NGHIÊN CỨU LÀ GÌ ?

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESEARCHPrimary research Refers to research that has involved the collection of original data specific to that particular research project, for example through usi

GS TS BS LÊ HOÀNG NINH

NGHIÊN CỨU LÀ GÌ ?

Research is the systematic collection, analysis and

interpretation of data to answer

a certain question or solve a problem

It is crucial to follow cascading scientific steps when

conducting one’s research

WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Any honest attempt to study a problem systematically or to add to man’s knowledge of a problem may be regarded as research (Theodorson and Theodorson 1969 cited in

WHY UNDERTAKE RESEARCH?

• To investigate some existing situation or problem

• To provide solutions to a problem

• To explore and analyse more general issues

• To construct or create a new procedure or system

• To explain a new phenomenon

• To generate new knowledge

• A combination of two or more of any of the above

(Hussey and Hussey 1997)

Quality research is the lifeblood of any scientific discipline Without it, disciplines would stagnate, failing to advance past their current limits and

understanding.

(Wann 1997 p.17)

Explanatory research

This type of research is involved in explaining why

something happens, and assessing causal relationships between variables

Predictive research

Forecasts future phenomena, based on the

interpretations suggested by explanatory research

PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH

Pure research takes place to explore a particular

concept, or issue, without regard for a specific problem, and may be carried out to simply gain a better

understanding of the overall concepts

Applied research is undertaken to solve a specific

problem or provide a solution to a practical question

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESEARCH

Primary research

Refers to research that has involved the collection of original data specific to that particular research project, for example through using research methods such as questionnaires or interviews

THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

Theoretical research generally uses the findings from

existing works to develop new ideas through analysing

existing theory and explanations These new ideas are not tested through collecting evidence in the form of primary data

Empirical research supports the development of new

ideas through the collection of data (empirical =

observation or measurement rather than theoretical

reasoning)

HOW TO READ RESEARCH

1 Locate and read a few articles from within a field you are comfortable with

2 Read studies that are of interest to you

3 Read the abstract first

4 Identify the research question and objectives

5 Why did the researcher(s) choose a particular setting or sample?

6 What were the methods chosen to collect data?

7 What were the most important findings?

8 Do not be over-concerned with statistical analysis

9 Be critical but objective

WHAT IS RESEARCH - SUMMARY

1 There are a number of definitions of research Defining research is less important than understanding its nature

2 Research is important for the advancement of any

academic field or discipline

3 Research can be classified as exploratory, descriptive, explanatory or predictive depending upon its purpose It can also be classified as either theoretical or applied depending upon the level of application of the findings to ‘real life’

situations

to read!

Qui trình cơ bản của một nghiên cứu khoa học

Refined research question

Research hypothesis, goals and objectives

Study design

Population & sampling

Variables confounding bias

answers found

Literature review

Ethical issues

Chọn lựa lãnh vực nghiên cứu

Selection of this broad entity of research is based on the following:

Actual need for research in this area

Available resources (interest of funding body)

Chọn lựa lãnh vực nghiên cứu (tt)The priority of a topic for research

1) Flash of Brilliance ModelYou wake up one day with a new

insight/idea

New approach to solve an important open problem

 Warnings:

 Even if it does, you may not be able to find an advisor who agrees

2) The Apprentice ModelYour advisor has a list of topics

Suggests one (or more!) that you can work on

Can save you a lot of time/anxiety

3) The Phoenix ModelYou work on some projects and think very

hard about what you’ve done looking for insights

Re-implement in a common framework

Identify an algorithm/proof problem inside

The topic emerges from your work

Especially common in systems

 Warnings:

time

4) The Stapler ModelYou work on a number of small topics that

turn into a series of conference papers

E.g., you figure out how to apply a technique (e.g., ILP) to a number of key problems in an area

You figure out somehow how to tie it all

together, create a chapter from each

paper, and put a big staple through it

 Warnings:

5) The Synthesis ModelYou read some papers from other

subfields in computer science/engineering or a related field (e.g., biology)

