ễìẽậẽẫấẽ ấéẫếễẫấẽ ẫẹếè ấẽặầể ểìẽậầ ễìẽậẽẫấ ệẹèẽ ễèầè ẽẹếìẫ èẽễậẽéẽẫầểầ ấẽẫễểèễ è ễầ ẽầẩẫ ầậấễẹẽẫấẽế ếéẽậẽẫểễầ éễếìẫấầ ẹểẫ ẫểầầễầể: éẫễầể ễểậéẫầể ểéẽếểễầể: ẫầể ấéẹẫầể ấẽặầ 1995 èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ éủỹởùóùũ éủỹởùóùũ ễù ờồòỡồớù ùừ ỏờùởùừốồò ỏùụồởồò ụỗớ ụừữộỏờị ồủóỏúòỏ ụùừ úùừọỏúụị ấỏỏóồủòọỗ ẫựĩớớỗ. ủĩửụỗờồ ờỏụĩ ụỗớ ồủòùọù 1994-95 ýúụồủỏ ỏỹ ồộúịóỗúỗ ụùừ ờỏốỗóỗụị ờ. ễúồởồòọỗ éỏớỏóộỵụỗ. òớỏộ ỡộỏ ủùúĩốồộỏ ớỏ ờỏởừửốồò ụù ộọộỏòụồủỏ ồừủý ửĩúỡỏ ụỗũ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗũ ờùộụỏúỡĩụựớ ỡồ ụỗớ õùịốồộỏ ỗởồờụủùớộờùý ừùởùóộúụị. ởòổự ỹụộ ờỏởýửốỗờồ íớỏ ỡồóĩởùũ ỡíủùũ ụỗũ ọộồốớùýũ õộõởộùóủỏửòỏũ úữồụộờĩ ỡồ ụù ốíỡỏ ờỏốỵũ ồòúỗũ ờỏộ íớỏ ỡồóĩởù ỡíủùũ ủùóủỏỡỡĩụựớ ờỏộ úừúụỗỡĩụựớ ầ/ế ùừ ữủỗúộỡùùộùýớụỏộ úụỗớ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ờùộụỏúỡĩụựớ. ẩỏ ủíồộ ớỏ ồừữỏủộúụịúự ộọộỏòụồủỏ ụùớ ờỏốỗóỗụị ụùừ ụỡịỡỏụùũ ờ. ễúồởồòọỗ éỏớỏóộỵụỗ óộỏ ụỗớ ùởýụộỡỗ õùịốồộỏ ờỏộ ừùúụịủộợỗ ụùừ ờỏụĩ ụỗớ ọộĩủờồộỏ úừóóủỏửịũ ỏừụịũ ụỗũ ồủóỏúòỏũ. ẩỏ ịụỏớ ỏọýớỏụỗ ữựủòũ ụỗớ õộõởộùóủỏửòỏ, ụộũ óớỵúồộũ ờỏộ ụộũ úừỡõùừởíũ ùừ ỡùừ ỏủồòữồ. ẩỏ ủíồộ ồòúỗũ ớỏ ồừữỏủộúụịúự ụùừũ ờỏốỗóỗụíũ ễủộỏớụỏửýởởùừ ốỏớĩúộù ờỏộ ấùủựớỏòù ớụỵớộù óộỏ ụỗớ õùịốồộỏ ụùừũ úụỗớ úýớụỏợỗ ụỗũ ồủóỏúòỏũ. ễíởùũ ốỏ ủíồộ ớỏ ồừữỏủộúụịúự ỹởồũ ồờồòớồũ ụộũ ồụỏộủồòồũ ồúựụồủộờùý ờỏộ ồợựụồủộờùý óộỏ ụỗớ ỏớụỏỹờủộúỗ ụùừũ ờỏộ ụỗớ ỏủùữị ởỗủùửùủộỵớ úữồụộờĩ ỡồ ụỏ ỏờíụỏ ởùóộúỡộờùý ùừ ọộỏốíụùừớ. ểữồụộờĩ ỡồ ụù ồủộồữỹỡồớù ụỗũ ồủóỏúòỏũ, ồởòổự ỹụộ ốỏ óòớồộ ờỏụỏớùỗụỹ ỏỹ ùùộùớọịùụồ ỏớỏóớỵúụỗ ùừ íữồộ õỏúộờíũ óớỵúồộũ ỡỏốỗỡỏụộờỵớ, úụỏụộúụộờịũ ờỏộ óồựởùóòỏũ. áóộớồ ủùúĩốồộỏ óộỏ ữủịúỗ ồởởỗớộờỵớ ỹủựớ, ỹỡựũ úụù úừóờồờủộỡíớù ữỵủù íữùừớ ờỏốộồủựốồò ợíớùộ ỹủùộ ùộ ùùòùộ ờỏộ ỏủỏụòốùớụỏộ ọòởỏ úụùớ ỏớụòúụùộữù ồởởỗớộờỹ. ẫựĩớớỗũ ấ. ấỏỏóồủòọỗũ, ấùổĩớỗ 1995 Abstract As implied by the title of this thesis, in the following text an effort is made to present and analyze the various methods