Designation D5410 − 93 (Reapproved 2007) Standard Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwater Site; Part Three—Usage Descriptors1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5410[.]
Trang 1Designation: D5410−93 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Guide for
Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwater Site;
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5410; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1 Scope
1.1 This guide is Part Three of three guides to be used in
conjunction with Practice D5254 that delineates the data
desirable to describe a groundwater data collection or sampling
site This guide identifies usage descriptors, such as
monitoring, for an individual groundwater site Guide D5408
describes additional information beyond the minimum set of
data elements that may be specified to identify a groundwater
site, while GuideD5409identifies physical descriptors, such as
construction, for a site
N OTE 1—A groundwater site is defined as any source, location, or
sampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a
natural stratum from below the surface of the earth A source or facility
can include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal
in orientation) Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices,
boreholes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be
hydrau-lically connected to the groundwater, are appropriate for the use intended.
N OTE 2—Guide D5408 includes data confidence classification
descrip-tor (1 element), geographic location descripdescrip-tors (4 elements), political
regime descriptor (1 element), source identifier descriptors (4 elements),
legal descriptors (9 elements), owner descriptors (2 elements), site visit
descriptors (3 elements), other identification descriptors (2 elements),
other data descriptors (3 elements), and remarks descriptors (3 elements).
Guide D5409 includes individual site characteristics (7 data elements),
construction descriptors (56 data elements), lift descriptors (16 data
elements), geologic descriptors (26 data elements), hydraulic descriptors
(20 data elements), and spring descriptors (11 data elements) For a list of
descriptors in this guide, see Section 3
1.2 These data elements are described in terms used by
groundwater hydrologists Standard references, such as Ref
( 1 )2and various hydrogeologic professional publications, are
used to determine these definitions Many of the suggested
elements and their representative codes are those established
by the Water Resources Division of the U.S Geological Survey
and used in the National Water Information Systems comput-erized data base3( 1-21 ).
N OTE 3—The purpose of this guide is to suggest data elements that can
be collected for groundwater sites This does not uniquely imply a computer data base, but rather data elements for entry into any type of permanent file.
N OTE 4—Component and code lists given with some of the data elements, for example“ method of discharge measurement,” are only suggestions These lists can be modified, expanded, or reduced for the purpose intended by the company or agency maintaining the groundwater data file.
N OTE 5—Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.
1.3 This guide includes the data elements desirable to document a groundwater site beyond those given in the minimum set of data elements Some examples of the data elements are water level, discharge, and water-quality sample collection date No single site will need every data element, for example, a monitoring site may not need a long-term water use record Each record (group of data elements) for a site has mandatory data elements, such as the date for the water level record However, these elements are considered necessary only when that specific record is gathered for the site
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to
be regarded separately as the standard The values given in parentheses are for information only
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved May 1, 2007 Published July 2007 Originally approved
in 1993 Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D5410–93(1998) DOI:
10.1520/D5410-93R07.
2 The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to the list of references at the
end of the text.
3 Guide for the Decommissioning of Groundwater Wells, Vadose Zone Monitor-ing Devices, Boreholes, and Other Devices for Environmental Activities (draft); ASTM Subcommittee D18.21.06 on Well Maintenance, Rehabilitation, and Aban-donment Section, August 1991.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States
Trang 2a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
unique aspects The word “Standard” in the title of this
document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
2 Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:4
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
D5254Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to
Identify a Ground-Water Site
D5408Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a
Groundwater Site; Part One—Additional Identification
Descriptors
D5409Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a
Ground-Water Site; Part Two—Physical Descriptors
3 Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms applicable to this guide, see
TerminologyD653
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 code—a suggested abbreviation for a component, for
example, “T” is the code suggested for the “electric tape”
component of data element method of measurement
3.2.2 component—a subdivision of a data element, for
example, “electric tape” is one of 14 components suggested for
data element method of measurement
3.2.3 data element—an individual segment of information
about a groundwater site, for example, “method of
measure-ment.” The data element is in the water-level record record
3.2.4 record—denotes a set of related data elements that
may need to be repeated to fully describe a groundwater site
For example, a groundwater monitoring site where water levels
are measured periodically will need more than one water-level
record record (the record includes data elements date of
measurement, date accuracy, water level, water-level accuracy,
status, method of measurement, instrumentation, and statistics
method) to fully document the water-level history of the site
However, if only a single water level was measured for the site,
the record is utilized once
3.2.5 record group—a set of related records For example
the “monitoring record group” includes the measuring point
record, network record, water level record, discharge record,
water use record, water quality record, and field water quality
record Some record groups consist of only one record, for
example, the “irrigation record group” includes only the
irrigation record
4 Summary of Guide
4.1 This guide includes the following usage descriptor data elements to describe a groundwater site This guide includes only repeated elements that commonly require several records