And look for places to apply insight from another (sub)field to your own

E.g., databases to compilers

 Warnings:

6) The Expanded Term Project

ModelYou take a project course that gives you a

new perspective

E.g., theory for systems and vice versa

The project/paper combines your research project with the course project

One (and ½) project does double duty

 Warnings:

 This can distract from your research if you can’t find a related project/paper

Câu hỏi nghiên cứu The investigator must make sure

that:

 He has a research question

 The question is clear and specific

 It reflects the objectives of the study

 It has no answer by common sense

 It has no answer in the

LITERATURE

 Finding an answer to the question will solve or at least help in solving the problem to be studied.

Characteristics of a good

research question

 FINER

 Feasible

 Adequate numbers of subjects?

 Adequate technical expertise?

 Affordable in time and money?

 Is it possible to measure or manipulate the variables?

 Potential harm to subjects?

 Potential breech of subject confidentiality?

 Relevant

 To scientific knowledge/theory?

 To organizational, health or social management and policy?

 To individual welfare?

Criteria for developing a good research

Good research question?

 Influence clinical practice?

 Impact health policy?

 Guide future research?

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A Research Question Must Identify

30

Variables in research

 Have 2 or more properties or qualities

Age, sex, weight, height

 Is one variable related to another?

“ Is X related to Y? What is the effect of X on

Y?” etc

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in the independent variable

Outcome variable

32

Characteristics of hypotheses

Declarative statement that identifies the

predicted relationship between 2 or more

variables

Testability

Based on sound scientific theory/rationale

34

Hồi cứu y văn

Hồi cứu y văn là gì ?

“…a literature review surveys scientific

articles, books, medical journals,

dissertations and other sources […] relevant

to a particular issue, area of research, or

theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work.”

Mục đích hồi cứu y văn

A literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject In either case, its purpose is to:

 Place each work in the context of its contribution to

the understanding of the subject under review

 Describe the relationship of each work to the others

under consideration

 Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on

any gaps in, previous research

 Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory

previous studies

 Identify areas of prior research to prevent

duplication of effort

 Place one's original work (in the case of theses or

dissertations) in the context of existing literature

Literature Review as a Process

Các thành phần của hồi cứu y văn Hồi cứu y văn đòi hỏi xem xét 4

bước:

 Problem formulation—which topic or field

is being examined and what are its component issues?

 Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored

 Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant

contribution to the understanding of the topic

 Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

Các việc phải làm trong hồi cứu y

Literature

Working with Literature

Find it! Manage it! Use it! Review it!

Knowing the literature types

Knowing the literature types

Reading efficiently

Reading efficiently Choosing your research topic

Understanding the lit review’s purpose

Understanding the lit review’s purpose

Using available resources Keeping track Keeping track of references

of references Developing your question

Ensuring adequate coverage

Ensuring adequate coverage

Honing your search skills

Honing your search skills Writing relevant annotations Writing relevant annotations

Arguing your rationale

Arguing your rationale

Informing your work with

theory

Informing your work with

theory

Designing method

Designing method

Writing purposefully Writing

purposefully

Working on style and tone

Working on style and tone

Những tạp chí không được liêt kê trong tham khảo

(about Non-refereed Journals? )

Non-refereed materials such as Trade Journals,

or magazines use less rigorous standards of

screening prior to publication

Non-refereed materials may not be checked as

intensely as refereed materials, but many can still

be considered useful, although not for scientific literature and research

Nguồn tìm y văn ( t.t)

Books:  remember that books tend to be less

up-to-date, as it takes longer for a book to be published than for a journal article

They are still likely to be useful for including in your literature review as they offer a good

starting point from which to find more detailed and up-to-date sources of information. 

Sources of Literature (cont.)

Conference proceedings: these can be useful in

providing the latest research, or research that

has not been published

They are also helpful in providing information

about people in different research areas, and so can be helpful in tracking down other work by the same researchers

Sources of Literature (cont.) Government/corporate

reports:

Many government departments and corporations commission carry out research

Their published findings can provide a useful source of information, depending on your field of study

research  

Sources of Literature (cont.)