of computer aided reserves/resources estimation and deposit modelling. These methods include the application of geometric, statistical and the most recent geostatistical models. The first (geometrical) are the easiest to apply and the simplest to comprehend. They have been used for quite a long time and have become the most widely accepted by geologists and mining engineers. They use simple geometry to simulate the distribution of a deposit’s properties such as its grade. When done manually, they consume a lot of time and human effort. The introduction of computers to this area brought a number of changes to the pre-established methodology. The integration of the various methods in computer software made the already used methods even easier and more accurate. The processing power of a modern computer system allowed the use of the more complex geostatistical methods such as kriging. The modern software packages (e.g. Datamine GUIDE, Rockworks, Vulcan, etc.) integrate a very wide range of methods supported by various functions for database management and data handling and filtering. Back to the project, it is divided in seven chapters, the first five giving the theoretical background of deposit modelling and computer methodology. In chapter 6 various software and hardware systems are described the selection of which was based upon the available information and the already used systems in mining industry. In the last chapter (7) a case study is presented. It concerns a chromite deposit in Prosilio Voidolakka of Kozani county, Greece. It is a very limited example of computer aided deposit modelling. However, it shows clearly the advantages of the use of computers in this area. Ioannis K. Kapageridis Kozani, 1995 èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ ộúỏóựóị 1 1. ộúỏóựóị 1 2. òọỗ ờỏộ éỏủĩỡồụủùộ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ 4 2.1 ồớộờĩ 4 2.2 ễỏợộớỹỡỗúỗ ụựớ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ 5 2.2.1 ỡồủộờĩớộờù ểýúụỗỡỏ ễỏợộớỹỡỗúỗũ 5 2.2.2 ồỵụồủù ểýúụỗỡỏ ễỏợộớỹỡỗúỗũ 6 2.3 éỏủĩỡồụủùộ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ 7 2.3.1 ấỏốùủộúỡỹũ éùộỹụỗụỏũ 7 2.3.2 ẳủộù ờỡồụỏởởồừúộỡỹụỗụỏũ (Cutoff Grade) 8 2.3.3 ồộóỡỏụùởỗứòỏ 8 2.3.4 ồộóỡỏụùởỗứòỏ ấỏớỏởộùý (Channel Sampling) 8 2.3.5 ồộóỡỏụùởỗứòỏ ỡồ ọỏỡỏớụùửỹủỏ ấùụộờĩ 10 2.3.6 Âởởồũ ễồữớộờíũ ồộóỡỏụùởỗứòỏũ 11 2.3.7 ớĩởừúỗ 11 2.3.8 ểụỏụộúụộờị ớĩởừúỗ ụựớ ồọùỡíớựớ ụựớ ồộóỡĩụựớ 11 2.3.9 ểụĩốỡộúỗ ồộóỡĩụựớ 17 2.3.10 ùờởồộúỡỹũ éồủộùữỵớ ờỏớỹớộúụỏ ếứỗởịũ éùộỹụỗụỏũ 18 2.3.11 ấỏốùủộúỡỹũ ụùừ ễùớớĩổ 19 2.3.12 èỗữỏớùởùóộờùò éủùõởỗỡỏụộúỡùò 24 2.4 ấỏốùủộúỡỹũ ụùừ ểỵỡỏụùũ èồụỏởởùửùủòỏũ 26 3. ồựởùóộờị èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ 31 3.1 ồớộờĩ 31 3.2 èồốùọùởùóòỏ 32 3.3 42 4. èồốùọùởùóòỏ ếùởùóộúỡùý ùốồỡĩụựớ 44 4.1 ồớộờĩ 44 4.2 ồựỡồụủộờíũ èíốùọùộ 46 4.2.1 èíốùọùũ ấýõựớ 46 4.2.2 èíốùọùũ éùởừóỵớựớ 48 èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ ộúỏóựóị 2 èíúỗ éùộỹụỗụỏ-éĩữùũ óộỏ ụù ễủòóựớù ễ-1 52 5. èíốùọùộ ếùởùóộúụị 91 5.1 ồớộờĩ 91 5.1.1 éùừ ìủỗúộỡùùộùýớụỏộ ùộ ếùởùóộúụíũ 91 5.1.2 éựũ ìủỗúộỡùùộùýớụỏộ ùộ ếùởùóộúụíũ 92 5.1.3 ỏúộờíũ ủữíũ úụỗớ ìủịúỗ ếùởùóộúụỵớ 93 5.2 ồọùỡíớỏ ộúỹọùừ 94 5.2.1 ểừởởùóị ồọùỡíớựớ 94 5.2.2 ởĩữộúụồũ ỏộụịúồộũ ồọùỡíớựớ ờỏộ ủữíũ ĩúồựớ ồọùỡíớựớ 95 5.2.3 ỉỗửộỏờĩ ồọùỡíớỏ ìỏủụỵớ - ỉỗửộùùòỗúỗ 96 5.3 ồựởùóộờị èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ 100 5.4 ộúỏóựóị ồọùỡíớựớ 100 5.4.1 ễùùóủỏửòỏ 100 5.4.2 ồựởùóộờị ộúỏóựóị 101 5.5 ớĩờụỗúỗ ồọùỡíớựớ 103 5.5.1 ộỏọộờỏúòỏ ớĩờụỗúỗũ: éựũ ờỏộ ễộ úừỡồủộởỏỡõĩớồụỏộ 103 5.5.2 ớốủỏờùửỹủỏ ờỏộ ểụủựỡỏụùồộọị ấùộụĩúỡỏụỏ 103 5.5.3 èỗ-úụủựỡỏụùồộọị ấùộụĩúỡỏụỏ 104 5.6 èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ờỏộ ếùởùóộúỡỹũ ùốồỡĩụựớ 109 5.6.1 ộởùóị èùớụíởùừ 109 5.6.2 ộỏọộờỏúòỏ ếùởùóộúỡùý 112 5.6.3 Kriging 120 5.6.4 ộỏỡỹủửựúỗ éởíóỡỏụùũ 121 5.6.5 ộởùóị èồóíốùừũ ấýõựớ ị ớĩởừúỗũ éởíóỡỏụùũ 122 5.7 ìỏủụùóủĩửỗúỗ ờỏộ ếùởùóộúỡỹũ ùốồỡĩụựớ 123 5.7.1 ìỏủụùóủĩửỗúỗ 123 5.7.2 ếùởùóộúỡỹũ ùốồỡĩụựớ 125 6. ểừúụịỡỏụỏ ầ/ế ờỏộ ậùóộúỡộờỹ 131 6.1 ồớộờĩ 131 6.2 ểýúụỗỡỏ ầ/ế (Hardware) 132 6.2.1 ểừúờồừíũ ộúỹọùừ 132 èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ ộúỏóựóị 3 6.3 ậùóộúỡộờỹ ầ/ế (Software) 150 6.3.1 utoCAD (ửỏủỡùóíũ) 150 6.3.4 GEOSTAT 161 7. 185 185 (Case study) 185 7.1 - 185 7.1.1 185 7.1.2 - 186 7.2 188 7.2.1 188 7.2.2 189 7.3 - 189 7.4 199 7.5 200 7.6 202 7.7 204 7.8 3 205 èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ ộúỏóựóị 1 1. ộúỏóựóị ẳựũ ọỗởỵớồộ ờỏộ ù ụòụởùũ ụỗũ ồủóỏúòỏũ ỏừụịũ, úụù ờồòỡồớù ùừ ỏờùởùừốồò óòớồụỏộ ỡộỏ ủùúĩốồộỏ ớỏ ọùốùýớ ờỏộ ớỏ ỏớỏởừốùýớ, ỡồ ỹúỗ ụù ọừớỏụỹ ồủộúúỹụồủỗ ởồụùỡíủồộỏ, ỹởỏ ồờồòớỏ ụỏ úụĩọộỏ ờỏộ ùộ ọộỏọộờỏúòồũ ùừ ùọỗóùýớ úụỗớ ọỗỡộùừủóòỏ ồớỹũ ỡùớụíởùừ ờùộụĩúỡỏụùũ. ầ ỏớĩụừợỗ ụùừ ỡùớụíởùừ óòớồụỏộ ờừủòựũ ỡồ úờùỹ ụỗớ ồờụòỡỗúỗ ị ỏờỹỡỏ ờỏộ ụùớ ỏờủộõị ừùởùóộúỡỹ ụựớ ỏùốồỡĩụựớ ỹụỏớ õíõỏộỏ ùộ úừớốịờồũ ụù ồộụủíùừớ. íõỏộỏ ọồớ ủíồộ ớỏ ợồữớĩỡồ ỹụộ ù ỏờủộõịũ ủùúọộùủộúỡỹũ ụựớ ỏùốồỡĩụựớ óòớồụỏộ ọừớỏụỹũ ỡỹớù ỡồụĩ ụỗớ ồợỹủừợỗ ùởỹờởỗủùừ ụùừ ờùộụĩúỡỏụùũ. éỏủỹởỏ ỏừụĩ, ừĩủữồộ ỗ ọừớỏụỹụỗụỏ óộỏ ỡộỏ ùởý ờỏởị, ờỏộ ùởý ữủịúộỡỗ, ủùúíóóộúỗ. ầ íớớùộỏ ụùừ ỡùớụíởùừ ờỏộ ỏừụị ụỗũ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗũ ồòớỏộ ỏủờồụĩ úýớốồụỗ. éồủộởỏỡõĩớồộ ụỗớ ồộởùóị, õĩúỗ úừóờồờủộỡíớựớ ờủộụỗủòựớ, ồớỹũ ỡỏốỗỡỏụộờùý ị óồựỡồụủộờùý ỡùớụíởùừ ờỏộ ụỗớ ủùúỏủỡùóị ụùừ úụỗớ óồựởùóộờị ồỡửĩớộúỗ (ờùòụỏúỡỏ) ùừ ồợồụĩổùừỡồ, ỡồ úụỹữù ụỗớ ùộùụộờị ờỏộ ùúùụộờị ồủộóủỏửị ụùừ. òớỏộ ỏủờồụĩ ọýúờùởù ớỏ õĩởồộ ờỏớồòũ ụỏ ỹủộỏ úụỏ ùùòỏ ợồờộớĩ ờỏộ ụồởồộỵớồộ ỗ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗ. ẩỏ ỡùủùýúồ ờỏớồòũ ớỏ ồộ ỹụộ ợồờộớĩ ỡồ ụộũ ủỵụồũ ỏởíũ úụỏụộúụộờíũ ỏớỏởýúồộũ ụựớ ủựụùóồớỵớ ọồọùỡíớựớ (óồựụủịúồộũ, ữỗỡộờíũ ỏớỏởýúồộũ, ờở.) ờỏộ ụồởồộỵớồộ ỡồ ụỗớ ọỗỡộùừủóòỏ ồớỹũ ụủộúọộĩúụỏụùừ ỡùớụíởùừ ụùừ ờùộụĩúỡỏụùũ ụù ùùòù ồỡồủộíữồộ ỹởồũ ồờồòớồũ ụộũ ỏủỏỡíụủùừũ ùừ ữủồộỏổỹỡỏúụồ óộỏ ớỏ úừớồữòúùừỡồ úụỗớ ồờỡồụĩởởồừúỗ ụùừ. ệừúộờĩ ỗ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ỡùủồò, ị ỡĩởởùớ ủíồộ, ớỏ úừớồữòổồụỏộ ờỏụĩ ụỗớ ọộĩủờồộỏ ụỗũ ồợỹủừợỗũ ỡộỏ ờỏộ ụỏ ớíỏ úụùộữồòỏ ùừ ủùờýụùừớ õồởụộỵớùừớ ụù ỡùớụíởù ờỏộ úụỗớ úừớíữồộỏ ụỗớ òọộỏ ụỗớ ồợỹủừợỗ. ẳởỏ ỏừụĩ õíõỏộỏ ốỏ óòớùừớ ộù ờỏụỏớùỗụĩ úụỏ ờồửĩởỏộỏ ùừ ỏờùởùừốùýớ. ếĩủữùừớ ọộĩửùủồũ ụồữớộờíũ óộỏ ụỗớ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ồớỹũ ờùộụĩúỡỏụùũ ùộ ùùòồũ ữựủòổùớụỏộ úồ ụủồộũ ờừủòựũ ờỏụỗóùủòồũ: ụộũ óồựỡồụủộờíũ, ụộũ úụỏụộúụộờíũ, ờỏộ ụộũ óồựúụỏụộúụộờíũ. ầ úồộủĩ ỡồ ụỗớ ùùòỏ ọỹốỗờỏớ ồòớỏộ ờỏộ ỗ ữủùớùởùóộờị ụùừũ úồộủĩ ỏỹ ỏởỏộỹụồủồũ úồ ớồỹụồủồũ ờỏốỵũ ồòúỗũ ờỏộ ỏỹ ồừờùởỹụồủồũ úụỗớ ồửỏủỡùóị ụùừũ úồ ọừúờùởỹụồủồũ. ểụỗớ ủỵụỗ ờỏụỗóùủòỏ, úụộũ óồựỡồụủộờíũ, ồủộởỏỡõĩớùớụỏộ ỗ ỡíốùọùũ ụủộóỵớựớ, ỗ ỡíốùọùũ ùởừóỵớựớ, ỗ ỡíốùọùũ ụùỡỵớ, ờỏộ ỗ ỡíốùọùũ ờýõựớ. éồủộúúỹụồủỗ ỏớĩởừúỗ ốỏ óòớồộ úụù ấồửĩởỏộù 4, ồọỵ ỹỡựũ ỡùủùýỡồ ớỏ ùýỡồ Ìïíơåëïðïßçóç ÊïéơáóìÜớí ÅéóáãùãÞ 2 üơé ïé ìÝèïäïé áõơÝò óơçđßỉïíơáé óå áðëïýò ãåùìåơđéêïýò íüìïõò êáé ơå÷íéêÝò ðïõ èá ìðïđïýóáìå íá ơéò áðïêáëÝóïõìå ãđáưéêÝò. Ïé óơáơéóơéêÝò ìÝèïäïé âáóßỉïíơáé óå êëáóóéêÝò óơáơéóơéêÝò áíáëýóåéò êáé óơçí èåùđßá ớí ðéèáíïơÞớí. ×đçóéìïðïéïýíơáé äéÜựđåò êáơáíïìÝò (êáíïíéêÞ, ëïãáđéèìéêÞ, êëð.) ãéá ơçí ðđüâëåøç êáé åêơßìçóç ớí äéáưüđùí ðáđáìÝơđùí ợõ êïéơÜóìáợò. Ïé ðéï ðđüóưáơåò ãåùóơáơéóơéêÝò ìÝèïäïé åßíáé êáé ïé ðéï áêđéâåßò êáé áỵéüðéóơåò. Ç åìưÜíéóç ợõò, üðùò êáé ơçò ßäéáò ơçò ÃåùóơáơéóơéêÞò, ïưåßëåơáé óợí G. Matheron (1962). Ĩýìứíá ìå ợí ïđéóìü ðïõ Ýäùóå ‘ç ãåùóơáơéóơéêÞ åßíáé ç åưáđìïãÞ ỡ÷áßùí óõíáđơÞóåùí óơçí áíáãíþđéóç êáé åêơßìçóç ớí ữóéêþí ưáéíïìÝíùí’. ¸íá ữóéêü ưáéíüìåíï ìðïđåß óõ÷íÜ íá ÷áđáêơçđéóèåß áðü ìéá Þ ðåđéóóüơåđåò ìåơáâëçơÝò ðïõ ïíïìÜỉïíơáé ‘÷ùđïìåơáâëçơÝò’ (regionalized variables). ¸ơóé ïé ãåùóơáơéóơéêÝò ìÝèïäïé ðđïóðáèïýí íá ðåđéãđÜøïõí ơéò ãåùëïãéêÝò åìưáíßóåéò ìå áõơÝò ơéò ÷ùđïìåơáâëçơÝò êáèþò êáé óõãêåêđéìÝíåò óõíáđơÞóåéò ðïõ ơéò ðåđéëáìâÜíïõí, ơéò ỡ÷áßåò óõíáđơÞóåéò (random functions). Ĩơéò ãåùóơáơéóơéêÝò ìåèüäïõò ðåđéëáìâÜíïíơáé ợ Kriging, ç ìÝèïäïò áíơéóơđüựõ áðïóơÜóåùò, ê.á. Ç óåéđÜ ìå ơçí ïðïßá äüèçêáí ïé ơđåéò êáơçãïđßåò ðáđáðÜíù, äßíåé êáé ơçí óåéđÜ äõóêïëßáò óơçí åưáđìïãÞ. ĨõãêåêđéìÝíá, ïé ãåùìåơđéêÝò åßíáé ïé ðéï åýêïëåò êáé ãđÞãïđåò óợí õðïëïãéóìü, åíþ ïé ãåùóơáơéóơéêÝò ợ áíơßèåợ. ÌÝ÷đé ðđüóưáơá, ëüãù ơçò ðåđéïđéóìÝíçò åỵÜðëùóçò ơçò ÷đÞóçò çëåêơđïíéêþí õðïëïãéóơþí óợ ÷þđï ơçò ìåơáëëåõơéêÞò, ïé ãåùìåơđéêÝò ìÝèïäïé Þơáí ïé ðéï ðïëý ÷đçóéìïðïéïýìåíåò êáé ßóùò óå ìåđéêÝò ÷þđåò íá óõíå÷ßỉïõí íá åßíáé. Ĩơéò ìÝđåò ìáò üìùò, êáé ìå ơçí âïÞèåéá ớí õðïëïãéóơþí, ïé ãåùóơáơéóơéêÝò ìÝèïäïé êåđäßỉïõí óơáèåđÜ Ýäáựò ìéá êáé äßíïõí ðéï áêđéâåßò åêơéìÞóåéò åíþ ç åưáđìïãÞ ợõò ìÝóá áðü Ýíá ðđüãđáììá Ç/Õ ëýíåé êáé ợ ðđüâëçìá ợõ áðáéợýìåíïõ ÷đüíïõ. Èá ðđÝðåé íá óçìåéùèåß üơé üëåò ïé ìÝèïäïé, áíåỵÜđơçơá áðü êáơçãïđßá, Ý÷ïõí Þäç åưáđìïóèåß óợõò õðïëïãéóơÝò. ĨõíÞèùò ơá ðđïãđÜììáơá ðïõ êõêëïựđïýí äéáèÝợõí ơéò ðéï êýđéåò, áí ü÷é üëåò, ơéò ìåèüäïõò êáé ơéò äéÜựđåò ðáđáëëáãÝò ợõò. Ĩợ êåưÜëáéï ðïõ áêïëïõèåß (ÊåưÜëáéï 2 - Åßäç êáé ÐáđÜìåơđïé ÊïéơáóìÜớí) äßíïíơáé ìå ëåðợìÝđåéá üëåò åêåßíåò ïé ðáđÜìåơđïé êáé ïé ðáđÜãïíơåò ðïõ óõììåơÝ÷ïõí êáé åðçđđåÜỉïõí ơçí ìïíơåëïðïßçóç ớí êïéơáóìÜớí. Ĩõỉçơþíơáé åðßóçò ïé ðđþơåò äéáäéêáóßåò ðïõ ëáìâÜíïõí ÷þđá èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ ộúỏóựóị 3 úụỗớ ỏủữị ụỗũ ỏợộùởỹóỗúỗũ ồớỹũ ờùộụĩúỡỏụùũ (ọồộóỡỏụùởỗứòỏ, ỏớỏởýúồộũ, ờở.). ểụù ấồửĩởỏộù 3 - ồựởùóộờị èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ồủộóủĩửồụỏộ ỗ ỡồốùọùởùóòỏ ùừ ữủỗúộỡùùộồòụỏộ ỏỹ ụùừũ óồựởỹóùừũ óộỏ ụùừũ ủỵụùừũ úừúữồụộúỡùýũ ỡồụỏợý ụựớ úụùộữồòựớ ùừ ủùíờừứỏớ ỏỹ ụộũ ủùỗóùýỡồớồũ ọộỏọộờỏúòồũ. ểụỗớ ỡồốùọùởùóòỏ ỏừụị ồủộởỏỡõĩớồụỏộ ỗ úýớụỏợỗ ữỏủụỵớ ờỏộ ụùỡỵớ. ờùởùừốồò ụù ấồửĩởỏộù 4 - èồốùọùởùóòỏ ếùởùóộúỡùý ùốồỡĩụựớ ụù ùùòù ỏùụồởồò, ỡỏổò ỡồ ụù ấồửĩởỏộù 5 - èíốùọùộ ếùởùóộúụỵớ, ụù ờýủộù ỡíủùũ ỏừụịũ ụỗũ ồủóỏúòỏũ. ểụù ấồửĩởỏộù 4 ởùộỹớ óòớồụỏộ ỡộỏ ởồụùỡồủịũ úừổịụỗúỗ ỹởựớ ụựớ ờừủộùụíủựớ ỡồốỹọựớ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗũ, úừỡồủộởỏỡõỏớùỡíớỗũ ờỏộ ụỗũ óồựúụỏụộúụộờịũ ỡồốùọùởùóòỏũ. ểụù ấồửĩởỏộù 5 ồủớĩỡồ ởíùớ úụỗớ ồửỏủỡùóị ờỏộ ỡồụỏửùủĩ ỹởỗũ ỏừụịũ ụỗũ ỡồốùọùởùóòỏũ, óồựúụỏụộúụộờịũ ờỏộ ỡỗ, úụùớ ỗởồờụủùớộờỹ ừùởùóộúụị. òớồụỏộ ỡộỏ ọồýụồủỗ ốồỵủỗúỗ ờĩốồ ỡồốỹọùừ ựũ ủùũ ụỗớ ỡồụỏụủùị ụỗũ úồ ởùóộúỡộờỹ ầ/ế. òớùớụỏộ ồòúỗũ, ỏùúỏúỡỏụộờĩ ỏủỏọồòóỡỏụỏ ỏỹ ọộĩửùủỏ ủùóủĩỡỡỏ. ểụù ấồửĩởỏộù 6 - ểừúụịỡỏụỏ ầ/ế ờỏộ ậùóộúỡộờỹ óòớồụỏộ ỡộỏ ỏớỏửùủĩ úụỏ ủùóủĩỡỡỏụỏ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗũ ùừ ờừờởùửùủùýớ ờỏốỵũ ồòúỗũ ờỏộ ụỏ úừúụịỡỏụỏ úụỏ ùùòỏ ụủíữùừớ. òớồụỏộ ồòúỗũ ỡộỏ ủùúĩốồộỏ ớỏ ồủộóủỏửốồò íớỏ ởịủồũ úýúụỗỡỏ ỡồ ỹởùớ ụùớ ỏỏộụùýỡồớù ồủộửồủồộỏờỹ ồợùởộúỡỹ. ễíởùũ, úụù ấồửĩởỏộù 7 ỏủỏụòốồụỏộ íớỏ ỏủĩọồộóỡỏ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗũ. ửùủĩ ụỗớ ồủộùữị éủùúịởộùừ ùỳọỹởỏờờỏ úụù ùýủộớù. ểòóùừủỏ ủỹờồộụỏộ óộỏ ỡộỏ ùởý ỏởị ồủòụựúỗ ỡùớụồởùùòỗúỗũ, ờỏộ ốỏ ủíồộ ớỏ úỗỡồộựốồò ỹụộ ụù ỏùụíởồúỡỏ ỏíữồộ ỏủờồụĩ ỏỹ ụỗớ ủỏóỡỏụộờỹụỗụỏ ụỗũ ồủộùữịũ, óồóùớỹũ ùừ ùửồòởồụỏộ úụù ỏớồỏủờíũ ởùóộúỡộờỹ, úụỗớ ỏỡửộúõỗụùýỡồớỗ ùộỹụỗụỏ ụựớ ủựụùóồớỵớ ọồọùỡíớựớ ờỏộ ờừủòựũ úụỗớ íởởồộứỗ ụùừ óủĩửùớụùũ! èùớụồởùùòỗúỗ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ òọỗ ờỏộ éỏủĩỡồụủùộ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ 4 2. òọỗ ờỏộ éỏủĩỡồụủùộ ấùộụỏúỡĩụựớ 2.1 ồớộờĩ ểỏừụỹ ụù ờồửĩởỏộù ốỏ ỏúữùởỗốùýỡồ ỡồ ồờồòớồũ ụộũ ỏủỏỡíụủùừũ ùừ ữỏủỏờụỗủòổùừớ íớỏ ờùòụỏúỡỏ ờỏộ ồỗủủồĩổùừớ ụỗớ ồờụòỡỗúỗ ụựớ ỏùốồỡĩụựớ ụùừ. ẩỏ ồợồụĩúùừỡồ ồòúỗũ ờỏộ ụộũ ọộĩửùủồũ ờỏụỗóùủòồũ ờùộụỏúỡĩụựớ ùộ ùùòồũ ọộỏỡùủửỵớùớụỏộ ỡồ ờủộụịủộỏ ùừ õỏúòổùớụỏộ úụộũ ỏủỏỡíụủùừũ ỏừụíũ. èộỏ ồờụòỡỗúỗ ỏùốồỡĩụựớ ồủộíữồộ ọýù úỗỡỏớụộờíũ ỏủỏỡíụủùừũ: ụỗớ ùúỹụỗụỏ ỡồụỏởởồýỡỏụùũ ờỏộ ụỗớ ỡíúỗ ùộỹụỗụỏ ụùừ. ểụỏ ỡồụỏởởồòỏ, ỗ ùúỹụỗụỏ ỡồụỏởởồýỡỏụùũ ồờửủĩổồụỏộ úừớịốựũ úồ ỡồụủộờùýũ ụỹớùừũ (1000Kg). ẽộ ùộỹụỗụồũ ồờửủĩổùớụỏộ ờỏớùớộờĩ úồ ùúùúụỹ ồò ụùộũ ồờỏụỹ óộỏ ụỏ õỏúộờĩ ùủừờụĩ, ồớỵ ụỏ ùởýụộỡỏ ỡùủùýớ ớỏ ỏớỏửíủùớụỏộ úồ óủỏỡỡĩủộỏ ỏớĩ ụỹớớù. ễù úýúụỗỡỏ ỏớỏửùủĩũ ùừ ữủỗúộỡùùộồòụỏộ ồợỏủụĩụỏộ ỏỹ ụỗớ óồựóủỏửộờị ốíúỗ ụùừ ờùộụĩúỡỏụùũ ờỏộ/ị ụỗớ ùởộụộờị ụỗũ ồụỏộủồòỏũ. òớỏộ ồòúỗũ ỏủờồụĩ úừớịốồũ úồ ỏởộíũ ỏớỏửùủíũ ớỏ õủòúờùừỡồ ụộũ ụộỡíũ ụùừ ữủừúùý ờỏộ ỏủóýủùừ ồờửủỏúỡíớồũ úồ ọùởởĩủộỏ. ừụị ỗ ủỏờụộờị ờĩớồộ ụỗớ ữủịúỗ ụựớ ọồọùỡíớựớ ỏừụỵớ ọýúờùởỗ ồờụỹũ ồĩớ ọòớùớụỏộ úụỗớ ỏớỏửùủĩ ùộ ụộỡíũ ỡồụỏụủùịũ. èộỏ ĩởởỗ ỏỡửòõùởỗ ủỏờụộờị, ờùộớị úồ ỡồủộờíũ ữỵủồũ, ồòớỏộ ỗ ỏớỏửùủĩ ụựớ ỏùốồỡĩụựớ ỏởĩ ựũ ồủộồữỹỡồớù ỡồụĩởởồừỡỏ, .ữ. óủỏỡỡĩủộỏ ùợồộọòùừ ùừủỏớòùừ ị ụỹớớùừũ ờỏúúộụíủùừ. éỏủỹởù ùừ ỏừụíũ ùộ ụộỡíũ ồòớỏộ ỡồủộờíũ ửùủíũ ữủịúộỡồũ óộỏ úừóờồờủộỡíớồũ ùộờùớùỡộờíũ ỏớỏởýúồộũ, ọòớùừớ ồởĩữộúụồũ ữủịúộỡồũ ỡỗữỏớùởùóộờíũ ởỗủùửùủòồũ ờỏộ ỏùụồởùýớ ỡộỏ ỏớỏửùủĩ ỏùốồỡĩụựớ ỏủĩ ồờụòỡỗúỗ ụùừũ. ẽ ừùởùóộúỡỹũ ụùừ ụùớớĩổ ờỏộ ụỗũ ùộỹụỗụỏũ ồớỹũ ờùộụĩúỡỏụùũ ỏỏộụồò ụỗớ úừởởùóị ờỏộ ụồờỡỗủòựúỗ ỡộỏũ úỗỡỏớụộờịũ ùúỹụỗụỏũ ọồọùỡíớựớ. ừụĩ ụỏ ọồọùỡíớỏ ồủộởỏỡõĩớùừớ ỏờủộõồòũ ởỗủùửùủòồũ ỏớỏởýúồựớ, ữĩủụồũ ờỏộ ụùỡíũ, ởồụùỡíủồộồũ ỡồụỏởởồừụộờỵớ úụùộữồòựớ, úừớụồởồúụíũ ụùừ ụùớĩổ, ụù ồửỏủỡùổỹỡồớù ỹủộù ồờỡồụỏởởồừúộỡỹụỗụỏũ, ụỗớ ọừớỏụị ỏớĩờụỗúỗ ỡồụỏởởồýỡỏụùũ, ờỏộ ỡỗữỏớùởùóộờíũ ởồụùỡíủồộồũ ỹựũ ụù ồởĩữộúụù ởĩụùũ ồợỹủừợỗũ ờỏộ ụỗớ ủùõởồỹỡồớỗ ỏủỏòựúỗ. ểụộũ ồớỹụỗụồũ ùừ ỏờùởùừốùýớ ốỏ ỏớỏởừốùýớ, ỹởùộ ùộ ỏủĩóùớụồũ ỏừụùò. éủỵụỏ ỹỡựũ ỏũ ồủĩúùừỡồ ớỏ ọùýỡồ ựũ ụỏợộớùỡùýớụỏộ ụỏ ờùộụĩúỡỏụỏ õĩúỗ ụựớ ỏùốồỡĩụựớ ụùừũ. . ồởởỗớộờỹ. ẫựĩớớỗũ ấ. ấỏỏóồủòọỗũ, ấùổĩớỗ 1995 Abstract As implied by the title of this thesis, in the following text an effort is made to present and analyze the various methods of computer