Chapter 7 smart grid toshiba technology feb 2011

Introduction of Smart Grid Components 2.1 Distribution Automation system DAS including Auto Meter Reading AMR 2.2 Distribution loss reduction by DAS and AMR 2.3 Peak Cut by Demand Respon

Green Energy Renewable Energy Systems

Course-Biên sọan: Nguyễn Hữu Phúc Khoa Điện- Điện Tử- Đại Học Bách Khoa TPHCM

Contents

1 Overview of Smart Grid

1.1 Overview

1.2 Current activity of oversea countries

2 Introduction of Smart Grid Components

2.1 Distribution Automation system (DAS)

including Auto Meter Reading (AMR) 2.2 Distribution loss reduction by DAS and AMR 2.3 Peak Cut by Demand Response (DR)

2.4 Solar Power as renewable energy

3 Proposal for next step

1 Overview of Smart Grid

Automatic LBS

Distribution Network

Transmission network

Wind Power (large scale)

Solar Power (large scale)

Substation

Network Connection of Renewable Energy

Wind Power (small scale)

Solar

Solar

AMR for house

Overview of Smart Grid

Battery

Auto Meter Reading

(AMR)

AMR for Apartment building

Communication line for Transmission

Transmission lineDistribution lineCommunication line for Distribution

Explanatory notes:

Pumped-storage

* including power generation companies and consumers

Note: Smart grid are intended to increase the quality of the electricity supply by providing functions such as:

-Network automation

-Power quality management

-Distributed generation management

1.1 Overview

Effects and advantages by smart grid projects

• Effective Power supply → Reduce construction of Power Generators

- improvement of distribution losses by DAS and AMR

- peak-cut by DR

- Application of renewable energy (Solar, Wind, Fuel cell etc)

• Improvement of reliability for Distribution network

- reduction of outage duration by DAS

• Up-grading of ICT technology for Local engineers

Problem by connecting renewable power to Distribution network:

-Balance between supply and demand under weather condition -Rising voltage on end of Distribution network

-Dangerous maintenance works by connection renewable power

Energy management by using communication network of DAS and AMR

In future, this communication network can be useful for HA (Home Automation and Electric Vehicle (EV) as battery.

1.1 Overview

Project components for Smart Grid

Smart Grid consists of the following Technologies / Components

Projects Experience High technology of

Japan

Development (Completion)

Communication network of DAS can be used for backbone network of smart grid.

Communication network of AMR can be used for last one-mile network of smart grid.

UG equipment (Kiosk/Distributor)

Fiber Optic

Substation

1.1 Overview

Concept of AMR

< Concept of AMR >

Communication network of DAS ( Fiber Optic ) ZigBee for last

one mile communication

2nd side of DT

1.2 Current Activities of oversea countries

Country Power company Target by Smart Grid for

Power company

USA

Reliability of network is not so good due to separation of Generation / transmission / Distribution and many Distribution Company (more than 3000).

-High reliability by using Information Communication Technology (ICT) DAS

-Improve non-technical loss -New business by using interactive communication

High reliability of Power network due

to SCADA, DAS and redundant network

-Countermeasure when a lot of renewable energy will connect to Distribution network

-Energy management for consumer side

1.2 Current Activities of oversea countries

Country Power company Plan for smart grid

5-10%, Wind power etc)

-DAS will be expanded to whole areas in PEA by 2012 (In addition 7 areas)

-AMR will be expanded to 50,000 customers by 2012.

Vietnam

-DAS is under trial stage.

-AMR is also under trial stage.

-Solar power is installed in Quang Binh province from 2010.

-Renewable energy (Wind /Solar /Biofuels etc) is 3% of commercial electricity capacity.

-DAS will be applied to Ho Chi Minh city

by using Fiber Optic.

-Smart Grid including AMR / DR / Solar will be applied to large city.

-Renewable energy will be increased up

to 5% by 2020.