to fully describe the conditions and history of the site:
Monitoring Record Group:
Network Record:
Data Type Date Interval of Network Utilization Source Agency for Network Data Frequency of Data Collection Method of Data Acquisition Power Type of Instruments Network
Measuring-Point Record:
Date Interval of Measuring-Point Utilization Height in Reference to Datum
Description
Water-Level Record:
Measurement Date and Time Water Level
Water-Level Accuracy Status
Method of Measurement and Instrumentation Instrumentation
Source of Data Statistics Method
Discharge Record:
Measurement Date and Time Discharge
Type of Discharge Source of Data Method of Discharge Measurement Instrumentation
Production or Pumping Level Static Level
Method of Water-Level Measurement Pumping Period
Specific Capacity Drawdown Source of Water-Level Data
Water-Use Record:
Date Range of Water-Use Record Data Collection Interval Long-Term Water Use Method Used to Determine Long-Term Water Use
Water-Quality Record:
Sample Date and Time Agency That Analyzes Samples Type of Analyses
Parameters Requested for Analysis Sample Depth/Interval
Water-Quality File Containing Analysis Laboratory Number
Laboratory Name Replicate Sequence Number Collecting Agency or Company Agency or Company Code Chain of Custody Sampling Purpose Site Condition Sample Appearance Sample Odor Presence of Immiscible Stratum Thickness of Immiscible Stratum Sensors
Sample Preservation Method Sample Filtration Material Pumped Period Casing Volume Amount of Water Purged Sampling Method or Sampler Type Sampler Material
Aquifer Sampled
4 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Trang 3Regulating Agency
Field Water-Quality Record:
Field Sample Date and Time
Parameter Code
Value of Parameter
Unit for Parameter
Instrumentation or Method of Determination
Monitoring Site at Waste-Facility Record:
Date Interval in Service
State Regulatory Agency
State Registration Identification
EPA Registration Identification
Responsible Company
Company’s Site Identification
Site Location in Relationship to Waste Facility
Status of Site
Sampled Interval
Irrigation Record Group:
Irrigation Record:
Irrigated Land Area
Allowance for Irrigating
Date Legal Irrigation Begins
Date Legal Irrigation Ends
Decommissioning Record Group:
Decommissioning Record:
Date Decommissioned
Method Used for Decommissioning
Reason for Decommissioning
Plugging Material
Name and Address of Decommissioner
Step-by-Step Procedures
Availability of Decommissioning Report
Regulations Followed, Federal, State, Local
5 Significance and Use
5.1 Data at groundwater sites are gathered for many
pur-poses Each of these purposes generally requires a specific set
of data elements For example, when the groundwater quality
is of concern not only are the minimum set of data elements
required for the site, but information concerning the sample
collection depth interval, method of collection, and date and
time of collection are needed to fully qualify the data Another
group of elements are recommended for each use of the data,
such as aquifer characteristics or water-level records Normally
the more information that is gathered about a site by field
personnel, the easier it is to understand the groundwater
conditions and to reach valid conclusions and interpretations
regarding the site
5.2 The data elements listed in this guide and GuidesD5408
andD5409should assist in planning what information can be
gathered for a groundwater site and how to document these
data
N OTE 6—Some important data elements may change during the
existence of a site For example, the elevation of the measuring point used
for the measurement of water levels may be modified because of repair or
replacement of equipment This frequently occurs when the measuring
point is an opening in the pump and the pump is modified or replaced.
Because changes cannot always be anticipated It is preferable to reference
the height of the measuring point to a nearby, permanent altitude datum.
The measuring point is referenced by being the same altitude (zero
correction) or above (negative correction) or below (plus correction) the
altitude datum All appropriate measurements should be corrected in
reference to the altitude datum before entry into the permanent file Care
must be exercised to keep the relationship of these data elements
consistent throughout the duration of the site.
5.3 Some data elements have an extensive list of
compo-nents or possible entries For example the aquifer identification
list described in GuideD5409has over 5000 entries Lengthy
lists of possible entries are not included in this guide, however, information on where to obtain these components is included with the specific data element
N OTE 7—This guide identifies sources, lists, etc of information required to completely document information about any groundwater site.
6 Documentation
6.1 Introduction:
6.1.1 Many of the groundwater data elements require mul-tiple records or entries to completely describe a site Time-related elements, such as water levels, discharge measurements, and water chemistry, may present hundreds or thousands of records for a period of many years that document measurements at a single site These time-related data help to determine historical trends and serve to establish bench-mark facts for the site
6.1.2 Other data elements that are not time related, such as casing lengths, spring openings, and an array of geophysical logs, require a sequence of records to thoroughly describe the site These data are extremely valuable in site characterization, for example, wells for which the construction components are required to understand the source of the water
6.2 Monitoring Record Group:
6.2.1 Introduction—The monitoring record group includes
records for documenting data elements relating to any type of information gathered at a groundwater site for the purpose of monitoring hydrologic, usage, and water-quality trends
6.2.2 Network Record—The network record includes the
data elements that describes a groundwater site as it relates to
a node in a hydrologic, usage, or water-quality network (10 ).
N OTE 8—An example of a form (see Fig 1 ) for documenting the data elements as described for two records of the monitoring record group is illustrated to show a method of design for this tool These forms are commonly known as “field forms” or as “coding forms” (for computer entry) This type of form is routinely used for transcribing field data while
at the groundwater site and entering nonfield information at the agency’s
or company’s office It should be noted that each form has the site identification (primary identification as used by the agency or company), date of field visit, and person that recorded the data as the first entries These three data items are mandatory to ensure correct filing of the information, either in cabinets or in a computer data base, and for quality control.
