medical terminology an illustrated guide

User’s Guide ixPart 1 Introduction to Medical Terminology 3 1 Concepts of Medical Terminology 4 Word Parts 5Combining Forms 6Word Derivations 7Pronunciation 7Symbols 9Abbreviations 9Word

User’s Guide ix

Part 1 Introduction to Medical Terminology 3

1 Concepts of Medical Terminology 4

Word Parts 5Combining Forms 6Word Derivations 7Pronunciation 7Symbols 9Abbreviations 9Words Ending Ijn x 10

Suffixes Beginning With rh 10

Chapter Review 11Case Study 12Answer Section 14

2 Suffixes 15

Noun Suffixes 16Adjective Suffixes 19Forming Plurals 21Chapter Review 23Case Study 25Answer Section 26

3 Prefixes 28

Common Prefixes 29Chapter Review 38Case Studies 40Answer Section 42

4 Cells, Tissues, and Organs 44

The Cell 45Tissues 47Organs and Organ Systems 48

Word Parts Pertaining to Cells, Tissues,and Organs 50

Labeling Exercise 56Chapter Review 57Case Studies 59Answer Section 61

5 Body Structure 63

Directional Terms 64Body Cavities 66Body Regions 67Positions 68Word Parts Pertaining

to Body Structure 72Labeling Exercises 77Chapter Review 81Case Study 82Answer Section 85

Part 2 Disease and Treatment 88

6 Disease 90

Infectious Diseases 92Responses to Disease 93Neoplasia 95

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease 98Chapter Review 106

Case Studies 108Answer Section 111

7 Diagnosis and Treatment; Surgery 113

Diagnosis 114Treatment 116Alternative and ComplementaryMedicine 119

Cancer 119Expanded Contents

xxi

xxii EXPANDED CONTENTS

Word Parts Pertaining to Diagnosisand Treatment 124

Chapter Review 131Case Studies 134Answer Section 138

Adverse Drug Effects 141Drug Names 141

Drug Information 141Herbal Medicines 142Chapter Review 156Case Studies 158Answer Section 162

Part 3

Body Systems 164

9 Circulation: The Cardiovascular

and Lymphatic Systems 166

The Heart 167Blood Pressure 169The Vascular System 169The Lymphatic System 170Roots Pertaining to the Cardiovascularand Lymphatic Systems 178Clinical Aspects of the CirculatorySystem 181

Labeling Exercises 200Chapter Review 202Case Studies 206Crossword Puzzle 209Answer Section 210

Blood Plasma 214Blood Cells 214Blood Types 217The Immune System 217Word Parts Pertaining to Bloodand Immunity 221

Clinical Aspects: Blood 224Clinical Aspects: Immunity 228Labeling Exercise 236

Chapter Review 237Case Studies 239Crossword Puzzle 244Answer Section 245

11 Respiration 248

Upper Respiratory Passageways 249

Lower Respiratory Passagewaysand Lungs 249

Breathing 251Gas Transport 252Word Parts Pertaining to Respiration 254Clinical Aspects of Respiration 257Labeling Exercise 271

Chapter Review 272Case Studies 275Crossword Puzzle 278Answer Section 279

Chapter Review 309Case Studies 312Crossword Puzzle 316Answer Section 317

13 The Urinary System 320

The Kidneys 322The Nephrons 322Blood Supply to the Kidney 323Urine Formation 324

Removal of Urine 324Roots Pertaining to the UrinarySystem 327

Clinical Aspects of the UrinarySystem 330

Labeling Exercises 342Chapter Review 345Case Studies 348Crossword Puzzle 351Answer Section 352

14 The Male Reproductive System 355

The Testes 356Transport of Spermatozoa 357Formation of Semen 358Roots Pertaining to MaleReproduction 360Clinical Aspects of the Male Reproductive System 362Labeling Exercise 369Chapter Review 370Case Studies 372

EXPANDED CONTENTS xxiii

Crossword Puzzle 375Answer Section 376

15 The Female Reproductive System;

Pregnancy and Birth 378

The Female Reproductive System 379The Mammary Glands 381

The Menstrual Cycle 381Menopause 382

Contraception 382Pregnancy and Birth 383Lactation 387

Roots Pertaining to the FemaleReproductive System 390Clinical Aspects of FemaleReproduction 394Clinical Aspects of Pregnancyand Birth 397

Congenital Disorders 399Labeling Exercises 411Chapter Review 413Case Studies 417Crossword Puzzle 420Answer Section 421

16 The Endocrine System 425

Hormones 426The Endocrine Glands 426Other Endocrine Tissues 430Roots Pertaining to the EndocrineSystem 432

Clinical Aspects of the EndocrineSystem 433

Labeling Exercise 442Chapter Review 443Case Studies 445Crossword Puzzle 449Answer Section 450

and Behavioral Disorders 452

The Neuron 453Nerves 453The Brain 453The Spinal Cord 457The Autonomic Nervous System 457Word Parts Pertaining to the NervousSystem 463

Clinical Aspects of the NervousSystem 467

Behavioral Disorders 471

Labeling Exercises 482Chapter Review 487Case Studies 491Crossword Puzzle 495Answer Section 496

18 The Senses 500

The Senses 501The Ear 502Clinical Aspects of Hearing 506The Eye and Vision 511Word Parts Pertaining to the Eyeand Vision 514

Clinical Aspects of Vision 518Labeling Exercises 525Chapter Review 527Case Studies 531Crossword Puzzle 535Answer Section 536

20 The Muscular System 582

Types of Muscle 583Muscle Contraction 583Muscle Action 583Naming of Muscles 583Muscle Structure 585Roots Pertaining to Muscles 589Clinical Aspects of the MuscularSystem 591

Multiple System Disorders InvolvingMuscles 591

Labeling Exercises 596Chapter Review 599Case Studies 601Crossword Puzzle 606Answer Section 607

xxiv EXPANDED CONTENTS

21 The Skin 610

Anatomy of the Skin 611Associated Skin Structures 612Roots Pertaining to the Skin 613Clinical Aspects of the Skin 614Labeling Exercise 627

