English Vocabulary In Use Law pdf

a t upposirc to help 1 law rclaring o, acts conimlrred arainsr the la>r \rhiih 3 ruler which determine haw a case is adnunisrered by the 4 is concerned wiih rhe righrs and duties of in

B Cllcilr briefing nurcr - p u r r u ~ l d mjm! cluunr

Tort 2: clinical negligence 66

A 5rroirurc lot r ci.mmrrai1 c0,irrrcr Express and ~ m p l i e d terms 74

Privity of contract,

discharge, and remedies

A l i l l r r ~ ! oI L,,ilrr,iLr

8 Dlichnrge of rilnrrnir

C Kernedles for hreach lot co,,irrcr

a Standard terms in the

sale and supply o f goods

I A B Lommiraal Sale by aucriox~ '<,nicvlnanS

C Salc by pr~rire treat!

a Trade marks, domain

names, and remedies for

IP infringement

A T r r h m i r k a rllrl dom.i~n nrmrs

B Rr~occlle tixr 11' ~nfrxngemmr

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW

8 Nsnonal cnu#ronmenrrl lriv

C hpphcanon of mcnvnonmm~rnl lirv

Answer key Index

I Introduction

Who is this book for?

P s o ~ ~ ; o ~ ~ / English in l i i c i.nw 1s for a wide rangc of pcrlpir w h o need to use legal tngllsh uc,cahulary in rhcir work, for cxamplc as lawyers or lrti~ators, paralegals or lcgal rcrurrchcrs, legal sccrctarics ur traincc lawycri English langaugc lcvrnerr may nccd to use

legal English to work w a h f ~ , ~ e ~ g r colleagues or clients to describe or expinan aspccri of

rheir own legal system; to find our ahour orhcr sysrcmi The hook ii also for srudeno of law w h o wlrh to develop t h e ~ r knowledge cof legal tllglilh ~ o ~ a b d a r y co assist thcir lcgrl

s n ~ d ~ c s It w ~ l l also help c a c n d rhc rcrcnhularv of huilness professionals who need some

kn.,wlrdgc of legal English vocabulary firr o,mmcrcisl agreements and rraniacrions Tlx

book is suitable for learliers who have rcachcd an uppcrintermcd~rtc or rclvanccd level of English The book can be used effectively for indlridual m d y or hy a teacher in class, one

io one or m groups If you are preparlng for the 1I.F.C exan !lnternononal Legal Enylish

Certificnte!, rl<s book will help you ro develop your vucabulery

Language and law

The hook alms to help learners develop rhelr legal lnglish v ~ c a h i ~ l a r y lr IS not m e n d e d

robe an introducrion to law ia ingllsh speak~ng c u r ~ r ~ t r ~ e s nor to hc relied upon for

~nfr,iman<m n r rdvicc ahout law o r rile prac6ccc uf law It presents vocabular) in rhc c o n t c l r

of rhc lcgal syarcmi in rhc U K bccausi the mcanxng of any legal reims md rhe concepiual rrlarionshlp b c r w c c ~ ~ rcrrus is b c a r d with11 s spccdic legal syrrem Tile authors a s s u m

rhvr you will nccd ro talk and ~ i t c uhour yonr o w n legal systrm Coniequenriy, same rvrk,

encourage you to rhmk ahour how tar your own ~ y s r e m sharcr rhr same legal conceprs

or pn,cedurcs, and a, dcciiic w h c ~ h c r o, urc a lcgal rcrnl in En&sh as a n equivalent to a

cuncupt in your own sysfcm or m umpll,y an nppmxlrnarion in dlicurrion or w r i t ~ n g (we

Un~r 171

What kind of legal English is in this book?

Thir book concenrrvrcr on rhe vocabulvr) arrslng from thc practice of cnmmerc~al law (including company Inw, contract formation, employmenr lam: r.de of goods, rcal prnpem; and inrellectual property) bur also presents more general legal English vocabulary The legal

1 r : : : , .: .,., I I I I I , ., i l , n I I t

8 , , I < I ~ / I 11 I I : > ~ r I I I , I , I ? / I I , , I I, , , I , , I I I 1 ~ 1 8 1 ,

legvl mnccpta in English in authcnric contcxtr

How is the book oraanised? 2

The hook consisrs of 4.5 rwo~page units organired ins, four rhumsnc secnons: T h e legal

system, L q a l professionals, L q a l profcssinnals in practice, and Law in practice iincluding I.iabilic/, Contract, Lntcllcmal piopcrty, infoma"on technology law, and Enlnronmental

law) T h r onm pnlceed from general legal roplcs ro more speclhc

mnrc than one unit

Thcrc is ail answer key ac rhe back of the book Most of the excrciacs harc qucrtloni with only one c a r r e n answer If there is more than one possible ansrvcr the exerrlie tells you

Some of the e ~ e r c > c e s , 8ncludrng the Over to you acriririo a t rhr md of each unsr !see

below), are dcllgned for dircurrion endic,r writing ahnut thc k ~ a l jurisdiction you work or

rn,dy I,,

Whcre uppropnutc, wcbbitc addrcisea at thc burrom of the nghr-hand pager give links to

further intormarion in English on relared legal topics

Also ar end of the there a o index uhlch lirrs rlw key words and phrabcr w h ~ h have been highlighted and sues ihc unit numbers m which rhcy appear Thc i n d c ~ also tells you how rhe words and expiesslonr are pronounced

The left-hand page

The rcxrr on rhc l e k ~ h a n d page vary in lcngth Each text has a clear headmg Sornc rexcr

are from spoken conrcxrs; orheis from wnnen Some are from iorlnal contexts, for example

an exrracr fnxm lrg>ilarion, or conrrair rcirns, or a formal presentanon; m h d s are from morc irdurmal interactions, for ~ ~ a ~ n p l ~ ilxussionr between legal cullcagoo rallang ahour

aspects of rheir w n r k Some unlrr draw y m r ancnnon ro characteristic features of lcgrl language in Englirh or to d~fferencei betwren lcgal English usage in the linrted Stares and

Englmd All the "ruts highlight typical word cambinarrons

The right-hand page

A range of exercises on rhc righr~hand page give pracr~ce in the highlighted legal

vocabulary and exprcscloni from rhe leh-hand page Somercmes the enerclrei provldc

, p r < _ : % \ I , I I .: , t , r r I I ~ I

I , , , l I , i ' I c .I I ., 8 1 8 , I , , < I I , I , I

I 1 , 1 I , , > , ' I I I I .1 I

'Over to YOU' activities

These ncrlvltlci ghe you the chanic rri practise osmng Engllsh Icgal Iangurgc m mrltc 0 8 talk

abour aipecrs o f a legs1 lur~sd~crion known ro !ou, sncl about your own work, study, ar

krpmalns Selfktudy l e a r ~ ~ r r s can do these as a wrirren activity or set u p a computer blog to shpru ldcar air11 others %,anring tn derclop rheu legal English ~ ~ c a h ~ l ~ ~ y through pncficc