6.2.2.1 Data Type—If applicable, document the type of
monitoring conducted or information collected at the ground-water network site The information identified as continuous are from automatic recording devices, such as water-level recorders Suggested network data type components and rep-resentative codes are as follows:
A—Water quality, analyzed in the laboratory B—Water quality, analyzed in the field C—Water levels, continuous D—Water levels, intermittent E—Water discharge, continuous F—Water discharge, intermittent G—Prediction and detection of earthquakes H—Land compaction for subsidence I—Vadose-zone water pressure Z—Other (describe)
N OTE 9—A groundwater site can be used as a node in a network for monitoring phenomenon other than the common quality, water-level, and discharge parameters For example, in some areas of the country, wells are used indirectly as part of programs to monitor the
Trang 4subsidence of the land surface as a result of collapse or compaction
resulting from extraction of liquid from the underground material Wells
and springs have been used in past research as monitoring sites to predict
and detect earthquakes by chemical changes in the water and by
water-level fluctuations.
6.2.2.2 Date Interval of Network Utilization—If applicable,
document the date interval, in year, month, and day
(YYYYMMDD), that the groundwater site was used for
network monitoring If still in use, document the date that the
site was put into service
6.2.2.3 Source Agency for Network Data— If applicable,
document the name and address of the agency responsible for
the collection of the groundwater data at the network
monitor-ing site
6.2.2.4 Frequency of Data Collection—If applicable,
docu-ment the frequency of data collection at the network
monitor-ing site Suggested frequency of data collection components
and representative codes are as follows:
C—Continuously (analog recorder)
J—Fixed interval (digital recorder) give interval
K—Variable interval (digital recorder) give interval
H—Hourly
D—Daily
W—Weekly
F—Semimonthly (twice a month)
M—Monthly
B—Bimonthly (every two months)
Q—Quarterly
S—Semiannually
A—Annually
2—Biennially (every two years)
3—Every three years
4—Every four years
5—Every five years
X—Every ten years
O—One time only
I—Intermittently or variable time scale
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.2.5 Method of Data Acquisition—If applicable,
docu-ment the method of data collection at the network monitoring
site Suggested method of data collection components and
representative codes are as follows:
A—Automated instruments accessed by field personnel B—Automated instruments accessed by direct line D—Automated instruments accessed by radio G—Automated instruments accessed by remote data transmission F—Periodic field visits by agency or company personnel C—Calculated from records of owner
E—Estimated from other records U—Unknown
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.2.6 Power Type of Instruments—If applicable, document
the power type of permanently mounted data collection instru-ments at the groundwater monitoring site in the network A detailed description of the instruments should be included with each specific type of monitoring (for example, digital recorder with water levels) Suggested power type of instrument com-ponents and representative codes are as follows:
M—Mechanical B—Battery operated S—Spring driven E—Electrical R—Solar batteries Z—Other (describe)
6.2.2.7 Network—If applicable, document the areal extent
or management level of the network that includes the ground-water monitoring site Document any additional networks that may include the site Suggested network data components and representative codes are as follows:
N—National S—State or Province R—Regional, multiple state or county C—County
D—Drainage basin P—Project Z—Other (describe)
6.2.3 Measuring-Point Record—The measuring point
repre-sents a convenient position at a groundwater facility to reference repeated measurements, such as water levels For some groundwater sites the measuring point is at the same
location as the altitude datum (10 ).
N OTE 10—The altitude of the datum is described as one of the
FIG 1 Sample Form
Trang 5geographic locational data elements in the “Standard Practice for the
Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Groundwater Site.” This
record describes the relationship between the measuring point and the
datum, thereby linking measurements made at the site to the third
dimension, the altitude The datum normally remains the same for the life
of the site; the measuring point can change as the water-withdrawal
facilities are modified.
6.2.3.1 Date Interval of Measuring-Point Utilization —If
applicable, document the date interval, in year, month, and day
(YYYYMMDD), that the measuring point was used for
con-ducting measurements at the groundwater site If still in use,
document the date that the measuring point was first used
N OTE 11—The measuring point can be modified because of changing
conditions at the groundwater site, therefore, several different measuring
points may be used over the life of the site These changes must be dated
in order to relate to time-significant information, such as groundwater
levels, that are collected over the history of the site.
6.2.3.2 Height in Reference to Datum—Document the
height of the measuring point above or below the datum, in feet
or metres If the position of the measuring point is the same as
the datum, the value is 0.0 Document the accuracy or
confidence classification for this data element
6.2.3.3 Description—Document a detailed description of the
measuring point in relationship to the groundwater withdrawal
facilities A sketch or photograph of the facility and measuring
point is valuable as an aid to future identification of the
location
6.2.4 Water-Level Record—This record is used to document
level measurements of groundwater sites Each
water-level record requires most of the following data elements to
thoroughly document the event A single site may have
thousands of records (3-6 , 9 and 10 , 12 , 18 and 19 ).