Chapter Review 628Case Studies 631Crossword Puzzle 635Answer Section 636

Appendix 1: Commonly Used Symbols 639

Appendix 2: Abbreviations and Their Meanings 640 Appendix 3: Word Parts and Their Meanings 653 Appendix 4: Meanings and Their Corresponding Word Parts 664 Appendix 5: Metric Measurements 676 Suggested Readings 677

Index 679 Flashcards

Every career in health care begins with learning the vast and challenging language of medical

termi-nology Without adequate learning and teaching resources, it can be an overwhelming challenge for

students and faculty This new edition of Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide meets that

chal-lenge with a clear organizational scheme, full-color illustrations with a strong clinical focus, a wide array ofeffective pedagogical features, a variety of activities, and useful ancillaries to make teaching and learning moreeffective Because the content is so accessible and logically organized, the text can be used as part of class-room instruction, for independent study, or for distance learning

Organization and Approach

Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide takes a stepwise approach to learning the language of medical

ter-minology Part 1 describes how medical terms are built, and Part 2 introduces body structure, disease, andtreatment These chapters should be studied before proceeding to Part 3, which describes each of the bodysystems Individual chapters also build on knowledge in stages, with Key Terms sections listing those termsmost commonly used and specialized terms included in a later section entitled Supplementary Terms Thelatter terms may be studied according to time available and student needs

Each chapter opens with a chapter outline and a list of student objectives—goals to be accomplished bythe completion of the chapter In Part 3, the chapters begin with an overview of the normal structure andfunction of the system under study, followed by a list of key terms with definitions (the roots used in the ac-companying chapter exercises are included in these definitions) Word parts related to each topic are thenpresented and illustrated, along with exercises on the new material Next, there is an overview of clinical in-formation pertaining to the system, also followed by a list of key terms with definitions Many chapters con-tain displays that unify and simplify material on specific topics

New to this edition is information on complementary and alternative medicine and special interest boxeswith information on word derivations and usage

Preface

v

Pam Besser, PhD

ProfessorBusiness DivisionJefferson Community CollegeLouisville, KY

Dr Joyce B Harvey, RHIA, PhD

Associate Professor Department of Allied HealthNorfolk State UniversityNorfolk, VA

Les Chatelain

University of UtahDepartment of Health Promotion and EducationSalt Lake City, UT

Mary Allbright, RN

Medical InstructorDepartment of Business Technology and ParamedicProgram

Arkansas Valley Technical CollegeVan Buren, AR

Kimberly Shannon, RN

Surgical Technology Program CoordinatorMoore Norman Technology CenterNorman, OK

Juanita R Bryant, CMA-A/C

BE, Masters EquivalentProfessor of Medical TerminologyCabrillo College/Sierra CollegeAptos/Rocklin, CA

Margaret Bellak, MN

Professor of NursingNursing and Allied Health DepartmentIndiana University of PennsylvaniaIndiana, PA

Sharon A Kerber

InstructorDepartment of EducationMissouri College

St Louis, MO

Cynthia Booth Lord, MHS, PA-C

Assistant Professor and Physician AssistantProgram Director

Department of Biomedical ScienceQuinnipiac University

Hamden, CT

Pamela Van Bevern, PA-C, MPAS

Assistant ProfessorPhysician Assistant ProgramSaint Louis University

St Louis, MO

Jill E Winland-Brown, EdD, MSN, ARNP

Professor and Assistant Dean of UndergraduateStudies

Christine E Lynn College of NursingFlorida Atlantic University

Boca Raton, FLReviewers

xvii

Division of Health Sciences

Mott Community College

Flint, MI

Bennita W Vaughans, RN, MSN

InstructorMedical Assisting Technology

H Councill Trenholm State Technical CollegeMontgomery, AL

This User’s Guide shows you how to put the features of Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide, 4th Edition

to work for you

TERMINOLOGY

Terminology is presented in a consistent and logical manner Phonetic pronunciations are included withall new terms

Abbreviations for common terms.

Key Clinical Terms list medical terms pertinent

to the body system under discussion

Key Terms

NORMAL STRUCTURE

artery arteriole

ar-T E _ -r

E -r

E e _ -o _ l

atrioventricular (AV) node

a-tre _ -o _ -ven-TRIK- u-lar

AV bundle

atriu m

A _ -tr

A -tr

A e _ -um

The largest artery It receives blood from the left ventricle and

branches to all parts of the body (root

aort/o).

The semilunar valve at the entrance

to the aorta

The point

of a cone-shaped structure (adjective, apical) The apex of

the heart is form

ed by the left ventricle

It is inferior and pointed to-

ward the left (see Fig 9-2).

A vessel that carries blood away fromffrom the heart All except

the pulm

o-nary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood (root

arter, arteri/o

).

A small artery (rootarteriol/o)

A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes im-

pulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles

A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular

(AV) node

to the top of the interventricular

septum It divides

into

the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two

sides of the septum; the bundle of His.

An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of

the heart (rootatri/o)

ANS Autonomic

nervous system

BAEP Brainstem

auditory evoked potentials

CBF

Cerebral blood flow

DSM Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

DTR

Deep tendon reflexes

EEG Electroencephalogram;

electroencephalograph

o _ -MEN-tum

A mass, such as the rounded mass of food that is swallowedThe part of the stomach near the esophagus, named for its closeness

to the heart The semiliquid partially

digested food that moves from the stomachinto the small intestine

The evacuation of feces from the rectumSwallowing

The part of the duodenum

near the pylorus; the first bend (flexure)

of the duodenum The raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic

duct enter the duodenum (see Fig 12-10); papilla of Vater (FA-ter)

A fold of the peritoneum

that extends from the stomach over theabdominal organs

Key Clinical Terms

DISORDERS

AIDS allergen

an-je _ -o _ -e-DE _ -ma

Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (humanimmunodeficiency virus)

The virus infects certain T cells and thusinterferes with immunity.

A substance that causes an allergic responseHypersensitivity

An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance

(root phylaxis

means “protection”) It may lead to death caused by circulatory

lapse, and respiratory distress if untreated

col-Also called anaphylaxis.

A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood;

may result from blood loss, malnutrition,

a hereditary defect, environmental tors, and other causes

fac-A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria

but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous

tissue

ix

Key Terms include the most

commonly used words

Supplementary Terms

list more specialized words

SPECIAL INTEREST BOXES

Special interest boxes appear throughout the book and contain information on word derivations

and usage

DISPLAYS

Displays organize information on specific topics and serve as references and reviews.

Some of our most beautiful

(and difficult tospell and pronounce) words come

from Greek.

Esthesi/o means sensation

It appears in the

word anesthesia, a state

in which there is lack ofsensation, particularly

pain It is found in th

e

word esthetics(also spelled

aesthetics), whichpertains to beauty,

artistry, and appearance.

The prefix presby, in the terms presbyacusis

bicycle and tricycle

Also

pertaining to the eye, the term

iris means

“rain-bow” in Greek, and the iris is the colore

term for vague “nervous

exhaustion,” now plied to conditions

that are done in thenics literally

calis-give us beauty through

chest Asphyxiais from a Greek

also contains the Greek

BOX 18-1The Greek Influence

A beginning student in medical science may be surprised by the vast number of names and terms that he or she is required to learn This responsi- bility is lightened somewhat by the fact that we are bilaterally symmetrical That is, aside from stomach, pancreas, and intestine, nearly every- thing on the right side can be found on the left as well The skeleton can be figuratively split down the center, giving equal structures on both sides

of the midline Many blood vessels and nerves are paired This cuts the learning in half.

In addition, many of the blood vessels andnerves in a region have the same name The radial artery, radial vein, and radial nerve are parallel, and all are located along the radius of the forearm Vessels are commonly named forthe organ they supply: the hepatic artery and vein of the liver, the pulmonary artery and veini i n

of the lungs, the renal artery and vein of the h h e

kidney.

No one could say that the learning of medical terminology is a snap, but it could

be harder!

BOX 5-1 Cutting the Job in Half

DISPLAY 7-1 Imaging Techniques

METHOD

cineradiography

(sin-e-ra

_ -de _ -OG-ra-f e)

computed tomograp

hy (CT, CT scan)

(to _ -MOG-ra- f e

_

) fluoroscopy

(flu _ -ROS-ko

_ -pe _) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)positron emissiontomography (PET)

ent angles through

the body; a three-dimension

al picture of a cross-sectio

n of the body

is obtained; reveals m

ore about soft tissu

es than does simple radiog

raphy (Fig 7-7) use of x-rays to examin

e deep structures; th

e shadows cast by x-rays passed throughthe body are observed

on a fluorescent screen

; the device used is called

a fluoroscope

production of imag

es through the use

of a magnetic field and radio waves; th

e

characteristics of soft tissu

e are revealed by differe

nces in molecular properties;

eliminates the need

for x-rays and contrast

media production of sectio

nal body images b

y administration of a natu

ral substance, such

as glucose, labeled w

ith a positron-emittin

g isotope; the rays su

bsequently emittedare interpreted by

computer to show the internal distribu

tion of the substance ministered; PET has

ad-been used to follow

blood flow throug

(radiograph) of innal structures on sp

ter-ecially sensitized filmproduction of an im

age of the distribution of radioactivity

in tissues after intern

al

ad-ministration of a rad

ioactive substance (rad

ionuclide); the imag

es are obtained with a

speci-ined or the isotope used for

the test, as in bone scan, g

allium scan

scintigraphic techn

ique that permits visu

alization of the cross-sectional distribution

of a radioisotopegeneration of a visu

al image from the echoes o

f high-frequency so

und waves

travel-ing back from diffe

rent tissues; also called

sonography (so-N OG-ra-f e

_

) and ech

ogra-phy (ek-O G-ra-f e

ad-ren-ER-jiks

(sympathomimetics

[sim-pa-th o -mi-MET-iks])

sys-to stress alleviate pain decrease pain sensation in central nervous system;

chronic use may lead tophysical dependence act peripherally

to inhibit prostaglandins (local hor- mones);

they may also beanti-inflammatory andantipyretic (reduce fever)reduce

or eliminate sensation

GENERIC NAME

epinephrine phenylephrine pseudoephedrine dopamine meperidine morphine aspirin (acetyl- salicylic acid; ASA) acetaminophen (APAP) ibuprofen celecoxib local lidocaine procaine general oxide midazolam

TRADE NAME

Bronkaid Neo-Synephrine Sudafed Intropin Demerol Duramorph

Tylenol Motrin, Advil Celebrex, VioxxXylocaine Versed

RBC WBC Diff

Ht, Hct, crit PCV

Hb, Hgb MCV MCHC ESR CBC

number of red blood cells per µ L (cubic millimeter)

of blood number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter

of blood relative percentage of the different types of leukocytes

relative percentage of packed red cells in a given volume of blood

hematocrit amount of hemoglobin in g/dL (100 mL) of blood volume of an average red cell

average weight of hemoglobin in red cellsaverage concentration of hemoglobin in red bloodcells

rate of settling of erythrocytes per unit of time;

used to detect infection or inflammation series of tests including cell counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and cell volume measurements

x USER’S GUIDE

510 PART 3 • BODY SYSTEMS

FIGURE 18-3.The Rinne test assesses

both air and bone conduction of sound (Reprinted

with permission from Smeltzer SC, Bare

FULL-COLOR ARTWORK AND PHOTOS

Beautiful full-color art throughout the book brings the content to life and illustrates

the most important information

Illustrations bring complex

information to life

Full-color photos add a clinical context.

168 PART 3 •BODY SYSTEM

S

called a septum The interventricular

septum separates the two ventricles;

the interatrial septum divides

the

two atria There is also

a septum between the atrium

and ventricle on each side.