In rhe classroom, thc Over to you acrivirica can he ured a i rhe basis for discussion "I srnall groups, wirh a ipokerpersc>n for each group rumrnar~rlng the d ~ s c u s s i o ~ ~ and its ourcorni for rhe class Alrernatively, pairs can exchange uleivs, ideas, ar iiiforn~arion and rhen cornhxnc

wid, another pair ro rcporr on rhcir dircuriion T l ~ c rcachrr can monlror thr d i i ~ u s s i o l a for appropriate and nccurare use of iocabtllary Lcarncrr can follow up by using che Ovcr to

you as a wiincn acnriw, For example for homework l.e;~rnerr might d o more rrrr.~rch imn

language use by exploring the suggested wcb U

How t o use the hook for self-studv

Find a roplc you are looking h,r h i referilng to the cnnrenrr pagc or rhc index Quickly write in !nore form in English what you already know ahirur rhc topic and any queirlons you have Then read t h o u g h the rents on the lcfr-hand pagc u i rlie unit If you are unsure

of the meaning of terms, try ro guess the rnrnn~ng iron, the conrexr as you read Dn the exercises on the riglir-hand page Check your a n s w r s in the key I f you ihnve made anr

mirtrkcr look ar rhc rcxt again and check the excrcisr \Vrlre down urrful words in a

norehook; norice h o ~ , the) arc ured in other rexm If you arc rrdl unsurc of any rrordi, look rhrm up in a laivdicrlonary Thcrr arc also legal glossaries odlne

How t o use the book in the classroom

Teachers can choose the units that rclarc to leamcrs' partiiular ncrds and rnrercrrr,

or rhemei wh,ch the caursc ir tncus1ng on Lesmcrs can ,m,rk o n rhe "nlrr in pairs or individually, the teacher going m u n d the class lhircning and advising Teachers should cncuurrgc lcrrnerr to discuss why iwnc u n ~ w c r is porrlble a n d othci, arc n o t

We hope you find thc bog& useful anti cab" u> use \Ve \vould welcome :our commcnr, and suggestions on using if

Im Legal systems

The structure o f the law

The l e g a l s y s t e m i n t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m (UK)

The study of law distinguishes between p u b l i c offender C l v i law concerns relafionshps

l a w and o r i v s t e l a w but n l e o a orartice in between anvate oersons their nohts and

on different prlnclples The Commons 8s an (see Unit 2 ) c o m m o n l a w (see Unlt 31, and

concerned ~ 8 t h laws which govern processes - an order made by the c o u r t However, each

,n~ocaland natlona!gavernmentandconnicfr field of law tends to overlap ~ tothers F O ~ h

b e t w e e n the indivdual and the skate in areas example, a road accident case may lead to a such as mm,grat,on and sacla, recur,ty, cr,m,na prosecutlo" as we11 as a c,v, actron Private law is concerned wlth the relationships for compensailon

between l e g a l persons, that is, #ndivaduals

and cor~arat8onr and tnrludes family law Substantive l a w creates defines or

contract law and p r o p e m law c r , m i n a law r e g u l a t e s rights, liabilities, and d u t i e s deals wifh celTain forms of c o n d u c t far whlch in all areas of law and is contrasted wlth

Lhe state reserves punishment, for example p r o c e d u r a l law, whlch defines the procedure murder and then he state prosecutes t h e by w h ~ h a l a w t i to be enforced

Jurisdiction

All share a l e g i s l a t u r e in Lhe Westminiter or farelgn policy, The UK's a c c e r r i o n t o the

! legal prafeiiion Waies and ~ o r t h e r n Ireland authorihl n the legal system The UK i also 1 each have thelr own Assembly and s8nce a s i g n a t o r y of the European Convention of I

1999 Scolf15h M e m b e r s of P a r l i a m e n t Human R ~ g h t r a n d Lhlr has been i n c o r p o r a t e d

(SMPS) have r a t n thelr own Parilament i n t o UK law

1 Under an A c t of the W e r l m n i t e r Parlament,

1.1 Complctc dcfinirionr a t upposirc to help

1 law rclaring o, acts conimlrred arainsr the la>r \rhiih

3 ruler which determine haw a case is adnunisrered by the

4 is concerned wiih rhe righrs and duties of individuals

1 as companicl, trade onions, and chnririerl, us oppoicd to

5 8s coinlnorl law r r ~ d stnrure law used hy the courra io

1 2 Cornplerc the sentences Look ur B and C oppaiirc to hclp !uu There a lllore rlian one

posi~hiliri for onc ot rhc answers

1 111 rnsn rvstemr a president rather r h s ~ a monarch I

s a parlvamenr with [wo

icr, thc courts are orgrnlred in a o f lerclr

4 The Scomih Parliament has rhc [a lcglslare <rn \uhlccrs nor rciencd to

Wesim~nsrer

5 The EC ir an imporrant lcg~slarivc in mrnr Eunlpcan coru~rr~cs

6 h number of inrernlnonnl lhnuc been lilcorporarcd ~ n r u national law

1.3 Coo~plerc rhc table wirli words from A, B and C oppaiirc and rclnrcd forms Put a stress

mark in f m n i of the srresred syllable in each ivord The first one has been done far you Then complcrc rhc sci~rct~ccs helow with words trorn the rahle

1 Thc is the hody ivh~ch has the fvncrlor of making law: rnorinally it is the

Parliament

2 It is q~lire a lengthy process m ro fhc tvropcan Cr~rnrnuniej

3 Sometimes 3 C O C I ~ case can he dclaycd whilc o ~ u n s e l argue over pn,hlcms

W Sources o f law: legislation

~ r i r n a r v leaislation known as Acts of consolidate l a w s by brlnQlnQ taqefher info ~~ ~ 1'1

iariament or .tatUte., whch bey," ,re one the on one

draitr called Bills (see B a n d C below): tooic:

A new act 8s passed n order Lo:

l e g i s l a t e f a r new c~rcumsfances and no anger relevant, and the courts must

enforce government policies;

Note: Act o f Parliament and Bill are alwayr capitalired in legal usage; statute is not

Statutory instruments are delegated legslation created by government mnistecs

Bye-laws a r made by Local Government or public bodies

Early development of a Bill

p p ~ - ~ ~ - ~ - p~p~p ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ -

The government may proceed to i n i t i a t e a p u b s h e d iollovring consultation ar dlscurrion

8 c o n s u l t a t i v e process by the publlcalton of w#lhpresruregroups,professional bodies,

a Green Paper in which its proposals are set or v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i r a t i o n r A Bill does not out a t an early rlage w ~ t h the infenf~on of have to be preceded by a Wh8te or Green

ahradlng public response and comment The p a ~ e r , although if may have been presented definite proposals, although these are often draR form earlier

government's WhilePaperscontain t h e r m o r e for p u b l i c scrutiny, that is, examination, n

I'

Passing an Act

p-~

; A Acts must be ~ u b r n l t k e d t o bath Houses drafting of the legislation is u n d e r t a k e n

! of Parilamenf In the draft form of a Bill me by Parliamentary Counsel Flnally, a Bill must

i leg,~lat,ve process ~nvaives three readings rerelve ~ a y a l ~ s r e n t from the monarch before