6.2.4.1 Measurement Date and Time—Document the date
and time of day (standard time and 2400 clock) of the
water-level measurement Many historical measurements do
not have the time of day information and are accurate only to
the nearest day Some measurements are only accurate to the
nearest year, however are extremely valuable in documenting
long-term water-level trends Unless obvious, document the
exactness of the date of measurement An example is
“193800000000” for the year 1938 without the month, day, and
time (2 , 13 ).
6.2.4.2 Water Level—If applicable, document the water
level, in feet or metres, in reference to the measuring point, for
the groundwater site For water levels that are above the
measuring point (normally artisan wells), precede the value
with a minus (−) sign to distinguish those water levels from
ones at or below the measuring point For those events where
the condition at the site is dry, plugged, discontinued, certain
flowing situations, or the site is destroyed, the water level is not
transcribed (see6.2.4.4) Document the accuracy or confidence
classification for this data element (see6.2.4.3for suggestions)
6.2.4.3 Water-Level Accuracy—Document the accuracy of
the water level as an aid for interpretation Suggested water-level accuracy components and representative codes are as follows:
0—Accurate to nearest foot or metre 1—Accurate to nearest 1/10th ft or 1 cm 2—Accurate to nearest 1/100th ft or 1 mm 9—Unknown
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.4.4 Status—If applicable, document the status of the
groundwater site as it relates to the water level Suggested status components and representative codes are as follows: A—Static water level (site is in equilibrium)
D—Site dry (no water level recorded) E—Flowed recently
F—Site flowing (water level could not be measured) (no water level recorded)
G—Nearby site tapping same aquifer was flowing H—Nearby site tapping same aquifer flowed recently I—Injector site (recharge water being injected) J—Injector site monitor (nearby site tapping same aquifer injecting recharge water)
N—Measurements discontinued O—Obstruction encountered in well above water surface (no water level recorded)
P—Site being pumped R—Site pumped recently S—Nearby site tapping same aquifer being pumped T—Nearby site tapping same aquifer pumped recently V—Foreign substance present on surface of water W—Site destroyed
X—Affected by stage in nearby surface-water body Z—Other conditions affect water level (describe)
6.2.4.5 Method of Measurement and Instrumentation—If
applicable, document the instruments and method designating the means by which the water level was measured Suggested method of measurement components and representative codes are as follows:
A—Air line B—Analog or graphic recorder C—Calibrated air line E—Estimated F—Fiberglass tape G—Pressure gage, mechanical H—Calibrated pressure gage I—Interface probe
L—Interpreted from geophysical logs M—Manometer
N—Nonrecording gage (for example, staff gage) P—Pressure transducer with data logger R—Reported, method not known Q—Sonar sounder
S—Steel tape T—Electric tape V—Calibrated electric tape Z—Other (describe)
6.2.4.6 Instrumentation—If applicable, document the type
of all permanently mounted data collection instruments at the groundwater site used for water-level monitoring Suggested instrument components and representative codes are as fol-lows:
Trang 6B—Bubble gage
C—Crest-stage gage
D—Digital recorder (mechanical or electronic)
E—Continuous-record type recorder
G—Graphic or analog recorder
I—In situ, without readout or data logger
M—Data logger
P—Pressure transducer
R—Radio relay
S—Satellite relay
T—Telemetry
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.4.7 Source of Data—If applicable, document the source
of the discharge data Suggested source of data components
and representative codes are as follows:
A—Government agency
C—Consultant
D—Driller’s log or report
L—Personnel of source agency or company
M—Memory (owner, operator, driller)
O—Records by owner
R—Person other than owner, driller, or another government agency
S—Personnel of reporting agency or company
U—University associate
Z—Other source (describe)
6.2.4.8 Statistics Method—If applicable, document the
method which describes how the measurement was selected
from a continuous recorder (for example, analog, digital or
micrologger) available for that day Suggested statistics code
components and representative codes are as follows:
M—Water level shown is a daily maximum (for example, deepest water level
for the day)
N—Water level shown is a daily minimum (for example, shallowest water level
for the day)
A—Water level is 12:00 noon reading
P—Water level is 12:00 midnight reading
N—Mean, daily, monthly, etc (specify)
O—Other (describe)
6.2.5 Discharge Record—This record is used to document
instantaneous discharge measurements for groundwater sites
Each discharge record requires most of the following data
elements to thoroughly document the measurement A single
site may have many records (3-6 , 10 , 12 , 18 , 19 ).