The heart pumps blood

through two circuits The

right side pumps blood

to the lungs to be oxygenated

through the pulmonary

circuit The left side pumps

to the remainder of the body

through the systemic circuit.

Blood Flow Through

the Heart

The pathway of blood through

the heart is shown by the arrows

in Figure 9-2 The right atrium

receives blood

low in oxygen from all body

tissues through the superior

vena cava and the inferior

vena cava.The blood

then enters the right ventricle

and is pumped to the lungs

through the pulmonary

artery Blood returns fro

m

Brachiocephalic arteryLeft common carotid a

rtery Left subclavian arter

y

Right pulmonaryartery (branches) Ascending aorta Superior vena cava

Right pulmonaryveins

Right atrium Tricuspid valve

Inferior vena cava Right ventricle

Aortic arch Pulmonary arteryLeft pulmonaryartery (branches) Pulmonic valve

eft ulmonary ins eft atrium ortic valveitral icuspid) lve

Endocardium

Left ventricle

Myocardium Blood high in oxygen

Blood low in oxygen

Epicardium

Apex Interventricularseptum

FIGURE 9-2.The heart

and great vessels (Reprinted

with permission from Cohen

BJ, Wood DL Memmler

’s The

Human Body in Health

and Disease 9th Ed Philadelphia:

Lippincott Williams &

concerned with hearing Cells

in this receptor organ respond to sound waves traveling through the

fluid-filled ducts of the cochlea Sound

waves enter the cochlea from the base of the stapes through an opening called the oval window and leave through another opening called the round window.

The sense of equilibrium is localized in the

vestibular apparatus.

This structure consists of the

chamber-like vestibuleand three projecting

semicircular canals

Special cells within the vestibular apparatus respond

to movement (The senses of vision and proprioception

are also important in maintaining balance.) Nerve impulses are transmitted from the ear to the brain by way of the

vestibulocochlear

nerve, the eighth

cranial nerve, also called the acoustic or auditory nerve The cochlear branch of this nerve transmits impulses vestibular apparatus.

al bone Semicircular canals

tibulocochlear ve

hian y) auditory canal

(meatus) Pinna

FIGURE 18-1.

The ear, showing the outer,

middle, and inner subdivisio

ns (Reprinted with permissio

n from

Cohen BJ, Wood DL Memm

ler’s The Hum an Body in Health and Disease

9th Ed Philadelphia: Lippin

cott Williams &

Wilkins, 2000.)

USER’S GUIDE xi

CASE STUDIES

Case studies illustrate terminology in the context of a medical report

These are followed by questions about terms used in the cases

Case Studies, continued

discharged

8 days later to a long-term

care facility with orders for an alternating

pressure mattress,

position change every 2 hours,

supplemental nutrition, and meticulous

wound care.

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

Multiple choice:

Select the best answer and write the letter

of your choice to the left of each number.

_ 1 K.B.’s basal cell carcinoma

may have been caused by chronic

exposure to the sun and

ultraviolet tanning bed use The scientific explanation

for this is the:

pimples of adolescent

acne are whiteheads

and blackheads The medical terms for these lesions are:

a vesicles and lymphotomes

b pustules and blisters

c pustules and comedones

d vitiligo and macules

e furuncle and sebaceous cyst _

3 Which skin cancer is an overgrowth

4 Basal cell carcinoma involves:

d formation

of yellow patches

e diuretic _

8 An example

of a topical drug is a:

a systemic chemotherapeutic

agent

b drug derived from rain forest plants

c subdermal allergy test antigens

d skin ointment

e Benadryl capsule

25 mg

_

9 Stomatitis,

a common side effect of systemic

chemotherapy,

is an in flammatory conditio n

10.Skin turgor

is an indicator of:

a elasticity

b hydratio n

c aging

d nutritio n

e all of the above _

11.

Another name for a pressure

ulcer is a:

a shearing force

b bedsore

c decubitus ulcer

d a and b _

12.A FTSG is usually

harvested (taken) from another body area with a scalpel,

whereas

a STSG

is harvested with an instrument

called a(n)

, which can cut a

thinner graft.

a tissue slicer

b Keralyt

c erythroderm

d dermatome

e débridemen t

Case Studies,

continued

Write a term from the case stud

ies with each

of the follow ing mean ings:

13 skin san ding procedure

_

_

14 a solid raised lesion larger than a papu le

_

_

15 physician who cares for patien

ts with skin diseases

_

_

16 connective tissue and fat layer

beneath the dermis

_

_

17 diffuse redness of the skin

_

_

18 increased production

or damaged skin

_

_

20 reduced bloo

d flow to the tissu

K.B., a 32-year-old fitness instructor,

had noticed a “tiny hard lump” at the

base of her left nostril whilecleansing her face The lesion had

been present for about 2 months when

she consulted a gist She had recently moved north from

dermatolo-Florida, where she had worked as a lifeguard She

thought the

lump might have been triggered by the

regular tanning salon sessions she

had used to retain her tan cause it did not resemble the acne

be-pustules, blackheads, or resulting scars

of her adolescent years

Although dermabrasion had removed the

obvious acne scars and left several

areas of dense skin, thislump was brown-pigmented and different K.B

was afraid it might be a malignant

melanoma On

ex-amination, the dermatologist noted a small pearly-white

nodule at the lower portion of the left

ala (outer

flared portion of the nostril) There

were no other lesions on her face or neck.

A plastic surgeon excised the lesion

and was able to re-approximate the wound edges

without a

full-thickness skin graft The pathology report

identified the lesion as a basal cell carcinoma

with clean

mar-gins of normal skin and subcutaneous

tissue and stated that the entire lesion

had been excised K.B wasadvised to wear SPF 30 sun protection

on her face at all times and to avoid excessive

sun exposure and tanning salons.

Case Study 21-2: Cutaneous Lymphoma

L.C., a 52-year-old female research

chemist, has had a history of T-cell

lymphoma for 8 years She wasinitially treated with systemic chemotherapy

with methotrexate until she contracted

stomatitis Con

-tinued therapy with topical chemotherapeutic

agents brought some measurable

improvement She alsohad a history of hidradenitis.