India

-Indian government started to improve Distribution loss and the reliability by APDRP (10,000MUS$).

-DAS is under construction in Bangalore city.

-AMR and Pre-paid system have been applied as model project.

-DAS / AMR / GIS will be expanded to large cities by using APDRP

-Smart community city plan will be started

to apply for 4 cities as model projects This plan will be promoted by the support

of Japanese finance under construction of high speed railway project.

2.1 Distribution Automation system

(DAS) including Auto Meter Reading

(AMR)

1 Introduction of DAS

2 Advantages of DAS / DSM

3 Network System of DAS

• Overhead Network System

• Underground Network System

• Communication System

4 Distribution Automation SCADA System

1 Introduction of DAS / DSM /

AMR

What is DAS ?

• DAS improve reliability of Distribution power utilities by reduction of outage duration.

- Automatic isolation of faulty section

- Quick Recovery for healthy sections

- Monitoring for distribution network in

real time

• DAS contribute to improve technical / technical losses.

non-• DAS can connect to GIS (Giographic

Information System), AMR (Auto Meter

Reading) and DSM (Demand Side

Management).

Contribution to Society

Reduction of outage by DAS will…

ensuring the quality and their productivity

traffic stoppage

engine which is used during

outage

Outage Time Around the World

(minute/year) Figure Average Outage Time per Customer

462

58

11 0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Example (without DAS)

Key Point

outage time in the world

Japan’s Experience on DAS

Oil Switch ⇒ Vacuum Switch(VS) / Air Switch(AS)

Simplify DAS

Automatic Switch (VS/AS/GS) ⇒ VS/AS

DAS

SCADA System using Communication line

Manual Underground Switch (5ways)

Demand Side management (DSM)

DSM

by time of day / season

(DR)

Auto Meter Reading (AMR)

• Data of electrical consumption are stored in

2 Advantages of DAS

Advantages of DAS

construction

faulty section

5 Reduce distribution losses by capacitor control and

improvement of unbalanced load

6 Reduce peak load by DR (control of A.C load)

using communication network of DAS/AMR

Improvement of Outage Time

Drastically reduces site crews time for fault

section detection and isolation

Outage time of present system Outage time after installation of DAS

Time (minute) 120

Improvement of Financial Income

• Tariff: 0.07 US$/kWh

• Section Load: 1,000 kW

• Frequency of Fault: 20 times/year

• Number of Distribution Feeders

Decrease Investment Costs of Substation

DS (Normal open)

B bank

Normal use of bank capacity is limited

up to 50 (or 60) % load for supply

< DAS operation >

A bank

CB

A bank

Reduce Operation Costs by Quick

Detection of Fault Section

Present Conditions :

– Site Crews must search for location of fault on foot

After Implementing DAS :

– DAS SCADA system detects the fault area by minimized

distribution section.

– Site Crews can directly access the destination.

CB

Reduce Distribution losses (1)

• Capacitor Control by DAS

Power factor can be improved by control of capacitor on substation and feeder.

M M

Reduce Distribution losses (2)

• Improvement of unbalanced current

40% Load

I 1

Normal Open

Close→Open

Peak Cut by DR

• Peak cut by control of Air Conditioner (A.C)

Power Demand

Time Load Curve

Peak cut by DSM

Air Conditioner Load -High season: 50% - 60% -Normal season: 40% -Low season: 10% - 15%

Peak Cut by DSM (A.C load)

Communication network (i.e Fiber optic)

of DAS

A.C Load

Other Load

WHM for AMR RTU

WHM for AMR WHM

for AMR

Communication (i.e Radio wave / PLC)

WH: Watt Hour Meter

AMR: Auto Meter Reading

RTU: Remote Terminal Unit

DAS

(Computer)

Consumer

Advantage of Peak Cut by DR

1 Control of A.C is one of Demand Side Management

(DSM) and the control can be realized by using communication network of DAS

Peak cut of load

Construction of power generation can be reduced.