! ~n both ~ o u s e s ~t the hrst reading, the title 11 becomes l a w on a specified d a t e i n fa*, the second readny, MPS debate proposals of the short tide of an ~ c t in both nouses of Then a rtand~ng committee w l l Ecrutinise Parllamenl and is now a formaty

8s read t o Membem of Parliament (MPs); at this stage has been reduced to a formal readng

t h e p r o v i I i o n r n the 8111 and may amend if

en sure it the principles Government Bills are introduced by the debated and approved a t the recon* reading Government; Private Members are

T h i ~ s r e p o r t e d badfaMPs.Afthefhirdreadlng, pmposed by M P r 'Oth may

! the Bill re-presented, The B,ll then goes in Public Acts that govern the general Public

: through readtngs n the upper house, i h e actual Acts pa'icu1ar lndv'duas Or :

2.1 Find verbs in A opposite thvr c a n be used ro m a i c word comblnvrionr with rhe \vordr hc1011

There is more than one porribiliry foi rhree oi the answers

5 rrarure law, care law, and amendmenti into one Acr

6 law by repenlrng and re~enamng in one stature provisrons of a ,number of

statutes on the same sublect

2.2 Complete the sentences L.ook ar A, B and C opposlrr ro help you Pay attention to the

~"mm'bl 1 An order xnade under aurhorirv deleeared context , ,, to ~ a envernmenr ' , ~ ~~~~~ ~~ - 1 1

nlrrlrrrer by an Act of Parliarncnr is known us a

2 A is made h r a local aurhorirv or a aubllc or

natnonal~red body and b u s t ~ be u ~ o r a r e d by cenrral rovernrnent 1 1

2.3 A siting Russian mllcaguc ir a\king an Englirh rulic~tor rbuur thc lcgialatiru process Replace

thr undrrlinrd words in ihcir cc,nvcr~snon ivith a1rernarix.e irwrdr firm (: ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ r i r e Pay

arrcnrion a, the grammatical context There is inure rlnn one pursibiliry for two of rhe answers

Narsshn: Hvm 1s nciv legi~larion enacced?

Charlcs: Well, inirlslly rhc 111 draft lceislari,~n has rr, hr (21 i,rurcnrcd o, both huuncs

The d r a h is 131 scvcral rlmes A commioce has the iah of checkkg

rhar the Rrll 141 lncnmorares the fondamenral elrmenrs (.TI a g d ar the

second reading After this, rhe Bill is (61 shown aearn to rhe lower house

Kararhn: Who doer the (7) formal w r i r l n ~ of the legislation?

Charles: I r i 181 done hy qualified lharriqiers employed s ? civil remano, knowii as

Parliammrar) C<runrel

Kamrhu: Who can (91 , w h w d Bills?

Charles: The governmenr and, less cnmmonl!; MPI

3 (:hznt~cs llku Oxfam and Help the Aged can acr as

, lobhying for law reform

4 m ~ cC L , M I U ~ ~ C C nccA M , cniule the BIII incorpomrer rhe

principler agreed i n they chcck ~r hy

Information

Act 2000

Sources o f law: common law

Common law in the UK

Penny Arkwrrght p r a d s c s in the High Couri She 1s rpeaking a i an

incernarional clrnvenrion far young lawvrrs

Bahamas and Zambla 1s based on common law The common

cuhject to interpretation and rcfinrmenr in the courts

Esscnmsl o~ the common law is rhe hierarchy of the courts m all of rhc UK iurisdicrlons

m d thc principle of b i n d k g precedent In practice, rhls mcanr that the decis~un "i a

During a rnal, counrrl wall cite cares and nrhcr anelnpr fa dirrinnyinh rhe care a t trial

in a previous cart is appliwhle and rhuuld he h l l o r c d Hence rile term 'arc law A case will inevitably invi>lvc many tams and iwucr of evidence The evenn~al decirlon irielf

doein'c rcrually set rhc prccedenr Tlic precrdcnr i s the rule o i law which the firs? tnsrince

p d g c rclied on m derurmm~ng the care's autcornc

Judpes in a case may xmake orher starcmmri of law \Yrhilir nor consrirurrng blndlng

precedents, rhcse may be considered in subicqucnr cascr and may bc clrcd as p c r r u a r i ~ e

authority, if appropriare Since the Human Klphri i c r a i 1988, all courts in the Unired Kingdom must ,now refer ro rhc ulrimare aurhorrry of the Europrsn Court iof Human

Rights, including all previous deciai<mr m r d c by char court.'

Note: practirei - quaiifled to work profez\ionally

Law reports

'The development md application of the common law system plvotr upon the existence

of a comprehenslve ryarcm i o i repornng cases The Law Kepom, published annually hy

rhe Co~mcll of Law Rrpurtmg, are perhaps the muat aurhoriratlve and frequently cired set

oi repom, differ~ng f m m other reties of law reports, inch as Bumnvorchi All England

l a w Repons /All ER] or specialist reports lhke Lloyds Lax\- Ilepc~rrs, in rhar they contain rummarier 01 c o u ~ i s c k argumrlirr and are rcvlsed by rhc i~~clpc sirrlng in cach respectwe

cnic hch~rc puhlicarion Carer n1cn.t in the year

rhsi die) arc declded so a case citation wdl refer to rhe volume

and ycar r r ~ which the care *,as published, for example Mrah

v Roberts, 119781 1 All ER 97 Developmcnri in elecriolllc

darahasea have increased puhlic access to recent cases.'

Note: Latin terms used far the legal principles outlined in the above

texts are:

$fort decisk - principles of binding precedent

mho d e c i d e n d i the rule a t law reasoned

obiterdicturn - persuasive authority

In a civil case citation, for examplr Mfoh v Roberts [19781 1 All ER ;

97 v I b t n for veiiud is sad 'and:

HufferiunrlhiYll E~gI,l#id L.i* Rrports

3.1 abour

Replace the underlined words and phrases wlrh alternative x,ords and phrases h o m

A and B ~pporitc Pay aacnrion to fhc grarnmrtlial context, V,ere is mare rhvn one

possihilit) for one of the anirers

5

The courrs are ccm&d ro apply rhe Ir ls, howcvcr, rhc n,lr of counsel ro

n u r ~ n g the court case rhe ludse i v ~ l l

or rearonmg, in relevanr prevloui

cited as precedent by counsel as m rhe declilon of an earl~er court

3.2 Cumplcrc rhc rahic wirh words from h a n d B opposite and rclarcd furmi I'ut a srresa

mark i n front of ihe rrrersed syllable i n each ward The first one has been done for you

3.3 Penny is working wirh n trainer hrrriircc Glmplcrc hcr scnfcnccr irirh rpprapriare words from rhe table rboue

Well, rhar decision of rhe Appeal Court Can ~ I C ~ C C ~ U the case ?

is going a, he oo the case I rhink rhe year's

Should wc add ro our argument rhur

We ,need to be able to cimrince rhe Edwards v Peck hi a

iudgc char the rule m Meah u Roberts pircrdenr e v e n rile legal asucs to this case alrhough the judge isn't hound to

follow it?

