

in Section12for determining a required property but refer back

to this guide for recommendations on test specimen geometry,

strain measurement, and reporting of results

7 Material Definition

7.1 Constituent Definition—Variations in type and amount

of sizing on the fibers can significantly influence fabric quality

and subsequently material property test results Each

constituent, that is, the fiber, fiber sizing type and amount, and

resin should be carefully documented prior to testing to avoid

misinterpretation of test results

7.1.1 Fiber and resin content should be measured and

recorded using at least one unit cell of the material from at least

one location in each panel from which test specimens are machined Section 12 covers methods for measuring these values

7.1.2 The following items should be documented each time

a material is tested: fiber type, fiber diameter, fiber surface treatment or sizing type and amount, and resin type

7.2 Fabric Definition—Due to the limitless possibilities

involved in placing yarns during the weaving and braiding operations, it is important to carefully document the yarn counts (or yarn sizes), yarn spacings, yarn orientations, yarn contents, weave or braid pattern identification, and yarn interlocking through the preform thickness Such documenta-tion is required to properly define the textile unit cell and also

to properly identify the textile material that was tested and to avoid any possible misinterpretations of the test results

7.3 Process Definition—Processing techniques can affect

fiber orientation, void content, and state of polymerization These factors can in turn influence material property test results significantly Each of these items should be defined and documented prior to testing to avoid misinterpretation of the test results

7.3.1 The amount of debulking of the preform during processing can affect the fiber volume and also the fiber orientation through the thickness In-plane fiber orientation can

be adversely affected during the placement of the preform in the mold Both overall and local variations in fiber orientation should be documented

7.3.2 As a minimum the following process conditions should be documented for each material tested: preform thickness, preform tackifier (or resin compatible binder) used, molding technique, molding temperature, molding pressure, molding time, and panel dimensions

8 Strain Gage Selection

8.1 The surface preparation, gage installation, lead wire connection, and verification check procedures described in Test Methods E251 and Guide E1237 are applicable to textile composites and should be used in the application of bonded resistance strain gages

8.2 The strain gage size selected for each particular textile composite should take into consideration the size of the unit cell for the particular textile composite architecture Each

FIG 4 Smallest Unit Cell Length for Layer-to-Layer Angle-Interlock Weave

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different textile architecture has an independent unit cell size,

