[...]... what our future world will look and act like • xiv Preface Chapters in this book are organized into three parts: (I) C O 2 and stress interactions (Chapters 1-10); (II) evolutionary, scaling, and modeling studies of CO2 and stress interactions (Chapters 11-14); and (III) summary and synthesis (Chapters 15 and 16) Each chapter in Part I summarizes upto-date knowledge on and speculates, where the knowledge... References Koch, G W., and H A Mooney, eds (1996) "Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems." Academic Press, San Diego Lemon, E R., ed (1983) "CO2 and Plants: The Response of Plants to Rising Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. " Westview Press, Boulder I Interactions of C02 with Water, Temperature, Salinity, UV-B, Ozone, and Nutrients , Interactive Effects of Water Stress and Elevated C02 on Growth,... 1 and 2), temperature (Chapters 3 and 4), salinity (Chapter 5), UB-B (Chapter 6), ozone (Chapter 7), and nutrients (Chapters 8-10) on plants and ecosystems Part II offers broad perspectives beyond experimental measurements of plant and ecosystem ecophysiology to facilitate our comprehension of the complexity of COz and stress interactions Part III highlights knowns and unknowns of the interactions and. .. may determine the success in adaptation and competition of plant species, and ultimately in community succession, in environments ofgenerallywarmer temperature and more frequent drought (Ehleringer and Cerling, 1995) For managed communities, where water is the major limiting factor, productivity is determined by the WUE of the Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress 3 Copyright 9 1999 by Academic Press... the same (Hsiao and Jing, 1987) or slightly slower rate (Frensch and Hsiao, 1994) in spite of reduced turgor On the other hand, in earlier studies where turgor was calculated as the difference between water potential and osmotic potential, growth of leaves was often shown to be slower in plants subjected for some time 1 Interactive Effects of Water Stress and Elevated C02 7 to water stress in spite... (Fig 2; Prior et al., 1991; Lawlor and Mitchell, 1991) and the leaf area expansion rate is faster (Morison and Gifford, 1984; Cure et al., 1989) Studies of the underlying processes are only beginning (Ferris and Taylor, 1994; Ranasinghe and Taylor, 1996), and the results up to now are not at all clear The several possible mechanisms that could explain the faster and better growth are summarized in... canopy is small and incomplete, faster leaf growth will increase the amount of PAR intercepted by the canopy, leading to more CO2 assimilated per plant or per unit land area This effect is compounded with time (Bradford and Hsiao, 1982) and can result in a much larger plant and higher productivity, provided that radiation capture remains limiting and other resources such as mineral nutrients and water are... extreme and long-term conditions came from the recent work of RiviereRolland and Betsche (1996) They found that pea chloroplast phosphate translocator increased under high CO2 and the increase was accentuated by growing the plant under low phosphate nutrition The increase is considered to be a way to alleviate low phosphate in the chloroplast and improve the balance in carbon partitioning between starch and. .. spectrum whereas transpiration uses energy provided by radiation of all wavelengths, changes in leaf area and display and in plant spacing affect the energy supply for the two processes in a nearly identical manner Thus, "A and T on a per unit land area basis are closely linked and go hand in hand, leading to a relatively constant WUEme for given species in a given climate (Hsiao, 1990, 1993) There... unifying principles and integrative parameters which can serve as a basis for the systematic approach in quantifying WUE u n d e r elevated CO2 and environmental stresses, as developed in the following section 20 Theodore Hsiao and Robert B Jackson C IX Framework for Response of Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency to Elevated C02 In view of the varied responses of photosynthesis and WUE to increases . Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress on Plants and Ecosystems: A Synthesis Yiqi Luo, Josep Canadell, and Harold A. Mooney I. Introduction 393 II. Interactive Effects of Carbon Dioxide. Nitrogen Mineralization and Immobilization and Increased Carbon Input to Soil 268 V. Increased Carbon Flux to Soil and Nitrogen Inputs and Losses 274 VI. Altered Nitrogen Cycling and Soil Water Content. Response to Ozone Andrea Polle and Eva J. Pell I. Introduction 193 II. Evidence of Interactions between Ozone and Carbon Dioxide III. Mechanisms for Ozone by Carbon Dioxide Interactions 197 IV.