Civil courts

Duncan R i r ~ h i e , a h r r r i r r c q is talkmg to a visiring group o f

yottng Eurnpcnn Irwyurr

'Both criminal m d civil coulrs in England and Wales

p r ~ m a r i l y hear evidence and a m to dctertninc what exactly

happened m a case B n ~ a d l y speaking, rhe lower courts

den& manern of fac~ and the u n ~ u r , court, no>nnaUv

deal x l r h points of law I n England, civil actions, for exalnplc inmil) r ~ ~ ~ i t c # s 3uch a,

undefended divorce, are normally hcard in earher the Magi~rrrres' Courts or rhc Counv Courts

ludges havc differenr r i r l e i depcoding nn their experience, traimng, and livcl A ritv,lc

stipendiary magistrarc or three lay magistrares sir in rbe Ms@iirare< O n ~ r r There's no

j u q i n n Mugistvoter' Courr Family c a x s may g o on appeal from the Magistrates' Courr

to the Counv Coum The C o ~ n r y Court also hears complex first instance clvd caica,

recorders w h o sit in the County Courts us~vally wirhnur a ) u ~ Juries are now rale in mud

actions, so normrllv the iudge corniderr both law and fact

\I I< , , ' 3 , I ! , r 1 1 1 1 %

: r I 1 1 r I I H I n I ': \ ' r r

I : , > > c - i , I \ I 1, 8 I ! 1 - I , , I c n*,ml ,I 8

first instance, and appellarc jutisdiction From the H t g h Gnrr cases may g o on appeal

ro rhe civil divislon o f the Court of Appeal, whlch call rcvcrre or u p h o l d a decision oi

rhe lower courts Irs decisions h m d all the lowcr civil court^ Civil caics ,nay leapbog fco~ll the H i g h Courr a> the Houic of Lords, bypasring rhe Courr oi Appeal, when pnlnts

of l a w of general public i m p o r r m i c arc i n i u l i e d Appcllrnrr mnrr, huwcrcr, apply for

leave t o anneal l>rcinons of thr House of Lords ZTC hlndine rm all orher alurrs bur

nor nrcrrrarily on itself The oiurr of the House o f 1.ords conrlsrs o f tivelvc life p e e n appoinred from judgcl and harr,srers The quorum, 01 nluluimuin number, of iaw loriis for

an appeal hearing i s normally three, bui gcneralll fhcre is a sirring of five iudgcr.'

Note: A rtipendialy is a full-time paid magistrate who has qualfied as a lawyer

1 A lay maglitrate is unpaid and A circuit i5 a g~ogiaphical dlv8iion for legal purposes: England and Wales are d v d e d n t o ti an eirablbihcd member of the local c o m m u n w rx

A recorder A S a palt-rime judge w ~ t h ten yeam standing as a barrister or i o i c i t o r

See Unit 12 for more information about judge5 See B below for mare informaton aboutjuriei

'About 9.5% of all criminal cases in England and W a l o are tried i i ~ rhe Migiirrares'

(:oarri which deal w i t h o c m ' mimes rim xi lusr serious oncs Tn ccrrain iircurnsranies

rhc courr may romm>r an accused pin,,, to the Crown Coun for more *cvere

oun~rhmenr clther lhv war o f a h e or imo"sonmenr Enccrrr i n cases of hornside

? I ', 5 - ,r I l I,,, llllll, I , , I L I I, I , 8 % ? I1 .7 ) 1'1

, r r , , , \ I , .,, , III.II.,J~I * lil" ,.' * I i r 8 m i

such as rhek, assault, d r i l g dialing, and murdcq are cerervcd for t r i a l i n the C r o w n Court

In allnosr all criminal cases, r h r Snte, in rhe name of the Cmwn, prorecvtcs a person

d c g c d to havc commirrcd r E n m c In England and Wales, a iuv of nvelve pcople decidcs

wherhcr rhe dcfcndanr is p l i l r y of the crimc she or hc IS chrrgcd with Tile Crurvn Caurr

m a y !hear cascs in clrcuir areas From the Crown G,urr, appeal against conriction or

senrcncc lies to the Criminal D i v l i i u n of the C o u i r cof Appeal lf leave to appeal is granted

~i

4.1 Complete the diagram Look and B opposire help you

The Court System in England and Wales

Queen's Bench Divis~on

Appmb ED iron, hire to

Thc Cnunv Cuun or

.Ihc ( I )

I 'The Cuurr of Flrsr (2) 1

4.2 Complete rhc table wiih words from A and B oppoiire and relared forms Pur s srress

mark i n front of rhc icrciscd syllabic it, each word l'hc &st one has been done for you

4.3 March the two parts of rhe sentences and cornplere rlie gaps with wards from the tahlc

above Pay arrenrion ro the grammatical conrexr There is ,nore than unc for

three of the gaps

1 Thu cnunr can a a court a f first instance

2 An appellanr must gee b normall) ~n the Crown Court

3 in a a who rcvuric or ~ , ~ h ~ l d decisionr of lower

ha5 5uffered d harm or i"l"ry seeks a remedy

4 Magisrrarcs gcucrally e lcarc sr before raking a case ro caici of pcrty c r m c as a h g h i r court

5 lndicrablr offences are

appeal

~

Criminal justice and criminal proceedings

l>uncan Iliichie, a harrirrec i\ calking to a visiting group of young

Furoprall lawyer*

Criminal justice

'The scare prosecuicr those chargcd with a mime Thc puLcc

investigate a &me and apprehend suspects and detain them

in custody I f rhe police deciilc an offender shotnld bc pii,secuted

P file on rhc case is sent ro the Cron.n Prorccuriun Servicc ICPSI

-the ~~ naii,msl ~~~ nrosecurv,~~ ervice for Fnaland 2nd W ~ ~ l e i Thc

CPS must considel u,hcrher rhere is enough evideoce tor a rcalirtic prospecr of conncnon

and if l o , whether the pllblic inrcrerr rcqurrcs s pn,rccution They c m decidc a, clrhir

go ahead wirh thr piosecunun, send ihc c a w hack to the police for a caution, <>i take no

forrlicr action Criminal proceedings cnn l 5nitiared e)d~er by the wrving of a summons

setting our the nffcnce a n d icquirlng the ricuscd ro attend court, 05 m more srrlous cases,

by a warrant of arrest lrsued by a Mag>srrarrr' C:ourt Larjcr\ fro") the CI'S may icr

as ~ u b l i c prosecurori The Cril~iirlal Dcience Service prov~dpi legal aid, whlc11 h ~ n d i ihe sernicei ot an lndcpcndenr d u g solicitor who rcprocnfr the nccubcd m he pohcc srarlon and in courr However, a t rhr end ot a Crown C a ~ l n casc rhe icldgr ha? the power o>

crrder the dcfeadanr a, pay somr or all of rhc defence coin.'