which defines the extent of inhomogeniety in the displacement

fields The size of the gage should be large enough relative to

the textile unit cell to provide a reliable measurement of the

average strain magnitude It is recommended for most textile

architectures that the gage length and width should, at a

minimum, equal the length and width of the smallest unit cell

This applies to specimens loaded in the axial fiber direction

(longitudinal direction) and to specimens loaded perpendicular

to the axial fibers (transverse direction) For stitched

composites, it is recommended that the gage length and width

should, at a minimum, equal the stitch spacing and stitch pitch,

respectively The user is also referred to Ref ( 3 ) for further

guidance

9 Sampling and Test Specimens

9.1 Sampling—It is recommended that at least five

speci-mens be tested per series unless valid results can be obtained

using less specimens, such as by using a designed experiment

For statistically significant data, the procedure outlined in

Practice E122 should be used and the method of sampling

should be reported

9.2 Specimen Geometry—The test specimen geometry shall

be in accordance with the corresponding ASTM test method

and the specimen geometry recommended in Section 12 for

each measured property The recommended ratio of specimen

width to unit cell width for a textile composite is 2:1 The

larger of (1) the specimen width dictated by this recommended

ratio and (2) the specimen width recommended in the

corre-sponding ASTM standard for the measured property, should be

used to ensure that at least two unit cells are included within

the specimen gage section

9.3 Specimen Fabrication—The specimens may be molded

individually without cut edges or machined from a plate after

bonding on tab material If cut from a plate, precautions must

be taken to avoid notches, undercuts, or rough edges When

machined, each specimen should be saw cut oversized and

ground to the final dimensions

10 Test Specimen Conditioning

10.1 Unless a different environment is required, the test

specimens shall be conditioned in accordance with Procedure

C of Test Method D5229/D5229M The specimens should be

stored and tested at standard laboratory conditions of 23 6 1°C

[73.4 6 1.8°F] and 50 6 10 % relative humidity

11 Report

11.1 Standard Reporting—All of the normal reporting

re-quirements of the ASTM standard recommended for use for the

particular property should be followed

11.2 Textile Composite Reporting—Sections7 – 10covered

the special considerations for testing of textile composite

materials A recommended list of the items which should be

documented in test reports as a consequence of these

consid-erations follows Neglecting to document any of these items

could result in misinterpretation of test results

11.2.1 Material Documentation:

11.2.1.1 Fiber type, 11.2.1.2 Fiber diameter, 11.2.1.3 Fiber surface treatment type and amount, 11.2.1.4 Fiber content,

11.2.1.5 Preform fabric type (weave, braid, and so forth), 11.2.1.6 Fabric construction (plain weave, 2×2 triaxial braid, angle-interlock weave, and so forth),

11.2.1.7 Yarn filament count or yarn size for each different set of yarns used in the fabric (for example, warp, weft/fill, stuffer, braider, and so forth),

11.2.1.8 Yarn spacings for each different set of yarns (for example, warp, weft/fill, stuffer, braider, and so forth), 11.2.1.9 Yarn orientations for each different set of yarns, 11.2.1.10 Yarn content (%) for each different set of yarns in the fabric,

11.2.1.11 Yarn interlocking length (or number of fill col-umns interlocked) along weave warp direction (for angle-interlock weaves),

11.2.1.12 Yarn interlocking depth (or number of layers interlocked) through the thickness (for angle-interlock weaves),

11.2.1.13 Stitch type (modified lock stitch, loop stitch, and

so forth), 11.2.1.14 Stitching yarn type and filament count (or yarn size),

11.2.1.15 Stitch spacing and stitch pitch (for stitched preforms),

11.2.1.16 Dry preform thickness, 11.2.1.17 Preform surface treatment, 11.2.1.18 Resin type,

11.2.1.19 Resin content, 11.2.1.20 Void content, and 11.2.1.21 Specific gravity

11.2.2 Process Documentation:

11.2.2.1 Molding technique (resin transfer molding (RTM), resin film infusion (RFI), and so forth),

11.2.2.2 Tackifier (or resin compatible binder) used for better preform handling,

11.2.2.3 Mold release material identification and mold re-lease technique,

11.2.2.4 Molding temperature, 11.2.2.5 Molding pressure, 11.2.2.6 Molding time, and 11.2.2.7 Panel dimensions

11.2.3 History Documentation:

11.2.3.1 Molding date, 11.2.3.2 Machining date, 11.2.3.3 Testing date, 11.2.3.4 Load history, and 11.2.3.5 Environmental history

11.2.4 Sampling Documentation:

11.2.4.1 Number of panels, 11.2.4.2 Location of specimens, 11.2.4.3 Orientation of specimens, and 11.2.4.4 Number of specimens

11.2.5 Test Specimen Documentation:

11.2.5.1 Machining technique, and 11.2.5.2 Machined edge condition

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11.2.6 Pre-Test Conditioning Documentation:

11.2.6.1 Temperature, humidity, pressure, load, and time at

which specimens were pre-conditioned prior to testing, and

11.2.6.2 Time at test temperature prior to testing

12 Recommended Test Methods

12.1 Unnotched Tension Testing of Textile Composites:

12.1.1 Uniaxial tension tests should be performed using Test

Method D3039/D3039M Further guidance specific to textile

composites is available in Ref ( 4 ).

12.1.2 Strain measurements should be made using an

exten-someter or strain gages of sufficient size relative to the textile

unit cell as recommended in Section8

12.1.3 Test specimen width should be based on the

mini-mum width recommended in 9.2and a minimum gage length

of 127 6 2.0 mm [5.00 6 0.1 in.]