6.2.5.1 Measurement Date and Time—Document the date
and time of day (standard time and 2400 clock) of the
instantaneous discharge measurement Many historical
mea-surements do not have the time of day information and are
accurate only to the nearest day Some measurements, accurate
to only the nearest year, are extremely valuable in documenting
long-term water usage Unless obvious, document the accuracy
of the date of measurement
6.2.5.2 Discharge—Document the discharge value for the
groundwater site in gallons per minute, cubic feet (or metres)
per second, litres per second or any other standard volume/time
unit This value must correspond to the remainder of the
discharge event record for the site Document the volume/time
unit used Document the accuracy or confidence classification
for this data element
6.2.5.3 Type of Discharge—If applicable, document the
method of discharge Suggested type of discharge components
and representative codes are as follows:
P—Pumped
F—Flow
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.5.4 Source of Data—If applicable, document the source
of the discharge and related (water level) data Suggested source of the data components and representative codes are as follows:
A—Government agency C—Consultant D—Driller’s log or report L—Personnel of source agency or company M—Memory (owner, operator, driller) O—Records by owner
R—Person other than owner, driller, or another government agency S—Personnel of reporting agency or company
U—University associate Z—Other source (describe)
6.2.5.5 Method of Discharge Measurement— If applicable,
document the method used to measure the discharge Sug-gested method of discharge measurement components and representative codes are as follows:
A—Acoustic or sonic meter (transient-time meter) B—Bailer
C—Current meter; either propeller-type meter in the discharge pipe, or propeller- or cup-type meter in the discharge channel
D—Doppler meter E—Estimated F—Flume M—Totaling meter O—Orifice P—Pitot-tube meter, includes Cox meter, Collins meter, and the like R—Reported, method not known
T—Trajectory method (free-fall method) U—Venturi meter
V—Volumetric; bucket or barrel and stopwatch W—Weir
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.5.6 Instrumentation—Groundwater sites used for
dis-charge monitoring can have permanently mounted data collec-tion instruments Document the type and use of all instruments
at the site as follows:
D—Digital recorder (mechanical and electronic) E—Continuous-record type recorder
G—Graphic or analog recorder M—Data logger
R—Radio relay S—Satellite relay T—Telemetry Z—Other (describe)
6.2.5.7 Production or Pumping Level—If applicable,
docu-ment the water level, in feet or metres in reference to the measuring point, measured while the groundwater site was discharging at the amount transcribed for this discharge record
If the water level is above the measuring point, for example a flowing artesian well, precede the value with a minus (−) sign Document the accuracy or confidence classification for this data element
6.2.5.8 Static Level—Document the water level, in feet or
metres in reference to the measuring point, that relates to the remainder of the even record at the groundwater site The measurement should be made before production begins or after the production has been stopped and the water level has reached equilibrium For those water levels that are above the measuring point (normally flowing artesian wells), precede the value with a minus (−) sign to distinguish those water levels from one at or below the measuring point Document the accuracy or confidence classification for this data element
6.2.5.9 Method of Water-Level Measurement— If applicable, document the method indicating how the water
Trang 7level was measured Suggested method of water-level
mea-surement components and representative codes are as follows:
A—Airline
B—Analog or graphic recorder
C—Calibrated airline
E—Estimated
G—Pressure gage
H—Calibrated pressure gage
L—Interpreted from geophysical logs
M—Manometer
N—Nonrecording gage
R—Reported, method not known
S—Steel tape
T—Electric tape
V—Calibrated electric tape
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.5.10 Pumping Period—If applicable, document length
of time, in hours and minutes, that the groundwater site was
pumped or allowed to flow prior to the measurement of the
production water level Document the accuracy or confidence
classification for this data element
6.2.5.11 Specific Capacity—If applicable, document the
specific capacity of the groundwater site The value is
com-puted by dividing the yield of the well in gallons per minute by
the drawdown in feet ((yield)/(production water level−static
water level)) Document the time of test if different than
pumping period and the accuracy or confidence classification
for this data element
6.2.5.12 Drawdown—If applicable, document the
drawdown, in feet or metres, of the water level of the pumping
or flowing groundwater site The drawdown is equal to the
production level minus the static level Document the accuracy
or confidence classification for this data element
6.2.5.13 Source of Water-Level Data—If applicable,
docu-ment the source of the water-level data Suggested source of
data components and representative codes are as follows:
A—Government agency
C—Consultant
D—Driller’s log or report
L—Personnel of source agency or company
M—Memory (owner, operator, driller)
O—Records by owner
R—Person other than owner, driller, or another government agency
S—Personnel of reporting agency or company
U—University associate
Z—Other source (describe)
6.2.6 Water-Use Record—The water-use record is used to
document a history of long-term water withdrawals from a
groundwater site These withdrawals are usually reported daily,
monthly, quarterly, or yearly (10 , 20 ).
6.2.6.1 Date Range of Water-Use Record— If applicable,
document the date interval, in year, month, and day
(YYYYMMDD), that the water-use data were gathered for the
groundwater site
6.2.6.2 Data Collection Interval—If applicable, document
the data collection interval for the cumulative long-term water
use for the groundwater site Suggested time-increment
com-ponents and representative codes are as follows:
D—Daily
M—Monthly
Q—Quarterly
R—Seasonal
S—Semiannually
Y—Yearly
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.6.3 Long-Term Water Use—If applicable, document the
cumulative long-term water use, in gallons or litres (for large amounts, use units of thousands, millions, or acre-feet), for the groundwater site This value can be stated in volume per day, month, quarter, year, etc If other volume units are used, identify the unit Document the accuracy or confidence classi-fication for this data element
6.2.6.4 Method Used to Determine Long-Term Water
Use—If applicable, document the method used to determine
the long-term water use Suggested method used to determine long-term water use components and representative codes are
as follows:
E—Estimated from Periodic Measurements M—Totaling Meter
O—Owners Meter Records P—Estimated from Power Records R—Reported, Method Not Known Z—Other (describe)
6.2.7 Water-Quality Record—The process of collecting and
analyzing water-quality samples requires that complete infor-mation be gathered to confirm that the sample meets quality assurance procedures that may be required by law The following data elements may be used to document the water
samples (3 , 4 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 18 ).