Note: If Green fi prns~ruted for a crme, the ensuing trial wII be called the case of R v Green R

s the abbreviation for the Crown (Reginofor a Uueen or Rexfor a King]: v (Latin far woud IS

s a d 'against' n a criminal rase

Categories o f criminal offence

'Thcre are rhrec caregoner of crirnlnal offence Summary affenccr, tried r l r h n u r a jar?,

are minor cvirnci <rnll triublc in the iMagistrarer' Courr lndictvblc offences arc ser8ous

crime?, such an murder, ivhich can only hc heard in rhc Crown Court Thc h ~ r m i l

document contaimng tire alleged offences, supponed hy facri, ii called the i n d i m c o t

A cnsc which can he heard in eitlier rhc I\la@srrares' Coorr or rile Crown Churr, such

r i thcft or burglan; is triahic either way l i t h e duicndror plcadi p i l r y , rhc A,lagirrrarer'

Colurr can -~~~ e~rlwr ~~~~ oroceed to Fcnrmce <or commit m the Crown Cnun for rentcncc where

more scvnc pendticr are svaiable If rlicrc IS a nm r u i l r ~ plea, rhc cmurr c m decide the

mode of n l a l The person ~ h a r g c ~ l may reque5r a r i a l b y jury Tf p;mtcd, such trials rake

place in rhr Crown Courr.'

Note: indictable offencer are also known as notifiable offences in the UK

Criminal court proceedings

'The Eilgllih sysreru of jusricc ir adversarial, which rnealli rlvar each s ~ d e collects and

prerenrr their own eviiicnce and attacks rhiir uppo~ie~lr's iiy crorr-exaninarion, In a

criminal r r ~ s l , rile burden of proof is on the pn,sccurion to prnvc beyond rcaaonable

doubt that rhc accused is gu#iry, h person accused or under arrest for an offe~lce may

hc =ranted bail and remaorsrilr rclcrsed - ~ Howcrer bail lnri lhr refused h ~ r examole ii

rhere are wounds for believing rhar the accused would tail ;o appear I& trial or c b m i t

an offence In the Crown Courr, there tnsy he a preparatory heating fix a complex

care before rhc jury is sworn in Prair ra rhc rrral, there is a statutory rcquircmenr for

disclosure by rhe proiecurmn and dcfe~ice of marerial relevant tn rhe care, frrr example

derails nf an? aLbis - people who can provide of rhc accused's ivhrirahc,no :at rhe rime of the crime - or wimcircs - people who m a y have seen somcrh~~,g relevcnr to the cnme Once r t r n lhar hegun, ihe deiendanr ma? hc advised hy cou~lrel ro change h~

or hcr plea to guilr); IT, expccrarron uf a rcduced smrence If, ar rllr end o i r h r rrial, rhe

5.1 Complctc rhc dcfinifions Look at A and 8 to help lou

1 a a court docurnenr aurhoriring h e pol~ce ro

detain someone

2 PO s nrirrell sraremenr wlrh details of rhe crlmei someone 1s charged mih

3 r - a formal ordcr tu atrcnd courr

5.2 Make ivilrd combinarions horn A, B a n d C uypus~re uitnp words from the box Then urc approprlatc wnrd combmaiiom to complctu thc renrei~ier belaw

criminal doubt sentence vldlcrahlc s e w r e pier realisric guilry reasonable d r f r ~ l c c procecdu~gs costs rcdvccd prarpecr o f f c ~ ~ c c s penaltie

1 The Crown Prosecutor mnq~dcri whether there's suificrunt cv~dencc m p r o ~ i d c a of convsrion

2 l%erc should be no conviction wirhour root br rm

3 The croivn Court nlwryr hears

4 In senrenr~ng s e r w u a cnmcs, ca

5 At rhr end of a rnal, s dciendan

5.3 Replace the ul~derlu~cd wr>rdr and p h ~ a r c i with alrcrxiarivc word, and phrases from ?,

R and C opposite Pay anenrion ro the ginmmrr~cal conrcrr Thcrc is ,more than one

o o s i ~ b i l t n for one of the answers

a Ball ma)' be r e h ~ r c d a n d the detendanr m a r bc

Ill Md in pollcc custody

b Alternuorely, rhc defcndint may bc ( 2 )

h ) thc courr and di5chnrgrd

c Oncc prucccilings liave been ininarcd, rhc dcfendan

131 olmn hch,rc the courr

d The pol~cr formalll (41 accuie the iuipecr in thc

~ O I I C C station

e if thc offcndcr pleads goiiry in rhc ~laglrrlrfe5'

f The pulicc inrc~rigare a serious offence and

(61 rrerr a surpccr

g Tile surpecr may ask for 171 release from currndr

before the tnal

Put rile sentences in 5.3 mr<l ihc correcr order

chmnolr~gic~lly I ook a t A B a n d i opposite to help

i o n Thc first rtrgc i s f

1- Civil procedure

Civil Procedure Rules i.m,,w , , -, , ," ,*,, 1 ryu "mwv?m

l i li s d r i r I m r h , a hirrlrirr is r a k i n g to a ~ i s i r v l ~

I ' A l l cvicr conier"ir1g goods, propern: dcbt

repayment, breach o f conmacr ( i v l r h some

exceptions such as insolvency proceedlngr and

non-contcntiour litigation), are subject to Civil Procedure Ruler T h e Rules, w h i c h came i n t o force m 1999 i n England and Wales, made radical

i h m g c r ra civil process i n rhc Cuunry Court and

w i i h rhe parries heing under m o h l ~ g a n o n to the court to adhere to timescaler whlch conrrol the progrcss o f the cane Procedure r s l r r are rupplemenred h y dcrailed inirrucrionr

madc h y thc judge rvhlch rupparr rhc rules, k n o w n as pranice drectionr.'

Proceeding with a claim

'Mosr claims are initiated hy the use o f 1 claim form, w h i c h funcrions as a summons

T h e claun f o r m can bc uscd for dlfierenr vpes o f claim, for cxample for spenfied or unrpeclfred m o n c r r r y rums, ur f o r the claimant to ark rhc court tu make an order Oncc

a c l a m has heen issued, a copy 1s served on, that is, delirercd to, rhe defendant w i t h a

iesoonse , oack , invitine rhem to eirher admir the claim .~ usin* a form of admisrion or m

defend it, using a form o f defcncc T h e rerponre also contains an acknowledgemcnr

o f service f o r m a, confim? recclnr o f the claim and n counterclaim form for the defendant

to u c ri they w i r h a, claim agslnrr the cla~manr A dricndanr must \virhin

14 days o f service of rhc particulars uf rhc claim If rhc d c h n d v n r doer nor respond, iudgmenr may be given i n favour o f thc claimcmr The dcfcndnnr may be nhlc rc, gct a

I time cxrension for fling a r e p l y on defence b y using r h r parr of the acknowlcdgemenr of

serviic f o r m w h i c h starer an lnrenriun to defend rhc clu,m

Caicr air allocated to a regime or t r a d i b y a procedural iudge a c c o r d ~ n p ro rhcir monetary value Claunr of 15,000 or lesr arc allacvrcd ra a small claims track ivhilc