12.1.4 Test specimen fabrication and conditioning should be

performed according to9.3and Section10, respectively

12.1.5 The special reporting requirements described in

Sec-tion 11should be used for all textile composite materials

12.2 Unnotched Compression Testing of Textile Composites:

12.2.1 Uniaxial compression tests should be performed

using either Test MethodD6641/D6641Mor D3410/D3410M

(Procedure B only) Test Method D6641/D6641M is not

recommended for uniwoven fabrics and can be used only for

textile composites with a maximum of 50 % warp (0-degree)

yarns (in the loading direction) Further guidance specific to

textile composites is available in Ref ( 5 ).

exten-someter or strain gages of sufficient size relative to the textile

unit cell as recommended in Section8

mini-mum width recommended in 9.2

12.3 In-plane Shear Testing of Textile Composites:

12.3.1 In-plane shear tests should be performed using either

Test MethodD5379/D5379MorD4255/D4255M Test Method

D3518/D3518M can be used only for woven or orthogonally

braided (braid angle = 645°) composites with equal yarn sizes

and spacings in the warp and fill (or 645° braiding) directions

or for laminated uniweave constructions that have a 645°

layup Further guidance specific to textile composite testing

using Test Method D5379/D5379Mis available in Ref ( 6 ).

12.3.2 Strain measurements should be made using strain

gages of sufficient size relative to the textile unit cell as

recommended in Section 8

12.4 Through-Thickness Shear Testing of Textile

Compos-ites:

12.4.1 Through-thickness shear testing of textile composites

with no through-thickness interlocking yarns, such as, plain

weave, satin weaves, 2-D braids, etc., should be performed using either Test Method D5379/D5379M or D3846 Test MethodD3846can be used only when the distance between the notches is at least equal to the length of two textile unit cells Test Method D2344/D2344Mcannot be used for most textile composites (except uniweave constructions) due to specimen geometry limitations which do not provide sufficient space to accommodate at least two textile unit cells along the width (see 9.2) or in the test section between the loading and the support points

12.4.2 Textile composites with through-thickness yarns have a high through-thickness shear strength relative to their in-plane compression strength Test Method D5379/D5379M

or D3846 cannot be used to achieve adequate through-thickness shear failures in these composites

12.4.3 For 2-D weaves and 2-D braids, test specimen width should be based on the minimum width recommended in9.2 12.4.4 Test specimen fabrication and conditioning should be performed according to9.3and Section 10, respectively 12.4.5 The special reporting requirements described in Sec-tion 11should be used for all textile composite materials

12.5 Flexural Testing of Textile Composites:

12.5.1 Flexural tests should be performed using Test Meth-ods D6272 or D790 Test Method D6272 is the preferred method

12.5.2 Test specimen width should be based on the mini-mum width recommended in 9.2

12.5.3 Test specimen fabrication and conditioning should be performed according to9.3and Section 10, respectively 12.5.4 The special reporting requirements described in Sec-tion 11should be used for all textile composite materials

12.6 Open Hole Tension Testing of Textile Composites:

12.6.1 Open hole tension tests should be performed using Test Method D5766/D5766M Further guidance specific to

textile composites is available in Ref ( 7 ).

12.6.2 Recommended specimen dimensions for textile com-posites are as follows: width—36.0 6 0.1 mm [1.500 6 0.005 in.]; length—200 to 300 mm [8.0 to 12.0 in.]; and centrally located hole—6.00 6 0.06 mm [0.250 6 0.003 in.] diameter 12.6.3 Test specimen fabrication and conditioning should be performed according to9.3and Section 10respectively 12.6.4 The special reporting requirements described in Sec-tion 11should be used for all textile composite materials

12.7 Open Hole Compression Testing of Textile Composites:

12.7.1 Open hole compression tests should be performed using Test Method D6484/D6484M

12.7.2 Recommended specimen dimensions for textile com-posites are as follows: width—36.0 6 0.25 mm [1.50 6 0.01 in.]; length—300 6 0.25 mm [12.0 6 0.01 in.]; and centrally located hole—6.00 6 0.06 mm [0.250 6 0.003 in.] diameter 12.7.3 Test specimen fabrication and conditioning should be performed according to9.3and Section 10, respectively 12.7.4 The special reporting requirements described in Sec-tion 11should be used for all textile composite materials

12.8 Bearing Response Testing of Textile Composites:

12.8.1 Bearing response tests should be performed using Test Method D5961/D5961M

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12.9 Tension Fatigue Testing of Textile Composites:

12.9.1 Tension fatigue tests should be performed using Test

MethodD3479/D3479M

exten-someter of sufficient size relative to the textile unit cell as

recommended in Section 8

mini-mum width recommended in 9.2and a minimum gage length

of 127 6 2.0 mm [5.00 6 0.1 in.]