6.2.7.1 Sample Date and Time—If applicable, document the
date (year, month, and day) and time of day (standard time and
2400 clock) that the sample was collected at the groundwater site Many historical samples do not have the time of day information and are accurate only to the nearest day Some measurements, accurate to only the nearest year, are extremely valuable in documenting long-term water-quality trends Un-less obvious, document the accuracy of the date of
measure-ment (2 , 13 ).
6.2.7.2 Agency That Analyzes Samples—If applicable,
docu-ment the name and address of the agency that performed the quality analyses on the water sample collected for the moni-toring site
6.2.7.3 Type of Analyses—If applicable, document the type
of quality analyses conducted on the water collected at the monitoring site Suggested type of analyses components and representative codes are as follows:
A—Physical properties B—Common ions (major cations and anions) C—Trace elements
D—Pesticides E—Nutrients F—Sanitary analysis (organisms) H—Herbicides
R—Radioactive T—Biological taxa V—Volatile organic compounds Z—Other (describe)
N OTE 12—The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has compiled lists of components required to fulfill the needs of various federal
regulations These lists are available through EPA publications ( 16).
6.2.7.4 Parameters Requested for Analysis— If applicable,
document the EPA’s five-digit STORET or chemical name or symbol for those parameters requested for analysis Normally,
Trang 8the results of the analyses will be stored in a related and
separate file, for example, EPA’s STORET data base.5
6.2.7.5 Sample Depth/Interval—If applicable, document the
maximum depth or preferably, interval, in feet or metres below
the datum, to specify the zone of origin of the water sample at
the groundwater site Document the accuracy or confidence
classification for this data element
6.2.7.6 Water-Quality File Containing Analysis—If
applicable, document the location of the file that contains the
final water-quality analysis If stored in a computer data base,
identify the file (for example, STORET) If stored in file
cabinets or published, identify the file type or publication
6.2.7.7 Laboratory Number—If applicable, document the
number assigned by the analyzing laboratory to the water
sample
6.2.7.8 Laboratory Name—If applicable, document the
name and address of the laboratory that analyzed the water
sample
6.2.7.9 Replicate Sequence Number—If applicable,
docu-ment the sequence number for the replicate sample
6.2.7.10 Collecting Agency or Company—If applicable,
document the name and address of the agency or company that
collected the sample
6.2.7.11 Agency or Company Code—If applicable,
docu-ment the code of the agency or company that collected the
sample This code is assigned by EPA’s STORET User
Assistance staff and is required before entry of the groundwater
site data into EPA’s computerized Water Quality File (WQF).5
6.2.7.12 Chain of Custody—If applicable, document the
names of the people and agency or company that signed the
chain of custody form and the dates signed
6.2.7.13 Sampling Purpose—If applicable, document the
purpose or reason for collecting the sample Suggested
sam-pling purpose components and representative codes are as
follows:
B—Research
C—CERCLA
R—RCRA
D—Drinking water regulations
E—Exploration (water)
L—Local ordinance
S—State regulations, other than CERCLA or RCRA
F—Federal regulations, other than CERCLA or RCRA
H—Hydrologic benchmark
I—Environmental issues
J—Judicial/litigation
M—Mining regulations
N—Natural resources exploration
U—Unknown
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.7.14 Site Condition—If applicable, document the
condi-tion of the groundwater site at the time the sample was
collected Suggested sampling condition components and
rep-resentative codes are as follows:
P—Pond—fenced, but open to atmosphere U—Pond—unprotected
S—Spring or tunnel—protected V—Spring or tunnel—unprotected W—Well—sealed
Y—Well—open casing Z—Other (describe)
6.2.7.15 Sample Appearance—If applicable, document the
appearance of the sample at the time of collection as to color and turbidity Suggested sample appearance components and representative codes are as follows:
A—Clear or colorless C—Colored, not turbid (give color) S—Turbid, suspended matter, particles visible (give color) T—Turbid, suspended matter, particles not visible (give color) U—Unknown
Z—Other (describe) 6.2.7.16 Sample Odor—If applicable, document the odor
given off by the groundwater during the collection of the sample Suggested sample odor components and representative codes are as follows:
C—Chemical, unknown D—Chlorine
H—Hydrogen-sulfide M—Methane N—None P—Petroleum Z—Other (describe) 6.2.7.17 Presence of Immiscible Stratum—If applicable,
document the presence of an immiscible stratum that may be at the top or bottom of the water column at the time of sample collection Suggested presence of immiscible stratum compo-nents and representative codes are as follows:
T—Top presence of immiscible stratum B—Bottom presence of immiscible stratum I—Indeterminable
M—Mixed as globules in water N—None
S—Sheen U—Unknown Z—Other (describe)
6.2.7.18 Thickness of Immiscible Stratum— If applicable,
document the thickness in inches or millimetres of an immis-cible stratum that may be at the top or bottom of the water column at the time of sample collection
6.2.7.19 Sensors—If applicable, document the type of
sensors, manufacturer, and model numbers of sensors at the groundwater site used for sensing of water-quality parameters Suggested sensor components and representative codes are as follows:
E—Electrical I—Ion specific O—Sensors, using fiber optics U—Unknown
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.7.20 Sample Preservation Method—If applicable,
docu-ment the method used to preserve the sample Several methods
of preservation may be used that depend upon the parameter
5 STORET Users Assistance, USEPA, Mail Code PM-2180, 401 M Street, S.W.,
Washington, DC 20406.