I claxms value are allocated to u m u l t i rrack regime of u p ro £15,000 arc allocated to a fast rrack Fasr rrack Mare dtrecrioni mhghr include disclosure, complcx claims w i r h a greater

where the claimant tells thc dcfcnce of any relcvrnt documents i n thclr p o s 5 ~ ~ i i o n This is i o l l o w e d bv insoenion inirlared h r a wrinen reaueir hv the claxmanr ro l o o k at

relevanr documents held hy the defence, i n d an exchange o f wirners starements Thc mu16 rraclc icgime is i r e n d c d to be flexlblc md doer ,lot hauc a sta~ndard proccd~sc I

all regtmes, parries are encour.~eed to s a l e their differences and for r h l i ~ ptlrpore ~ a stay

i n proceedings, rhar is, a rcmporary halr, m a y be agreed Case managcmenr conferences

Note: The ipforrnr t o the C#v#l Prorpdure Rules led by Woolf in 1998 included the fallowing changer in legal language:

claim form, formerly known a5 a writ of summons specified, formerly known as a liquidated claim la fixed monetaw rum1 claimant, formerly known a i a plaintiff

6.1 Complete the definitions I.ook a t A and B opporire to hclp yi>u

1 r h e procois by which s claimant nvng look at wrirrcn cvldence held by rhe

ilcfcncc

2 the documenr in whlch the dekndanr ,maker a claim against rhc claimanr

3 rhe documma in which the defendanr a g r e e ro

5 which the clsimanr is mquired ru i n h i m the defendanr of

documcnrr they bold relevant rc, the c l a i m

6 t h e documenr giving rviduncc hy someone w h o raw or heard sornerhnp critical to the case

7 - t h e inrtructmns giice by a judgc on how promdurer ihould bc

c a r d our in a rase

6.2 Make word cnmhlnnrioni from A and R ~ ~ p ~ r i r e "ring a wuid from cach box Thcn use

rppiopnatc word comhrnanons and lniormannn in K oppoiire co answer rhe qvernons

bcloiv

a timetable allocate to

the judgment

a claim

a elam on

a regime settle

Tribunals

The status and range of tribunals

"

T r i b u n a l s in t h e "K

The system of cauns n the Unlted Kingdom

iS supplemented by a substantial number

of tribunals, ref up by A d s of Pariamenf

They are deicr~bed n the guldanre given to

90vernment depaiimenti as:

-those b o d i e s whore funnlonr, lMke those

of roulfr or law, are eszenfially judicial

independenlly of the Executive, they decde

the rights and obigarions of pnuate citzenz

towards each other and tawardsa government

department or pubic authority."

RePo* of Councli o n lilbonaiS

The growth in the number and mpartance of

tribunals i closely related to the development

Social secvrlty Appeal Trbunal

EmploymenfTrbunal Mental Heath Review Trbunal

Immiaralian Aoneal Tribunal

of an ,ncreas,ngiy ait,ve welfare state

~ 8 t h 1eg,siat,on cover,ng areas prev,ous1y

considered private Some examples are:

:

~and;~ribuna~

Some tribunais have a significant effect in the areas of law involved However, they are nonetheless infenor to the courts and

Lhe8r dec#s#ons are subject t o j u d i c i a l

r e v i e w - examnation by a hgher court of the decnon-maring process in a o w e i coun,

The lntentan of tribunals was to provide a less

formal Dioieedinq in which c l a i m a n t s could

:

:

Composition o f tribunals and procedure

l o d g e claim and respondent d e f e n d

claims and ultmalel" re l"efherdir.uter

I

W8thoYf the need f i r legal represen;atlan

However, procedures have become more

complicated and u s e s b r o u g h t b e f o r e

tribunals are offen presented by sollators

and barristers For example, a case a i u n f a i r

~

A tribunal conslslr of three members The fr8ei to b r o k e r a s e t t l e m e n t so that a chairperson is normaily fhe only legally m a y b e w i t h d r a w n Thecosts of the hearing qualihed member The other two are l a y are b o r n e b y t h e public purse, that is, paid

r e p r e s e n f a f i v e r who usuaiy have special iramfaxievenue, but legal representation i s a t eipertiseintheareagovernedbythefrbunal, the cost of each p a e y w i t n e s s s t a t e m e n t s galned from pracfical exper~ence he tribunal are normally exchanged before the hearing wili also have a i the usual adminlrlrative and a t the hearng bath parties may question supponenjoyed by a c o u l f : hearlngderks,wha witnesses and address t h e ~ r i b u n a l he

are responsible for adm~nisier~ng procedures, ~ r i b u n a can refer to decisions o f h i g h e r

d i r m i r r a l - whereanemployeiappearstonot

be acting in a reasonable way in removing an

e m p l o y e e c o u l d be broughttoan Employment

Tribunal Procedure at that Tilbunal ma"

I clerical staff, and hearing accommodation, courts before making its decslon in a specfic

n c u d e a stage where a g o v e r n m e n t agency

7.1 Cumplere this lcrrer which a lawyer has wrtrren o, 111s cltenr shout a case corning ro an

EmL>loymenr Trlhunal Look at R oppositc ro help ~ o u

Woods & Pankhurst Solicitors

3 The Old Forge

Claim fllr l l n l a i r Diami.sal b r AJ Blackrvood

M ~ Y h k s for rmed lcner nfyeserda), anachsng LC copy ETI in rcspcct of the ah>vr ~ccording lo my

records Fmce Ltd ham not had an 11 1 claim mrde lgrinrl it prcv~ousiy s> I

lhou@l I< ~ o u l d bc helpIul t i 1 em.c you a hrlcf ouillni ufihc \ u ~ o u i slugrr o f f l ~ c procedure l n u n l d for you

to 12) t h e claim

lrcclpf orlhr ETI the company as (3) h a s ZXday$tocomplcfs m d refurn

on film ET3 ThTnbunrl will arknmvlcdge rccvlpt of flus and will iun-ord a copy l o Mtni

Uluckunod !he (4)

T h c T r i h u d appoillts an olfrcer offlo ( 5 ) lhe Arhlmrlon Conc~lhnoll and

Advirorv Sewncc IACASI to *a rrrr i l c or she %rill i.ct in touch iiilh hati, vau and hllbr Blrchrond for ihc

pllmoic or offcruis usrir~nce l broker a ~ ~ t i ~tilc c~llm ~an I= ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tObiiously ifrhir li p0"lhlc then Chc corts " f l l t i h " " l l hcrnng i.iil he ii,"d The cost5 14r hcvlng u r