12.10 Flexural Fatigue Testing of Textile Composites:

12.10.1 Flexural fatigue tests should be performed using the

test specimen recommended in either Test MethodsD6272or

D790 An ASTM test method does not exist at this time for

flexural fatigue testing

mini-mum width recommended in 9.2

12.10.3 Test specimen fabrication and conditioning should

be performed according to9.3and Section 10, respectively

Section11 should be used for all textile composite materials

12.11 Density and Specific Gravity of Textile Composites:

12.11.1 Density and specific gravity measurements for

tex-tile composites should be performed using Test MethodsD792

12.11.2 Test specimen length and width should be selected

based on the size of the textile unit cell At a minimum, the

length and width of the specimen should be equal to the length

and width of the unit cell for the particular textile architecture

Section11 should be used for all textile composite materials

12.12 Fiber Content of Textile Composites:

12.12.1 Fiber content measurements for textile composites should be performed using Test MethodD3171

12.12.2 Test specimen length and width should be selected based on the size of the textile unit cell At a minimum, the length and width of the specimen should be equal to the length and width of the unit cell for the particular textile architecture 12.12.3 The special reporting requirements described in Section11 should be used for all textile composite materials

13 Standard Test Methods Needed for Textile Composites

13.1 Through-Thickness Shear Testing—As mentioned in

Section 12, the current Test Methods D5379/D5379M or D3846for through-thickness shear might not be adequate for textile composites with large amounts of through-thickness yarns A modified test specimen needs to be developed which will lead to through-thickness shear failures in the 3-D textile composite materials

13.2 Out-of-Plane Tension Testing—Currently there does

not exist an adequate test method for measuring out-of-plane tension strength and modulus of textile composites Test Method D6415 which uses a curved beam for out-of-plane tension strength can be used only for uniweave textile com-posites This test method is not recommended for bi-directional composites such as 2-D weaves and 2-D braids since the test results are often influenced by transverse yarn cracking which usually precedes interlaminar tension failure Further work needs to be undertaken to develop an adequate standard test method for out-of-plane stiffness and strength properties of 3-D woven and 3-D braided composites

13.3 Interlaminar Fracture Testing—Currently adequate

test methods for measuring interlaminar fracture toughness (mode I, mode II and mixed mode) of textile composites do not exist There is a need to examine the applicability of the Test Methods D5528,D6115, andD6671/D6671M to textile com-posites

REFERENCES

(1) Pastore, C M., “Illustrated Glossary of Textile Terms for

Composites,” NASA Contractor Report 191539, Sept 1993.

(2) Masters, J E and Portanova, M A., “Standard Test Methods for

Textile Composites,” NASA Contractor Report 4751, Sept 1996.

(3) Masters, J E., “Strain Gage Selection Criteria for Textile Composite

Materials,” NASA Contractor Report 198286, Feb 1996.

(4) Portanova, M A., “Standard Methods for Unnotched Tension Testing

of Textile Composites,” NASA Contractor Report 198264, Dec 1995.

(5) Masters, J E., “Compression Testing of Textile Composites,” NASA Contractor Report 198285, Feb 1996.

(6) Seneviratne, W P and Tomblin, J S., “Adaptation of the Iosipescu In-plane Shear Test Method for High Strength Textile Composites,”

Journal of Composites Technology & Research, JCTRER, Vol 23, No.

4, October 2001, pp 259-266.

(7) Portanova, M A., “Standard Methods for Open Hole Tension Testing

of Textile Composites,” NASA Contractor Report 198262, Dec 1995.

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Tiêu đề	Standard Guide for Testing Fabric-Reinforced “Textile” Composite Materials
Trường học	ASTM International
Chuyên ngành	Composite Materials
Thể loại	Standard Guide
Năm xuất bản	2016
Thành phố	West Conshohocken

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