Trang 9analyzed Each method should be documented Suggested
sample preservation method components and representative
codes are as follows:
C—Cooled or iced
H—Hydrochloric acid
P—Hydrogen peroxide
N—Nitric acid
R—Phosphoric acid
S—Sulfuric acid
X—None
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.7.21 Sample Filtration Material—If applicable,
docu-ment the filter size and sample filtration material used in-line or
in the field following the sample collection If more than one
filter is used, document each material and filter size Suggested
sample filtration material components and representative codes
are as follows:
D—Cellulose acetate
C—Cellulose nitrate
G—Glass
E—Polycarbonate
T—Teflon
X—None
Z—Other (describe)
6.2.7.22 Pumped Period—If applicable, document length of
time, in hours and minutes, that the groundwater site was
pumped or allowed to flow prior to the collection of the water
sample Document the accuracy or confidence classification for
this data element
6.2.7.23 Casing Volume—If applicable, document the
amount of water that needs to be pumped to purge the casing
one time, in gallons, cubic feet (or metres), litres, or any other
standard volume/time unit Document the volume unit used
For example, the amount of water needed to purge the system
is in the well casing above the screen or open area Document
the accuracy or confidence classification for this data element
6.2.7.24 Amount Water Purged—If applicable, document
the amount of water that was pumped or allowed to flow before
the water sample was collected at the groundwater site, in
gallons per minute, cubic feet (or metres) per second, litres per
second, or any other standard volume/time unit Document the
volume/time unit used Document the accuracy or confidence
classification for this data element
6.2.7.25 Sampling Method or Sampler Type— If applicable,
document the sampling method or sampler type used to collect
the water sample at the groundwater site Numerous sampling
devices have been and are being developed The following list
was patterned after a draft USEPA reference guide (4 ) Also see
Note 5 Suggested type of sampling method or sampler type
components and representative codes are as follows:
Portable Grab/Depth Specific Samplers
O—Open bailer P—Point-source bailer B—Bucket
S—Syringe sampler W—Westbay sampler K—Kemmerer/Van Dorn sampler C—Collwasa sampler
T—Stratified thief sampler A—Swabbing
D—Packer pumps
Portable Positive Displacement (Submersible) Samplers
E—Bladder pump G—Grundfos centrifugal pump F—Other centrifual pump H—Helical rotor pump I—Gas-drive piston pump J—Gear-drive pump L—Submersible rod pump
Other Portable Samplers
M—Peristaltic suction lift N—Centrifugal suction Q—Gas-drive/displacement R—Inertial pump V—Gas-lift pump Y—Jet pump
Portable In Situ Samplers
1—Hydropunch 2—BAT sampler 3—Other cone penetrometer samplers 4—Other in situ samplers
Other or Unknown Methods
X—Natural flowing, spring or well U—Unknown
Z—Other (describe) 6.2.7.26 Sampler Material—If applicable, document the
material used in construction of the sampler Suggested sam-pler material components and representative codes are as follows:
A—Aluminum B—ABS (Plastic) C—Copper G—Galvanized iron L—Steel
N—Nylon O—Polypropylene P—Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Q—Polyalkene
R—Rubber S—Stainless steel T—Teflon W—Wood U—Unknown Z—Other (describe)
6.2.7.27 Aquifer Sampled—If applicable, document the
identification of the aquifer or aquifers from where the water was obtained at the groundwater site A convenient and systematic method of coding aquifer and geologic units is used
by the U.S Geological Survey in a national file (Catalog of Aquifer Names and Geologic Unit Codes used by the Water
Trang 10Resources Division) (for example, Edwards Limestone of
Texas is coded 218EDRD) Information needed to obtain an
ordered list of aquifers and related codes is available (10 ):6
6.2.7.28 Regulating Agency—If applicable, document the
name and address of the agency that regulates water quality at
the groundwater site, for example, State Health Department
6.2.8 Field Water-Quality Record—The field water-quality
data denote those constituents or characteristics where the final
values are determined in other than the laboratory Many of the
values for these parameters, such as temperature and pH, only
can be measured at the time of sample collection because of
rapidly changing conditions in the water upon removal from
the natural environment Properly measured, these parameters
are extremely valuable in determining the true hydrologic
conditions in the aquifer at the groundwater site (3 , 7 , 10 , 14 ,
15 ).
