Designation D5094/D5094M − 09 (Reapproved 2014) Standard Test Methods for Gross Leakage of Liquids from Containers with Threaded or Lug Style Closures1 This standard is issued under the fixed designat[.]
Trang 1Designation: D5094/D5094M−09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Methods for
Gross Leakage of Liquids from Containers with Threaded or
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5094/D5094M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1 Scope
1.1 These test methods may demonstrate container/closure
integrity with threaded or lug-style closures by the
determina-tion of gross leaks in rigid and semi-rigid containers (up to 4 L
[1.06 g] Such tests may be used to indicate the ability of a
liquid container to survive the distribution environment
with-out leaking These test methods may not be suitable to
determine the leak resistance of containers intended for
trans-port of hazardous materials
1.2 Test Methods:
1.2.1 Test Method A, Shipping Container Vibration and
Storage Test, covers the ability of a shipping container and its
interior packaging to protect the contents from leakage after
transportation induced vibration and high-temperature storage
1.2.2 Test Method B, Shipping Container Vibration and
Vacuum Chamber Test, is suitable for individual containers and
is usually less severe than Test Method A The advantage of
Test Method B is the shortness of the test
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
conserns associated with its use It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limita-tions prior to use.
2 Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-ments
D999Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-tainers
D3198Test Method for Application and Removal Torque of Threaded or Lug-Style Closures
D3474Practice for Calibration and Use of Torque Meters Used in Packaging Applications
D4169Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems
D4332Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
D7386Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel Delivery Systems
3 Terminology
3.1 General definitions for packaging are found in Termi-nologyD996
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 gross leak—any opening in the container or closure
seal that produces visible leakage such that the container would not be suitable for transport or subsequent distribution
3.2.2 leak—any opening in a container which, contrary to
intention, either lets contents escape or permits substances to enter
3.2.3 leakage—that which passes through a leak.
4 Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Method A, Shipping Container Vibration and Storage
Test—Test specimens are filled to their expected fill capacity
with product or liquid simulating product and the closure is applied to the container Closures should be applied with the same torque as would be encountered in production The specimens are packed into shipping containers and vibrated The specimens, stored on their sides, are subjected to 40°C [104°F] (or other conditions as appropriate) for four weeks Each specimen is examined for leakage
4.2 Method B, Container Vibration and Vacuum Chamber
Test—Test specimens are partially filled with product or liquid
simulating product and the closure is applied to the container Closures should be applied with the same torque as would be
1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.32 on Consumer,
Pharmaceutical, Medical, and Child Resistant Packaging.
Current edition approved Oct 1, 2014 Published November 2014 Originally
approved in 1990 Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5094/D5094M – 09.
DOI: 10.1520/D5094_D5094M-09R14.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States
Trang 2encountered in production The specimens are packed into
shipping containers and vibrated Following vibration, the
individual specimens are removed from the shipping container
and subjected to –34 kPa [10 in Hg] vacuum for 10 min and
examined for leakage
N OTE 1—Other levels of vacuum, or time, or both may be appropriate.
5 Significance and Use
5.1 These test methods are used to indicate the integrity of
the container and closure system in the distribution
environ-ment
5.2 These test methods measure the ability of the container
and closure system to prevent leakage when stored or
trans-ported upright, inverted, or on the side
5.3 These test methods allow for comparison of container/
closure designs of threaded and lug-style closures of similar or
different materials, or different manufacturers These tests are
suitable for packaging development, engineering and tooling
evaluations
6 Apparatus
6.1 Method A, Shipping Container Vibration and Storage
Test:
6.1.1 Drying Oven, constant-temperature, equipped with
means for ensuring adequate temperature control, 40 6 1°C
[104 6 1.8°F] and air circulation, ambient humidity, or other
conditions as appropriate
6.1.2 Torque Meter, with an appropriate scale which
accu-rately measures within the expected torque range
6.1.3 Vibration Test Machine, the apparatus described in the
Apparatus section of Test MethodsD999 may be used
6.2 Method B, Shipping Container Vibration and Vacuum
Test:
6.2.1 Vacuum Chamber, any suitable chamber capable of
withstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure
differential, fitted with a vacuum-tight seal A vacuum gauge,
an inlet tube from a source of vacuum, and an outlet tube to the
atmosphere shall be sealed to the chamber The inlet and outlet
tubes shall be equipped with shut-off valves The vacuum
gauge shall be laboratory quality with a full scale range of 0 to
–100 kPa [0 to 30 in Hg]
6.2.2 Torque Meter, with an appropriate scale which
accu-rately measures within the expected torque range
6.2.3 Vibration Test Machine, the apparatus described in the
Apparatus section of Test MethodsD999 may be used
7 Sampling
7.1 The complete test unit shall consist of the shipping
container, with interior packaging and the actual test specimens
(container(s) and closure(s))
7.2 A minimum of three specimens representing each
variable, such as cap or bottle mold from each cavity but not