A recent physical examination showed

diffuse erythroderma with scaling and

hyperkeratosis, plusalopecia She had painful leukoplakia and ulcerations of the mouth and tongue L.C was hospitalize

d

and given two courses of topical

chemotherapy She was referred to Dental Medicine for treatment of the oral lesions and discharged in stable condition

with an appointment for follow-up in 4 weeks

Her

discharge medications included hydrocortisone

ointment 2% to affected lesions q hs, Keralyt

gel bid

for the hyperkeratosis, and Dyclone and

Benadryl for her mouth ulcers prn.

Case Study 21-3: Pressure Ulcer

L.N., an elderly woman in failing

health, had recently moved in with

her daughter after her ization for a stroke The daughter reported

hospital-to the home care nurse that her mother had minimal

ap-petite, was confused and disoriented,

and had developed a blister on her lower back since

she had been

confined to bed The nurse noted that L.N had lost

weight since her last visit and that

her skin was dry

with poor skin turgor She was

wearing an “adult diaper,” which

was wet After examining L.N.’ssacrum, the nurse noted a nickel-sized

open area, 2 cm in diameter and 1 cm in depth (stage

II

pres-sure ulcer), with a 0.5-cm reddened surroundin

g area with no drainage L.N moa

ned when the nursepalpated the lesion The nurse also

noted reddened areas on L.N.’s elbows

and heels.

The nurse provided L.N.’s daughter

with instructions for proper skin care, incontinence

manage-ment, enhanced nutrition, and frequent

repositioning to prevent pressure ischemia

to the prominent body areas However, 6 months later L.N.’s pressure ulcer had deterior

ated to a class III She was hospitalized under the care of a plastic surgeon and wound-ostomy ca

-re nurse Surgery was scheduled todébride the sacral wound and close

it with a full-thickness skin graft taken

from her thigh L.N was

PRACTICE EXERCISESExercises are included throughout the book to help you understand the content,

assess your progress, and review and prepare for quizzes and tests

A Chapter Review concludes each chapter.

Use the root ren/o

to write a word that has the same meaning as each

of the following definitions:

1 near (para-) the kidney

that has the same

meaning as each of the following

a word that has the same meaning

for each of the following

Match the following terms and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number:

b point of sharpest vision

_18 rods and cones

c small bones of the middle ear

e total loss of hearing

USER’S GUIDE xiii

Chapter 16 Crosswor

d Endocrine System

15 Test for measuring

hormones in the blood:

5 A form of thyroid

hormones in the blood

6 Excess sugar in the

* 1 *

2 34

12-2

Common bile ductCommon hepatic ductCystic duct Duodenum Liver Pancreas Pancreatic ductSpleen

xiv USER’S GUIDE

FLASHCARDS

A set of flashcards is included to help you maximize your study time

Expand your vocabulary by making additional flashcards as you work through the text

CD-ROM

The free CD-ROM includes practice tests, additional exercises to test your knowledge and assess your

progress, and a pronunciation glossary Have fun while you learn!

• The practice tests offer an opportunity for you to prepare for assessment.

• Interactive labeling exercises help you reinforce your understanding of anatomy.

• The pronunciation glossary allows you to hear accurate

pronunciations of over 2,500 terms, drawn directly

from Stedman’s Medical Dictionary.

Chapters 1 through 5, Part 1, present the basics of medical terminology and body structure Chapters 6 through 8, Part 2, deal with disease and treatment.

These beginning chapters form the basis for the chapters on the individual body systems, Part 3.

1

P A R T

Introduction

to Medical Terminology

After study of this chapter you should be able to:

1. Explain the purpose of medical terminology

2. Define the terms root, suffix, and prefix.

3. Explain what combining forms are and why they are used

4. Name the languages from which most medical word parts are derived

5. Pronounce words according to the pronunciation guide used in this text

6. Analyze a case study with regard to some concepts of medical terminology

Concepts of Medical Terminology

C H A P T E R

1

4

CHAPTER 1 • CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5

Medical terminology is a special vocabulary used by health care professionals for effective and

accu-rate communication Because it is based mainly on Greek and Latin words, medical terminology isconsistent and uniform throughout the world It is also efficient; although some of the terms are

long, they often reduce an entire phrase to a single word The one word gastroduodenostomy, for example,

stands for “a communication between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine” (Fig 1-1).The medical vocabulary is vast, and learning it may seem like learning the entire vocabulary of a foreignlanguage Moreover, like the jargon that arises in all changing fields, it is always expanding Think of theterms that have been added to our vocabulary with the development of computers, such as software, megabyte,search engine, e-mail, chat room The task seems overwhelming, but there are methods that can aid in learn-ing and remembering words and can even help in making informed guesses regarding the meanings of unfa-miliar words Most medical terms can be divided into component parts—roots, prefixes, and suffixes—thatmaintain the same meaning whenever they appear By learning these meanings, you can analyze and re-member many words

Word Parts

The fundamental unit of each medical word is the root This establishes the basic meaning of the word and

is the part to which modifying prefixes and suffixes are added

A suffix is a short word part or series of parts added at the end of a root to modify its meaning In this book

suffixes are indicated by a dash before the suffix, such as -itis.

A prefix is a short word part added before a root to modify its meaning In this book prefixes are indicated

by a dash after the prefix, such as pre- Shown diagrammatically:

Word

Suffix

Words are formed from roots, prefixes, and suffixes.

Duodenum

Stomach

Duodenalanastomosis

6 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

The simple word learn can be used as a root to illustrate If we add the suffix -er to form learner, we have “one who learns.” If we add the prefix re- to form relearn, we have “to learn again.”

Not all roots are complete words In fact, most medical roots are derived from other languages and are

meant to be used in combinations The Greek word kardia, for example, meaning “heart,” gives us the root cardi The Latin word pulmo, meaning “lung,” gives us the root pulm In a few instances, both the Greek and Latin roots are used We find both the Greek root nephr and the Latin root ren used in words pertaining to

the kidney (Fig 1-2)

Note that the same root may have different meanings in different fields of study The root myel means

“marrow” and may apply to either the bone marrow or the spinal cord The root scler means “hard” but may also apply to the white of the eye Cyst means “a filled sac or pouch” but also refers specifically to the urinary

bladder You will sometimes have to consider the context of a word before assigning its meaning

Compound words contain more than one root The words eyeball, bedpan, frostbite, and wheelchair are amples Some compound medical words are cardiovascular (pertaining to the heart and blood vessels), uro- genital (pertaining to the urinary and reproductive systems), and lymphocyte (a white blood cell found in the

used to refer to the kidney, an organ of the urinary system.

CHAPTER 1 • CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 7

Thus, when the suffix -logy, meaning “study of,” is added to the root neur, meaning “nerve or nervous

sys-tem,” a combining vowel is added:

neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the nervous system)

Roots shown with a combining vowel are called combining forms.

A root with a combining vowel is often called a combining form.

In this text, roots are given with their most common combining vowels added after a slash and are referred

to simply as roots, as in neur/o A combining vowel usually is not used if the ending begins with a vowel

The root neur is combined with the suffix -itis, meaning “inflammation of,” in this way:

neur + itis = neuritis (inflammation of a nerve) There are some exceptions to this rule, particularly when pronunciation or meaning is affected, but youwill observe these as you work

Word Derivations

As mentioned, most medical word parts come from Greek (G) and Latin (L) The original words and theirmeanings are included in this text only occasionally They are interesting, however, and may aid in learning

For example, muscle comes from a Latin word that means “mouse” because the movement of a muscle under

the skin was thought to resemble the scampering of a mouse

The coccyx, the tail end of the spine, is named for the cuckoo because it was thought to resemble the cuckoo’s bill (Fig 1-3) For those interested in the derivations of medical words, a good medical dictionarywill provide this information Several such books are listed in the bibliography at the end of this text

PronunciationPhonetic pronunciations are provided in the text at every opportunity, even in the answer keys Take ad-vantage of these aids Repeat the word aloud as you learn to recognize it in print Be aware that word partsmay change in pronunciation when they are combined in different ways The following pronunciation guide-lines apply throughout the text

8 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

A vowel (a, e, i, o, u) gets a short pronunciation if it has no pronunciation mark over it, such as:

_

as in teai

_

as in lieo

_

as in hoseu

_

as in sueThe accented syllable in each word is shown with capital letters

Note that pronunciations may vary from place to place Only one pronunciation for each word is givenhere, but be prepared for differences

Atlas(1st cervical)

Axis(2nd cervical)

TransverseprocessIntervertebraldisk

Spinousprocess

Body(centrum)

of vertebra

Foramen forspinal nerve

Sacrum

Coccyx

with permission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 9th Ed Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.)

CHAPTER 1 • CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 9

Soft and Hard c and g

A soft c, as in racer, will be written as s (R A _ -ser) A hard c, as in candy, will be written as k (KAN-d e _) A soft

g, as in page, will be written as j (pa _ j) A hard g, as in grow, will be written as g (gro _)

Silent Letters and Unusual Pronunciations

A silent letter or unusual pronunciation can be a problem, especially if it appears at the start of a word thatyou are trying to look up in the dictionary See Table 1-1 for some examples

The combinations in Table 1-1 may be pronounced differently when they appear within a word, as in apnea

(AP-n e _ -a), meaning cessation of breathing; nephroptosis (nef-rop-TO _ -sis), meaning dropping of the kidney;

prognosis (prog-NO _ -sis), meaning prediction of the outcome of disease.

SymbolsSymbols are commonly used in case histories as a form of shorthand Some examples are L and R for left and right; ↑and ↓for increase and decrease A list of common symbols appears in Chapter 7 and in Appendix 1

AbbreviationsLike symbols, abbreviations can save time, but they can also cause confusion if they are not universally un-derstood Usage varies in different institutions, and the same abbreviation may have different meanings in

different fields An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase Some

When pronunciations are included in a text, it issometimes difficult to know which pronuncia-tion of a term to use Pronunciations may varyfrom country to country, even in different regions

of the same country Think how easy it is to tinguish a southern accent and one from themidwest or northeastern United States The gen-eral rule is to include the most common pro-nunciation

dis-The word gynecology is usually pronounced

with a hard g in the United States, but in many areas a soft g is used, as in jin-e-KOL-o– -je–

Words pertaining to the cerebrum (largest part

of the brain) may have an accent on different

syllables The adjective is usually pronouncedwith the accent on the second syllable (se-RE-bral), but in cerebrum (SER-e-brum) and cere-brospinal (ser-e-bro– -SPI–-nal), the accentedsyllable differs

The name for the first part of the small testine (duodenum) is often pronounced

in-du– -o–-DE–-num, although the pronunciation

du– -O-de-num is also acceptable When treme, some alternate pronunciations cansound like a foreign language The word wepronounce as SKEL-e-tal is pronounced insome other English-speaking countries as ske-LE-tal

ex-BOX 1-1 Pronunciations

10 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

everyday acronyms are ASAP (as soon as possible) and ATM (automated teller machine) In computerese,RAM stands for “random access memory.” Acronyms have become popular for saving time and space in nam-ing objects, organizations, and procedures Only the most commonly used abbreviations are given These arelisted at the end of each chapter, but a complete alphabetical list appears in Appendix 2 An abbreviation dic-tionary also is helpful

Words Ending In x

When a word ending in x has a suffix added, the x is changed to a g or a c For example, pharynx (throat) comes pharyngeal (fa-RIN-j e _ -al), to mean “pertaining to the throat”; coccyx (terminal portion of the verte- bral column) becomes coccygeal (kok-SIJ-e _ -al), to mean “pertaining to the coccyx”; thorax (chest) becomes thoracotomy (thor-a-KOT-o _ -me _) to mean “an incision into the chest.”

be-Suffixes Beginning With rh

When a suffix beginning with rh is added to a root, the r is doubled:

hem/o (blood) + -rhage (bursting forth) = hemorrhage (a bursting forth of blood)men/o (menses) + -rhea (flow, discharge) = menorrhea (menstrual flow)

TABLE 1-1 Silent Letters and Unusual Pronunciations

TO

_ -sis

rheumatic pertaining to rheumatism, a disorder of

CHAPTER 1 • CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 11

SU-fix

An abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase

A word root in combination with a vowel used to link the root with asuffix Combining forms are shown with a slash between the root and the

Fill in the blanks:

1 A root with a vowel added to aid in pronunciation is called a(n)

3 Combine the word parts dia-, meaning “through,” and -rhea, meaning “flow,” to form a word meaning

“passage of fluid stool.”