(7) Ihcpuhllr p altIlou@loh\ lourly you xlll be responslhlc for h r

rinn's iccs m ep~zscnrinp you irrequmd

I I I , i xl I I " ' I :- I , j r \ \ , n l ill

I , \ " , - , , I, ' I ,I I I I I

*,nrtcn wi1ncsr na<en>cnrs m adiancc or the hearing

AL rhc hcume, ivlmca~Fi > V ~ I hc &,ked to or arrm liui the cont~nm or chrli (IIII

arc true Both p m e r mdrhc Ttihunal XTII h - e h e c h m c to question the iv~mcnei

rolloiumg Ihr MISS Blncku<~od axd you u i l n bchdf offllc cumpuny (or ynur reopcclnc legal repicicnrrrlrerl

may (11) I h e Tnbunrl uilh an r w m e n l ahout rlv yourevidence m d care should hc

rcreplrd Thc Tribunal ma" olio convdcr p o u ~ i i rhmt thc rcleiasl law rl llus pa% wld purribly

declslonsmadr at a hlgher l e i 4 rlfthcTribvna1 iyrtem, nlch nr <he

of ~ a o n l the iiourc o r ~ o r d s , cnrcrcn the Eurun.di? coun ofJus<icc

European Union law

the ECSC (~umpean coal and steel commun~w), the ~ u r o p e a n c o m m u n i t y (the EC, f o r m e r l y

k n o w n as the European Economic Community Treaty, o r the EEC treaty - also known as the

Treaty of Rome), and EURnTOM (European A f a m r Energy community Treaty) The EU has

what are r e f e r r e d t o as ' t h e three pillars'

The Eumpean Union

, - F ~ ~ ~ - ~ - ,

Security Policy ' EC / ~ f f a i r s Policy

put simply, the oilginal a ~ m of the communrty n which ail members agreed to i m p o s e on

war economic i n t e g r a t i o n : to create a goods cam,ng into the area from "on-member

c o m m o n market, later defined as a s i n g l e states a common level of duty [the c o m m o n

I n f e r n a l Market, In whch therecould be f r e e Customs Tariff, or CCT)

~ ~~ .~ ~ , Nate: subsidiarity - the Communihi may only take legal action where i t has exclurive competence

I that is, power to govern, and where an action cannot be arhieved by member states acting within

tlhtir nalural i m t i l u t ~ o n i , for exampie a trans-nat~nnal actlo"

I m o v e m e n t of goods, persons, services

and capita,, Th,s fa be by the The three sources of EU law are the Treaties

creal,onofafreetradearea, whereMember (EC TEU etc.) secondary l e g i s l a t i o n

s t a t e s agreed to remove a11 c u s t o m s d u t i e s by the EC (such as regu1ations

(,mporr taxes) and quotas and directives), and g e n e r a l Principles

Member frontiers, or borders) subsidiarity, and c i t i z e n s h i p of the EU for

between themselves, and a c u s t o m s union, O f a State'

The t C Treaty 1s d i r e c t l y applicable Regulations - have g e n e r a l application

i n eve", Member State Accession to and are b i n d i n g i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y on all !

(membeOhlp of) fha Community lhmltr fhe MernPer Stafes and have d i r e c t effect,

power of nal~onai governments and affects meaning they aufomaf~cally become iaw in

n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y - the power to govern Member States

is overr~des, nat~onal law T ~ , S supremacy as to meir but do not bind ndivduais

(Case 6/64) ECR 545 The Single European n a t i o n a l l a w Implemented)

I

community law has s u p r e m a c y over, that ~ i r e c t i v e s - are binding on Memberstates : ' was eafabl~shed in the case of costa u ENEL untli they have been t r a n s p o s e d i n t o ,

Act 1986 made p r o u i 5 i o n r (legal cond8tions) Decisions of the European Court of

r r e a f ~ n g a n o b l i g a t i o n on the comrnunlty l u s t i c e (ECI) - are bindlng on those t o

t o t a k e the necerna", m e a s u r e s t o achieve whom they are addressed

the Internal Market Under A r t d e 249 (ex An Recommendations and o p i n i o n s - have i 189) there are hue Wpes of legal act whtch the no h i o d i n g force but may he perruesiue, !

8.1 Find five phraacs in A opposite uicd to indicate that a rcrm has another name ior

example 'formerly known as' Then urc approprinre phrases to cornpicre rhe renrences

I helow, There i s more than one poriib>llr~ for one of the answers

I Under EC law, sanythlng which c m be bought or sold i

!

4 Thc third pillar of rhe Eunrpcan Unlon,

m d Hainc Affairs pillas is inmrporutc

8.2 Rearrange rhe undcrllncd letters to make words in the extracts below Look ar A and B

opposite ro help you

I .I: I l * r o ~ ! ~ r l ml.rh.l *I:II ron r8.% .A, i r : ~ r I I ~ W 11 .n':ulnl I ? , r l c n r o ~ r t I I I ~hl:I? 111c ; u' \*n~mnc~cc ,a<,:, .I\ per n ~ : c ~ r ~ ; e < m i ~ p ~ c % l 1 % ens I

4 ~r.l.,s.r 111111 11; 1, n w 1 i l h ' ).rrrc I

from Article ?a me Singie Eurapeon Act 1986

Member (8) s%& shall take all appropriate (9) n ewhether general or particular,

to ensure fulfilment of the (10) too lisnabi arising out of thisTreaty or resulting fmm an

of the Communitys tasks

from A r W c 5 the ECTnofy

A (12) d c g a a i shall have general (13) pintilapoia I t shall be binding in irs (14) reentrvi and directly (IS) caabeiloiv in all Member Scares 1

A (16) veicriide shall be binding, as ro rhe result t o bc achieved, upon each

I (17) heermm Statc t o which i t is addressed, but shall leave ro the national

fmm A#?de 189, the imiy o f Romc

8.3 A r e rhe following srarernenrs nut or falrc? Find reasons for your answers in A and B

opponie

1 Member irares are required to inoxporare F.uropean legelarron inro national law and ro

recognix thc luridictioa of the Europcnl Court of Jusricc in rnarteri uf EU law

2 The national lc~slsiion of Member State5 inkcs aver Camm~niiy mlcs

3 The Common Currums Tariff applies ro all goods imporred by countries llke lapan and the USA iron" the EU

4 EU law prevents Memher Srarei from charging imponvri for bringing goods into that Srare

from anorher .Member Srarc

9.1 A porenr~al Polish client is talking E n j i r h iolicaor C:omplere rhr rolrclror'~

11-31.1 nok ar H opposite a hulli p,u There , i more rhan cine porrihili~- tor one of the answers

'-/ I'm

loixkmg for a lawyer ro help mc

buy somc land hi a business

No, I'm a hut my firm s,ould instructs

9.2 Complete the tablc wlrh ivordi from A, Band C copposire a n d relsred ioimr Put J irreir

m a r k in front of rhr ~rrrsscd svliahle m each w o r d The firsr one ha? heen done for uou

PracTlCc

~ ~ ~ c i a l i s e 1 I

9.3 Ana Garcia is ralklng ahuut her career Complcrc whar ,he iayr with words from rhe table ahuvc

and 6 and C oppanrc There is more rhan onc p n ~ ~ i h i l q tor one of the ~nswerr

I'm a n ohiigada, a l a y e r in Spmn 1 ohtmncd "7"

law 11) ~n B~n-elom In the ~urnmrrs

as u student I did r vacrr8on 12) i n

my uncle's law I 3 1 I141

from unirerslry SLY ycsrr ago Bccao,c my Engllah alnl French are good l got " 1 i ) to rhc s c m