less than ten specimens are to be selected The total number of
specimens may need to be increased to completely fill the
shipping container More than one shipping container may be
required
7.3 Select unused closures and unused containers that are within specifications
8 Test Specimens
8.1 Test Method A—A specimen shall be one container filled
to expected fill capacity with product or liquid simulating product The closure is secured in accordance with11.1
8.2 Test Method B—A specimen shall be one container
one-third filled with product or liquid simulating product The closure is secured in accordance with 11.1
8.3 Colorant should be added to the contents when neces-sary to give permanent indication where there is leakage
9 Calibration
9.1 Calibrate the torque meter in accordance with Practice
D3474
10 Conditioning
10.1 Store the shipping container components at ambient laboratory conditions for at least 4 h before testing, or other conditions in accordance with Practice D4332
10.2 Store the torqued container/closure test specimens upright at least 24 h at ambient conditions before commencing the test
11 Procedure
11.1 Apply closures to the containers according to the Application Torque Measurement section of the procedure in Test Method D3198
11.2 Test Method A, Shipping Container Vibration and
Storage Test:
11.2.1 Place the filled specimens in their shipping container
or in an appropriate carton so that they will remain firmly in place during vibration
11.2.2 Proceed as directed according to Test MethodsD999
(Method A1 or A2) 20 min each on bottom, top, and one side,
or run an entire shipping cycle in accordance with Practice
D4169(for multiple parcel shipments) or with PracticeD7386
(for single parcel shipments)
11.2.3 Remove the specimens from the shipping container
or carton Examine all specimens for visible leakage without removing or disturbing the closure Note the location(s) of leakage
11.2.4 Place the test specimens on their sides (liquid in contact with finish/closure) in a container capable of holding the liquid should a leak develop It is recommended that absorbent blotting paper be placed beneath the samples to more easily detect leakage Store the test specimens at 40° 6 1°C [104° 6 1.8°F], or other appropriate temperature, ambient humidity (see the Preferred Atmospheres listing in Practice
D4332) and inspect for liquid leakage at 24 h and at one-week intervals for four weeks Note location(s) of leakage
11.2.5 At the conclusion of the test, remove the closure and inspect the threads for signs of leakage or crusting from partial leakage
11.3 Test Method B, Shipping Container Vibration and
Vacuum Chamber Test:
Trang 311.3.1 Place the partially filled specimens in their shipping
container or in an appropriate carton so that they will remain
firmly in place during vibration
11.3.2 Proceed as directed according to Test MethodsD999
(Method A1 or A2) 20 min each on bottom, top, and one side,
or run an entire shipping cycle in accordance with Practice
D4169(for multiple parcel shipments) or with PracticeD7386
(for single parcel shipments) as desired
11.3.3 Remove the specimens from the shipping containers
or carton Examine all specimens for visible leakage without
removing or disturbing the closure Note location(s) of leakage
11.3.4 Place the partially filled specimens inverted in a
beaker or other receptable to contain leakage
N OTE 2—Other orientations of the specimens may be appropriate.
Orientation of the container should be such that suspected leak areas are
covered with the liquid inside the container.
11.3.5 Place specimens in the vacuum chamber and close
the vacuum chamber
11.3.6 Close the chamber inlet valve
11.3.7 Open the chamber outlet valve and turn on vacuum
source so that the gauge rises slowly (from 30 s to 1 min) to
–34 kPa [10 in Hg] and close the outlet valve
11.3.8 Maintain the vacuum for 10 min
11.3.9 Partially open the chamber inlet valve and release the
vacuum slowly (30 s to 1 min)
11.3.10 Open the chamber
11.3.11 Remove the specimens and examine for leakage,
cracks, or other visible damage Record the results of this
examination Note location(s) of leakage
12 Interpretation of Results
12.1 If there is leakage to the outside of the specimen, the
package fails the test
12.2 If there is no leakage to the outside of the specimen the
package passes the test
12.3 If there is leakage to the threads but not to the outside,
the specimen may or may not be acceptable This effect may be
used as a comparative evaluation between closures and mold
cavities
13 Report
13.1 Report the following information:
13.1.1 Statement that testing was done in accordance with ASTM Test Method D5094, Test Method A or Test Method B,
or that the testing was done with indicated changes
13.1.2 Description of shipping cycle(s) used: per Practice
D4169or PracticeD7386, or both
13.1.3 Materials of construction of the closure, liner and container including finish and manufacturer’s designation 13.1.4 Description of the shipping container and interior packaging, the test frequencies, intensities, and durations used 13.1.5 Product or substitute used and fill level
13.1.6 Statement whether or not leakage occurred and, if possible, a report of the location of each leak
13.1.7 Statement of the number of specimens included in the test and the number of failures, if any
13.1.8 Conditioning time, temperature, and relative humid-ity
13.1.9 Temperature and relative humidity of the test area 13.1.10 Time between application and removal of closures 13.1.11 Compilation of measured torques
13.1.12 If Test Method B is used, a statement of vacuum and duration
13.1.13 Statement of observations that may lead to im-provements
14 Precision and Bias
14.1 No statement is made about either the precision or bias
of this test method since the result merely states whether there
is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the procedure
15 Keywords
15.1 closure leakage; container leakage; leak; leakage; liq-uid leakage; vacuum
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org) Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/