4 Combine the root psych, meaning “mind,” with the suffix -logy, meaning “study of,” to form a word

meaning “study of the mind.”

Multiple choice: Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number.

_ 5 Which of the following is a compound word?

a a proper name

b Latin or Greek

c a compound word

d the first letter of each word in a phrase

e two or more roots

12 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Pronounce the following words:

Several months after the accident, D.S was still experiencing some discomfort, and she decided to vestigate alternative therapies She made an appointment with a naturist practitioner who specialized inhomeopathy and herbal medicine Before her appointment, she browsed in the Nutra-Medica Shop, whichcarried nutritional supplements, vitamin and mineral products, homeopathic remedies, and herbal for-mulas She planned to ask the therapist about some of the products that she saw there, which includedremedies with the trade names Pneumogen, Arthogesia-Plus, Renovite, Nephrostat, and Hematone

in-CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

Multiple choice: Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number.

_ 1 The -ist in the word neurologist is a:

CHAPTER 1 • CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 13

Case Study, continued

This position is referred to as:

Fill in the blanks.

8 Use Appendix 4 to find roots that mean blood

9 Use the index to find the chapter that contains information on imaging techniques

14 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Case Study, continued

10 Use the flash cards at the back of this book to find the meaning of the word part endo-.

11 Another word part with the same meaning as endo- is .

12 Use Appendix 3 to look up the meaning of the roots in otorhinolaryngology.

Chapter Contents

Noun SuffixesAdjective SuffixesForming PluralsChapter ReviewCase StudyAnswer Section

Objectives

After study of this chapter you should be able to:

1. Define a suffix

2. Give examples of how suffixes are used

3. Recognize and use some general noun, adjective, and plural suffixes used in medical terminology

4. Analyze the suffixes used in a case study

Suffixes

C H A P T E R

2

15

16 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Asuffix is a word ending that modifies a root A suffix may indicate that the word is a noun or an

ad-jective and often determines how the definition of the word will begin For example, using the root

myel/o, meaning “bone marrow,” the adjective ending -oid forms the word myeloid, which means

“like or pertaining to bone marrow.” The ending -oma produces myeloma, which is a tumor of the bone row Adding another root, gen, which represents genesis or origin, and the adjective ending -ous forms the word myelogenous, meaning “originating in bone marrow.”

mar-The suffixes given in this chapter are general ones that are used throughout medical terminology Additionalsuffixes will be presented in later chapters, as they pertain to disease states, medical treatment, or specificbody systems

Noun Suffixes

TABLE 2-1 Suffixes That Mean “Condition Of ”

*The ending -sis may appear with a combining vowel, as -osis, -iasis, -esis, or -asis The first two of these denote an abnormal condition.

Write the suffix that means “condition of” in each of the following words:

blood clot (thrombosis)

fat deposits in artery

with permission from Hosley JB, Jones SA, Molle-Matthews EA pincott’s Textbook for Medical Assistants Philadelphia: Lippincott- Raven Publishers, 1997.)

Lip-TABLE 2-2 Suffixes for Medical Specialties

or-tho – -PE – -diks

kar-de – -OL-o – -jist

fiz-e – -OL-o – -je –

practitioner of medicine (from root

physi/o, meaning “nature”)

study and treatment of the aged (from

root ger/i, meaning “old age”)

study and treatment of the foot (from

root pod/o, meaning “foot”)

study and treatment of the skeleton and

joints (from root ped/o, meaning

“child,” and prefix ortho, meaning

“straight”) specialist in the study and treatment of

the heart (from root cardi/o, meaning

“heart”) Study of function in a living organism

(from root physi/o, meaning “nature”)

18 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Write the suffix in each of the following words that means “study of,” “medical specialty,” or “specialist

Write a word for a specialist in each of the following fields:

6 anatomy (study of body structure)

from Taylor C, Lillis C, LeMone P Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care 4th Ed Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2001.)

CHAPTER 2 • SUFFIXES 19

Adjective SuffixesThe suffixes below are all adjective endings that mean “pertaining to” or “resembling” (Table 2-3) There are

no rules for which ending to use for a given noun Familiarity comes with practice When necessary, tips onproper usage are given in the text

Suffixes sometimes take on a color of theirown as they are added to different words The

suffix -thon is taken from the name of the

Greek town Marathon, from which news of abattle victory was carried by a long-distancerunner It has been attached to various words

to mean a contest of great endurance We havebike-athons, dance-athons, telethons, evenmajor charity fund-raisers called thon-a-thons

The adjective ending -ish, as in Scottish, can

be added to imply that something is not right ontarget, as in largish, softish, oldish

In science and medicine, the ending -tech is used to imply high technology, and -pure may

be added to inspire confidence, as in the pany name Genentech and the Multi-Pure water

com-filter The ending -mate suggests a helping

de-vice, as in HeartMate, a pump used to assist adamaged heart

BOX 2-1 Suffixes With a Meaning All Their Own

TABLE 2-3 Suffixes That Mean “Pertaining to” or “Resembling”

*For words ending with the suffix -sis, the first s in the ending is changed to t before adding -ic to form the adjective, as in psychotic, pertaining

to psychosis (a mental disorder), or diuretic, pertaining to diuresis (increased urination).

20 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Identify the suffix meaning “pertaining to” or “resembling” in each of the following words:

(Reprinted with permission from Taylor C, Lillis C, LeMone P Fundamentals of ing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care 4th Ed Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams

Nurs-& Wilkins, 2001.)

CHAPTER 2 • SUFFIXES 21

TABLE 2-4 Plural Endings

12 urinary (pertaining to urine)

U _ -ri-nar-e _

13 circulatory (pertaining to circulation)

SIR-ku _ -la-tor-e _

Forming PluralsMany medical words have special plural forms based on the ending of the word Table 2-4 gives some gen-eral rules for the formation of plurals along with examples The plural endings listed in column 2 are substi-tuted for the word endings in column 1

Some Exceptions to the Rules

There are exceptions to the rules above for forming plurals, some of which will appear in later chapters For

example, the plural of virus is viruses, and serums is sometimes used instead of sera An -es ending may be added to words ending in -ex or -ix to form a plural, as in appendixes, apexes, and indexes.

Some people, in error, use phalange as the singular of phalanges Words ending in -oma, meaning “tumor,” should be changed to -omata, but most people just add an s to form the plural For example, the plural of car- cinoma (a type of cancer) should be carcinomata, but carcinomas is commonly used.

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

22 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

col-umn is made of 26 vertebrae (B) (Reprinted with permission from

Cohen BJ, Wood DL Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and ease 9th Ed Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.)

Dis-Write the plural form of each of the following words The word ending is underlined in each.

Identify the suffix that means “condition of” in each of the following words:

1 egotism (E-go _ -tizm)

2 anemia (a-NE _ -me _ -a)

3 stenosis (ste-NO _ -sis)

4 dystrophy (DIS-tro–-f e– )

5 acidosis (as-i-DO _ -sis)

6 anesthesia (an-es-THE _ -ze _ -a)

Give the suffix in the following words that means “specialty” or “specialist”:

7 psychiatry (si _ -KI _ -a-tre _)

8 orthopedist (or-tho _ -PE _ -dist)

14 gynecology (gi _ -ne-KOL-o _ -je _)

Identify the adjective suffix in each of the following words that means “pertaining to” or “resembling”:

15 physiologic (fiz-e _-o_ -LOJ-ik)

16 local (LO _ -kal)

17 cutaneous (ku _ -TA _ -ne _ -us)

18 lymphoid (LIM-foyd)

19 cellular (SEL-u _ -lar)

24 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

20 basic (BA _ -sik)

30 bacterium (type of microorganism)

bak-TE _ -re _ -um

31 fungus (simple, nongreen plant)

FUN-gus

32 protozoon (single-celled animal)

pro _ -to _ -ZO _ -an

Write the singular form for each of the following words The word ending is underlined:

On examination, E.G was febrile (feverish) with a temperature of 101°F His heart and lungs were mal, with a slightly elevated heart rate His abdomen was tender to palpation (touch), and his bowelsounds were active and gurgling to auscultation (listening with a stethoscope) His skin was dry and warm.

nor-He had symmetrical areas of edema (swelling) around both knees and tenderness over both patellae(kneecaps) The ulceration on his left lateral ankle had a ring of necrosis (tissue death) surrounding anarea of granulation tissue There was a small amount of purulent (pus-containing) drainage

E.G.’s doctor ordered a series of hematology lab studies and stool cultures for ova and parasites Thedoctor suspected a viral disease, possibly carried by mosquitoes, indigenous to tropical rain forests Healso suspected a form of dysentery typically caused by protozoa E.G was also possibly anemic, dehy-drated, and septic (infected) The doctor was confident that after definitive diagnosis and treatment, E.G.would gain relief from his insomnia, diplopia (double vision), and dizziness

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

Multiple choice: Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number.

_ 1 Diplopia, the condition of having double vision, has the suffix:

noun anemia is _, and the field of health science devoted to the study of blood

C H A P T E R 2 Answer Section

26 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Case Study, continued

Write the suffix that means “condition of” in each of the following words:

Write a word from the case study that means each of the following:

13 The word virus used as an adjective

14 The noun form of the adjective necrotic

15 Expert in the field of archeology

16 Expert in the field of internal medicine

17 The noun abdomen used as an adjective

Answers to Chapter Exercises

6 matrices (MA _ -tri-se _ z )

7 sera (SE

_ -ra)

8 meninges (me-NIN-je _ z)

9 foci (FO

_ -si

Answers to Chapter Review 2-1

After study of this chapter you should be able to:

1. Define a prefix and explain how prefixes are used

2. Identify and define some of the prefixes used in medical terminology

3. Use prefixes to form words used in medical terminology

Prefixes

C H A P T E R

3

28

CHAPTER 3 • PREFIXES 29

Aprefix is a short word part added before a word or word root to modify its meaning For example, the

word lateral means “side.” Adding the prefix uni-, meaning “one,” forms unilateral, which means

“affecting or involving one side.” Adding the prefix contra-, meaning “against or opposite,” formscontralateral, which refers to an opposite side The term equilateral means “having equal sides.” Prefixes inthis book will be followed by a hyphen to show that other parts will be added to the prefix to form a word.This chapter introduces most of the prefixes used in medical terminology Although the list is long, almostall of the prefixes you will need to work through this book are presented here There is just one short addi-tional chart of prefixes related to position in Chapter 5 on body structure The meanings of many of these pre-fixes will be familiar to you from words that are already in your vocabulary The words in the charts are given

as examples of usage Almost all of them will reappear in later chapters If you forget a prefix as you work, youmay refer to this chapter or to the alphabetical lists of word parts and meanings in the glossary

Common Prefixes

TABLE 3-1 Prefixes for Numbers*

mon/o uni- hemi- semi- bi- di- dipl/o tri- quadr/i- tetra- multi- poly-

prim/i-*Prefixes pertaining to the metric system are in the appendix.

first one one half; one side half; partial two, twice two, twice double three four four many many, much

a tooth with two points (cusps) having two forms (morph/o) having two sets of chromosomes one of three offspring produced in a single birth one-fourth of an area

a figure with four surfaces consisting of many parts substance composed of many sugars