N OTE 13—Many of the supporting data elements listed under the
water-quality record also apply and can be used for documenting the field
water-quality record Normally, field water-quality characteristics (for
example, temperature, pH) are determined during the same site visit that
water-quality samples are collected for laboratory analysis Therefore,
when samples are collected for laboratory analysis, those supporting data
elements (for example, sample depth/interval, site condition, aquifer
sampled) need not be repeated for the field water-quality record.
6.2.8.1 Field Sample Date and Time—Document the date
(year, month, and day) and time of day (standard time and 2400
clock) that the water-quality characteristic was determined at
the groundwater site Many historical determinations do not
have the time of day information and are accurate only to the
nearest day Some measurements, accurate to only the nearest
year, are extremely valuable in documenting long-term
water-quality trends Unless obvious, document the accuracy of the
date of measurement (2 , 13 ).
6.2.8.2 Parameter Code—Document the EPA’s five-digit
STORET number, CAS number, or chemical name or symbol
for those water-quality parameters analyzed or measured in the
field The following are some of the common field-determined
water-quality characteristics and the corresponding STORET
number code:
00010—Temperature, water (°C)
00095—Specific conductance (microsiemens/cm at 25°C)
00300—Oxygen, dissolved (DO), milligrams per litre (mg/L)
00400—pH (standard units)
00405—Carbon dioxide, dissolved (mg/L as CO 2 )
00410—Alkalinity, water, whole, total, field, as CaCO 3 , mg/L
00430—Alkalinity, carbonate (mg/L as CaCO 3 )
00440—Bicarbonate, water, whole, total, field, as HCO 3 , mg/L
00445—Carbonate, water, whole, total, field, as CO 3 , mg/L
00900—Hardness, total (mg/L as CaCO 3 )
00940—Chloride, dissolved (mg/L as Cl)
00945—Sulfate, dissolved (mg/L as SO 4
00950—Fluoride, dissolved (mg/L as F)
01045—Iron, total (micrograms per litre (µg/L) as Fe)
31501—Coliform, membrane filter, immediate M-endo medium (colonies/100
mL)
31625—Coliform, fecal, 0.7µ m membrane filter (UM-MF) (colonies/100 mL)
31673—Streptococci, fecal, membrane filter, KF agar (colonies/100 mL)
71820—Density—grams per millilitre (g/mL) at 20°C
71830—Hydroxide, water, whole, total, field, as OH, mg/L
6.2.8.3 Value of Parameter—Document the value for the
field determined water-quality constituent or characteristic
Document the accuracy or confidence classification for this water-quality parameter
6.2.8.4 Unit for Parameter—Include with each
water-quality constituent or characteristic the unit used for recording the value, for example, degrees celsius for temperature, mi-cromhos (or microsiemens) per centimetre at 25° (25° is the laboratory standard) celsius for specific conductance or milli-grams per litre (mg/L) for chloride
6.2.8.5 Instrumentation or Method of Determination—
Document the method or function, manufacturer, model, and accuracy of the instruments used to obtain field water-quality characteristics at the groundwater site A number of instru-ments are currently available to measure these data Some generic examples of the more common field instruments are as
follows (17 , 19 ):
pH meter Thermometer Specific-conductance meter Dissolved-oxygen metre Kits for field measurement of constituent values Kits for field determination of biological values
N OTE 14—New apparatus become available daily and many instru-ments of laboratory quality have become portable and are suitable for use
in the field Whether the field-determined chemical analyses can be classed as laboratory equivalent depends upon the quality control main-tained on the instruments used for the measurement.
6.2.9 Monitoring Site at Waste-Facility Record—The
moni-toring site at waste-facility record includes the documentation
of data elements of groundwater sites that were constructed for the primary purpose of monitoring the pollutants and
hydrau-lics at hazardous and solid-waste facilities (11 , 19 ).
N OTE 15—Many of the other records listed under the monitoring record group and other standards describing groundwater data components also apply and can be used for documenting the groundwater sites at waste facilities.
6.2.9.1 Date Interval in Service—If applicable, document
the date interval, in year, month, and day (YYYYMMDD), that the groundwater site was in service at the waste facility If still
in use, document the date that the site was put into service
6.2.9.2 State Regulatory Agency—If applicable, document
the name and address of the state regulatory agency that has jurisdiction over the site
6.2.9.3 State Registration Identification— If applicable,
document the number or identification assigned to the site by the state regulatory agency
6.2.9.4 EPA Registration Identification— If applicable,
document the number or identification assigned to the site by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency
6.2.9.5 Responsible Company—If applicable, document the
name and address of the company or agency that owns or has control of the groundwater site
6.2.9.6 Company’s Site Identification— If applicable,
docu-ment the company or agency number or identification of the groundwater site
6.2.9.7 Site Location in Relationship to Waste Facility—If
applicable, document the relative location of the groundwater site at the waste facility Common site locations in relationship
to the groundwater hydraulic gradient and waste facility and representative codes are as follows:
6 Geologic Names Unit, U.S Geological Survey, 439 National Center, Reston,
VA 22092.