[...]... heat and its capacity to do work This was the thermodynamics applied to heat engines – a physical system But the concepts were found to apply to chemical systems (Chemical Thermodynamics) as well as high temperature chemical reactions involving metals, 2 Chemical and Metallurgical Thermodynamics its oxides and other compounds (Metallurgical Thermodynamics) The evolution of concepts of ‘Entropy’ and. .. involving metals and their compounds Many look upon it as the “High-Temperature Chemical Thermodynamics.” There are many common concepts between Chemical and Metallurgical Thermodynamics They differ in the ranges of temperature used (high temperatures in metallurgical processes and relatively lower temperatures in chemical processes) and also in the ranges of pressure applied (close to atmospheric and up to... exchange energy and matter with the surroundings 10 Chemical and Metallurgical Thermodynamics A ‘closed’ system cannot exchange matter with the surroundings (exchange of energy may take place) An ‘isolated’ system has a definite amount of energy and matter and it cannot exchange them with the surroundings In the example of balloon above, as long as we keep blowing in the gas, it is an open system and when... concepts of ‘Entropy’ and ‘Free Energy’, which determined ‘Randomness’ and ‘Feasibility’ respectively, led to its application in fine-tuning the already existing processes (e.g., synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, sponge iron making in rotary kiln, etc.) and in the development of newer processes The concept of entropy and its dependence on randomness, led to the interpretation of thermodynamic... seen that friction generates heat and it was a case of mechanical work being converted into heat Heat was indestructible but could ‘easily’ be transformed to and from other forms of energy (First law of Thermodynamics – Sec 4.4) It could also be seen that a lighted candle could boil water in a test tube in matter of minutes but could not do so even in 4 Chemical and Metallurgical Thermodynamics hours... which the crust cannot sustain, earthquake occurs bringing chaos in the vicinity 2.6.4 The Ageing Process and Disorder The human body consists of cells built up of chains and networks of different types of protein and lipid molecules For younger persons, these chains and networks are very perfect and orderly but as he grows old (although slowly but spontaneously, i.e., irreversibly) the structure develops... greater disorder and much greater entropy in future 2.7 FREE ENERGY – THE MEASURE OF FEASIBILITY There was, however, a problem in using entropy change as a measure of feasibility The entropy changes of system and surroundings had to be computed separately and added To circumvent the problem, a new function or property was coined called the “Free Energy” (and its variants, “Gibbs Free Energy” and “Helmholtz... normally available for reactions And “Free 8 Chemical and Metallurgical Thermodynamics Energy” is obtained by deducting this “Bound Energy, T*S” from the Total Energy which is represented by “Enthalpy” or “Heat Content, H” 2.9 BALANCE OF NATURE – IS IT REALLY ORDERLY? We see rivers flowing continuously into the sea We know that with the aid of the sun, seawater evaporates and joins the clouds Clouds, with... Abbreviations and Notes (vii) List of Figures (ix) List of Tables (x) 1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THERMODYNAMICS 1 2 THERMODYNAMICS AND FEASIBILITY 3 2.1 What Makes a Reaction Feasible? 3 2.2 Heat and Work – are they Synonymous? What does Thermodynamics Say? 3 2.3 Heat Engines 4 2.4 Entropy 4 2.5 Linkage between Heat Engines and Chemical. .. the other hand, work is done by the atoms, when joining together to form new bonds and thereby a new molecule is formed Work can also be electrochemical when the applied electrical potential (e.m.f.), forces the ions to break the electrovalent bond and then move them towards a particular electrode Work can also be electrical work, when electrons move in conductors, overcoming its resistance and applied . historical perspective and the aspect of feasibility. The book in exact sense starts from chapter 3. Since for understanding the introductory chapters 1 and 2, some prior knowledge of Chemical and Metallurgical Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics) as well as high temperature chemical reactions involving metals, Chapter- 1 2 Chemical and Metallurgical Thermodynamics its oxides and other compounds (Metallurgical Thermodynamics). The. be seen that a lighted candle could boil water in a test tube in matter of minutes but could not do so even in Thermodynamics and Feasibility Chapter- 2 4 Chemical and Metallurgical Thermodynamics hours