2 WHM of AMR can be utilized as the terminal of A.C

control

- Economic benefit of AMR become better

- Non-technical loss can be reduced by AMR

3 Network System

System Configuration of DAS

1.Outline and Features of Proposed DAS

FCB

Substation Equipment

Communication System

LBS RTU

LBS RTU

Schematic Diagram for Fault Detection

1.Outline and Features of Proposed DAS

<1> Normal condition

<2> First trip

<3> First reclose

<4> First reclose SW-B auto-close

<5> First reclose SW-C auto-close

<6> Second trip due to fault of section c SW-A and SW-C are locked

<7> Second reclose SW-B auto-close

<8> Automatic power supply from another feeder SW-E auto-close

Feeder Equipment

for Overhead Feeder

4 Components of Proposed DAS

PVS: Automatic Pole-mounted Vacuum Switch

SPS: Switch Power Supply

RTU: Remote Terminal Unit

Feeder Equipment

Pole-mounted Vacuum Switch for Overhead Feeder

Rated Short-time Withstand Current

Rated Making Current (kA) 31.5kA peak 31.5kA peak

Power Frequency Withstand Voltage

Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage

Mechanical Life (times) 10,000 10,000

ANSI C37, 63 IEC265-1

4 Components of Proposed DAS

2 element or over for each relay

4 Components of Proposed DAS

Feeder Equipment

Connection Diagram of Overhead Feeder Equipment

4 Components of Proposed DAS

Opens when handle of RTU with FDR is set to Manual OFF

Turns ON after X-time

Selected by power supply

SPS

Y: Closing relay

Y

System Configuration of Current Sensing Method

1.Outline and Features of Proposed DAS

LBS

RTU with OC/OCG

LBSFCB

Substation Equipment

Underground Network System

RTU (2)

RTU(3) RTU

RTU (1) Primary Substation

CB

RTU

０ ０

Schematic Diagram for Fault Detection

1.Outline and Features of Proposed DAS

RMU RMU RMU RMU

Hardware Equipment for Underground network

Ring Main Unit

Main Specifications

Main Rating

Rated Voltage 24kV

125kV to ground Lightning Impulse

125kV for Pole to Pole 60kV to ground

Rated Withstand Voltage

Recommended Plan;

The new Automatic RMU or LBS should be installed to switching points

among the existing manual RMUs.

Normal Open Point

Recommendation for Utilization of

existing manual RMU

OH network UG network

Comparison for Communication

Optic

Wireless (GPRS)

◎ > ○ > △ > X

There are 4 communication networks which are wireless (i.e GPRS) and wire system (i.e PLC / Telephone line / Optic Fiber).

Backbone network of DAS is recommended Fiber Optic

(especially for high density area).

little difference of investment cost between wire and wireless system

comparison with wire system, because there are many kind of radio waves and high-rise buildings.

Branch network between RTU and Sart Meter is

recommended to apply Wireless (GPRS or ZigBee)

Besides, High reliability is not required for branch network due to measurement function.

Recommendation for Communication Network

Backbone Network of recommended communication system

M-RTU

M-RTU

V, I, Relay, CB

Control Center

M-RTU: Master Remote Terminal Unit

GIS: Geographic Information System

Backbone Network (Fiber Optic) Energy Management

Branch Network of recommended communication system

1.Outline and Features of Proposed DAS

Measurement of Power consumption

LBS: Load Break Switch RMU: Ring Main Unit

Control Center (DAS)

M-RTU

RTU

DT

Communication device Smart Meter

Backbone network (Optical)