Internet: the fastest-growing source of information is on the Internet

 bear in mind that anyone can post information on the

Internet so the quality may not be reliable

 the information you find may be intended for a general

audience and so not be suitable for inclusion in your

literature review (information for a general audience is

usually less detailed)

In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:

 Provenance—What are the author's

credentials? Are the author's arguments

supported by evidence (e.g primary

historical material, case studies,

narratives, statistics, recent scientific

findings)?

 Objectivity—Is the author's perspective

even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary

data considered or is certain pertinent

information ignored to prove the author's

point?

 Persuasiveness— is the author's thesis

convincing?

 Value—Does the work ultimately

contribute in any significant way to an

understanding of the subject of my

research?

Writing the Introduction

In the introduction, you should:

 Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus providing an appropriate context for reviewing the literature

 Point out overall trends in what has been published about the

topic; or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and

conclusions; or gaps in research

 Establish the writer's reason (point of view) for reviewing the

literature; explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and

comparing literature

Writing the BodyIn the body, you should:

 Group research studies and other

types of literature (reviews, theoretical articles, case studies, etc.) according to common denominators such as qualitative versus quantitative approaches, conclusions of authors, specific purpose or objective, etc

 Summarize individual studies

 Make comparisons and analyses

Writing the ConclusionIn the conclusion, you should:

 Summarize major contributions of significant studies and articles to the body of knowledge under review,

maintaining the focus established in the introduction

 Evaluate the current "state of the art" pointing out major methodological flaws

or gaps in research, inconsistencies in theory and findings, and areas or issues pertinent to future study

 Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship between the central

topic of the literature review and a larger area of study (rationale)

Một vài việc cần lưu ý

• Learn / use effective search

strategies

• Keep a credible research journal

• Write about everything you read

• Don’t write a lit review (yet)

• Write a summary (today)

• Read others’ lit reviews

• Ask questions!

Goals and Objectives

Research Goal & Objectives The goal (aim) and objectives must be

stated at the very beginning of the study, since they will guide the

investigator during the process of formulating research questions and hypothesis

 They will also help in the prioritization

process

 They will enable the reader or

consumer of the work to judge whether the investigator had achieved these

objectives or not.

Goals

It describes the aim of the work in broad terms

These are more specific and relate directly to research question They may be divided into two types:

Primary objectives  (bound to be achieved)

Secondary objectives  (by the way)

Research ObjectivesThe research objectives should be:

the available resources and time

or overlaps

Mục tiêu nghiên cứuProperly formulated, specific

objectives will facilitate the development of your

research methodology and will help to orient the

collection, analysis, interpretation and utilization

of data.

Giả thuyết nghiên cứu

“ Research hypothesis is a statement of the research question in a measurable form”

Giả thuyết nghiên cứu (t.t)

of the relationship between one or more independent

variables (PREDISPOSING/RISK FACTORS) and one

dependent variable (OUTCOME/CONDITION/DISEASE))

statement into a precise, clear prediction of expected

outcomes

haphazard guesses, but should reflect the depth of

knowledge, imagination and experience of the investigator.

Research Hypothesis (cont.)

Null hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis

Example 1:  (KAP Study)

Area: Family medicine

Topic: communicable diseases- hepatitis

Goal: to contribute to the reduction of hepatitis in VNr through studying public

perceptions about the disease

Objective: To assess the awareness, knowledge, and attitudes of the general public towards hepatitis in Viet Nam

Example 2: Research area: cardiology(Interventional Study)

 Research topic: ischemic heart disease

(IHD)

 Goal: to contribute to prevention of IHD

 Primary objective: to determine the effect of reducing LDL on the occurrence of MI

 Secondary objective: to describe the side effects of lowering LDL

 Research question: does

hypocholesterolemic agent “A” decrease the risk of MI?

 Research hypothesis: the risk of MI among patients treated with hypocholesterolemic agent “A” is lower than the risk among

controls not treated with

hypocholesterolemic agents