WHM: Watt Hour Meter AMR: Auto Meter Reading GPRS: General Packet Radio

Service RTU: Remote Terminal Unit DT: Distribution transformer

Smart Meter

4 Distribution Automation

SCADA System

DAS SCADA Equipment

Computer System (Unix WS) M M RTU RTU

Operation of DAS Control Center

DAS Computer System

VDU VDUHMI Client2

FEPFEP

Layer3Switching HUB

Layer3Switching HUB

CommunicationSystem

M-RTU

FiberOptic

FiberOptic

Major Functions of DAS

We will introduce the 5 major functions of …

network

3 Automatic Restoration by ‘Sections’

Real time Geo time Geo graphical Display graphical Display

(1) Distribution network diagram linked in street maps

(2) Real-time display by changing color indication and

highlighting upon network failure (3) Zoom in and out function (1/200,000 to 1/100)

(4) Smooth scrolling of display

(5) Display of detail distribution facility information on the same window

The function to display distribution network

diagram on geographic maps

All Control area

Real time Monitoring and Control time Monitoring and Control

Operation

Operation

The SCADA function for Operation on Primary

Substation and Distribution Substation

Schematic Diagram for Primary Substation

Switch & RTU status

Automatic Restoration by

Section

Occurrence of Feeder Failure

Detection of Fault Section

Switching Procedure Calculation

Switching Operation (Loop Point)

Network Reconfiguration Switching

Step by Step Section Restoration

on Power Side of Fault Section

Step by Step Section Restoration

on Power Side of Fault Section

Power is automatically supplied by FDR function.

Sections on load side of fault section, are automatically supplied with power from connected feeders in accordance

by Distribution Automation SCADA , which consider

- to utilize the spare capacity of other feeders and banks

- to prevent the drop of voltage

Easy Data Maintenance

(Maintenance Mode)

Easy maintenance capability for ‘frequent’

everyday changes to Distribution facilities

The Operator can easily update the database in the DAS SCADA system through human

through human friendly interface friendly interface.

Network Configuration Changes to distribution network facilities

Data Maintenance Display

The following functions can be easily simulated

‘Substation CBs’ and ‘PVS for distribution network’

– PVS status, PVS of operation-prohibition and so on

– Data of substation and distribution network

Operator Training Function

(Simulation Mode)

Advantages of DAS / DSM / AMR

(Summary)

• Reduction of Distribution loss

→ Cost benefit + CDM

• Shortening of outage duration

→ Cost benefit + Acceleration of foreign

Investment

• Peak load cut at peak demand

→ Reduction of Power Generation + CDM

• Improvement of Consumer Service by DAS functions (real-time management of all distribution network)

2.2 Distribution Loss reduction by DAS

and AMR

Transmission and Distribution Loss

Loss reduction on distribution network

• Reduction of Technical loss

(1) New construction of Substation and Feeder

(2) Higher Voltage of Distribution feeder

(3) Large size of Cable / line conductor

(4) Reduction of LV line by installing transformer of small capacity (5) Reduction of Distribution loss of transformer

(6) Improvement of power factor by capacitor-control

(7) Load balance of distribution feeder

• Reduction of non-Technical loss

(1) AMR (Auto Meter Reading system) (2) Real time monitor of feeder, DT and consumer load

(6)-1 Improvement of power factor by capacitor-control

Controller by power factor

RTU

DAS

Timer

(6)-2 Improvement of Power factor by capacitor control

• Power factor of motor loads is low and lag

→ Around 60% - 80% lag

• In case that the motors are connected near end of feeder, the power factor of load current up to the motors become is not so good, so that capacitors may as well be installed near the

(6)-3 Loss Reduction by capacitor control

Θ0

Θ１

0 I

(6)-4 Loss reduction by Capacitor control

Power factor can be improved by Capacitor control

< Example >

Power factor 0.85 to 0.95 :

W = ( P 2 / E 2 ) x R x [ 1 / ( 0.85 ) 2 – 1 / ( 0.95 ) 2 ]

= 0.276 ( P 2 / E 2 ) x R 30% reduction Capacitors can be controlled during day time (8H): 30% x 8H / 24H = 10 % Reduction of technical loss