York office of my firm \VhlIe I war rhcrc I was

161 hg rhc lnlcigrn and acquislrlonr ream

I've ~ l h s y i enioycd wlrh large companies so

TIOW I wanr ro 171 ~n 1x1

10.1 Match thc two part? of the definitions Look a t A opposite ro help yoa

1 Sorneone ivlio works far his or herself is a provide represenranon

2 If you speak a n behalf oi clients 1x1 coun, you b lay clienn

3 Non-professional clienrs are known as e self-employcd / a sole rrader

4 Bnrr~stcrr working soicly for a u,mpans z c called d insrrucred

5 Thc governing aufhoritius of barrirrera are e i n ~ h o u i e counsel

6 Whcn a nilicia~r givcs a harrihrrr rhc f pracrxse ar the Bar

derails of a casc, rhc lbarrisrcr is g rhc Bar Council and the Inns of Coun

7 When rou work as a barrister you

10.2 Complete rhe enuvcts iram a rrainee barrirrer describing her prufnrional life Look at A

and B opporlre to help you There is more rhnn o n e posrihiil?, for t w r , of the aniwrm

I rook a f sdepree in Modern History, then did the

in law a t City Uniucrsin;

onm During char m c

experred to be able to suggest how rhe case rnighi hc

approached In a week 1 mlghr draft a ( 6 ) ,

prepare norcs far u coderence wlth cllmts, commcnr on draft wlrneri r n r e m e n r , and research legal po~nrs

c,f opportunity to (10)

in rhc chamhers, ahrr six m i m h s you

would be told discicctly

Working lives

S o p h e Rrerrlc i s rallGng about hcr work ar Melron Deans

'i'm a partner i n s medium~sized regional law firm, working within rhe Company

C o ~ n m c r c ~ d Deparmleni I hcad up s rcaln oi e i ~ h c , comprising six lawyers alld rwo

- legal rrrcarcherr - undertaking projects ivurk for Public Sector chcnrs Our

main clicnr ir a Goverilmenr l>epamneni \Ve're insrmcred by rhcm ro adriac atid act on Privstc Finrtrce Initiative Projects, also known as rhr Pn Thi, i ~ ~ v o l v e s nrgoriarrng wxrh

a number cnt other parries comprising rhu hndcrr thc huilding conriactori, and iaciliries nianagemrnr and ensuring rhai rhe client'? a i n ~ r and ohjccriver are mcr and thew hcrt

inecrcrtr protcctcd

A signilicanr proportion of my rime is spenr in all partier meetings As these rraninninna are

~ ~ r n p l ~ ~ , and rhu meetings are arrendcd by all iidcr and rlirir lcgal r d i a e n , I have ro make sure comprehensive notes are raken hy a n asslitant solicitor tollowing a mecrmg, documenn

and circvlared for

Wtthin rhc pracicc, I'm a member of

rhc Executirc Commirtce and havc

rerpanrlbility h x arpeco of finanrlal

managemenr within rhc depamncnr I

also dcvl wirh rccruirmcnt, training, and

duvelopmenr within rhc depamnent

Uunng a wurklng day as a fee earner,

I havc ra comh~ne my chargeable work

ior c l ~ e ~ ~ t s wirh sdminiirrar~ve d~ricr.' nn r il,irtci mcr,,ng

A n arrlsranr rohcia,i is iniriuct~ng Maric I.aporaire, the Commercial Depnrmenr's legal

secretary:

Soliciroi: rue lust relic you some sound files with the m i n u t e on irom yescurday's

meering Is rherc any way you can rypc those up bcfixe anything clsr? 1 know

gra a mhstantial amounr of work at the momcnr

Maric: No problem Do you wax11 me a, circulate thcnl hy email as soon a s I'ru

finirhed, get r h u d copy and put it on the hlc?

Sollciror: Picase I'm golng to hr running hcnveen meenngr h r a largc pan of rhu d r y

bur if I ger a mmurr, I'll h a r e s quick look at rile hard copy and mark it up

w ~ r h any ch;~ngei Don't wait fur me ro d o thrr heforc gcrting the draft our

-there are action points char rhc paralegal< nccd io be getting on wirh Maric: Fhc, i ' l copy everyonc in Anyrh>ng else? i'w put all the documentanon ior

Pmiccr Ailgcl on yotlr dc& 1 don't know if it's ready to go our vet!

solsmrr: I saw char, thanks No, 1 need to make sure that rhc cllenr is happy wirh rhc latest claurer the funder wanrs Also, I rhlnk thry may h a r e ncpnriaied more

cancerr~ons so I'll hare ro gct back ro you on iliilrc

Mane: OK Ky rhe way, I think your our of office meqragc li still on, vlthough thu dare's wrens Uoo't worry, I'll change it Your callc are still conlirlg through ra

my phone so I'll i u r q on taking mcssager

11.1 Makc word combinatims from A opposite urlng words from the hux Then appropnarr word combinations m complcfe Sophie Rrerrlei seniences h c l o x

fee rcrl; inrcrcsrs ruork comprehellnive best

rhrrgcahlc notes meeting earner qqccd all parties I

claurc It's nor in the march rlic nares

rikm from the meeting wall the

on r h l s It's nor

lnean 'a lor of'

11.2 Find three erpresslons in 4 and R opposite which can he vied in the o,mh~nari<,ns hclow to

my rimc 1 my ""cck i my ivurklold

11.3 Marie lsporaire ii talking about hcr warktng day Replace rhe underlined words and phrascs

w ~ t h rlrcrnrrive words a n d phrarci f n ~ m B opporifc Ply arrcnfion to rhe gnmaricnl context Therc is more rhan one posrihiltry for ,me of the answers

In addition o> vping up (1) recorded notes

f1um meuimgr, (2) rcndinr r C,,"" to cvcnonc

m, and i.3) &f emaili, mosr days I'll he given various orher rasks ro carry out, such a\ d<,'ument gcnciotiun If thc solicitor

141 indlcsrer changes con a draft ccxr, I'll (51 d

rocesn rhcm I sumccimo havr ru gcr addresics

Snd ronticc details from rhc Internet nod make

appoinrmenrs for meerings or conference calls

Obnously, I also take incoming calls when r11e

fee earners aren't availahlc and 11ct rhu callcr know rhc >ollcm>r xr.111 (6) call hem hock I'll nlsn

(7) conrlnue wirh any o i l ~ r r r a k s she\ givcn ruc

Oncc a month I m e n d the iccrerarinl cnmrmrrce

as rhe repreienrarlve for my department

,,

Judges

Judicial appointments in England and Wales

Note: Remrderr generally hear less complex or serious cair, than Circut Judges and start by

sitting in the Crown Court Aftri t w o ycaa they might sit in me County Court

Number ofjudger lhited in above table correct a i of 27/11/06 See www.judicarygov.uk/

An Act of Pariialnenr lays down rhe mandatory requlremcnrs for most judicial offices

Candidates ,must hsvc p r a c n ~ c d as a lawyer or judge for a specifid rime a n d musr mcer other srarurary requiremeno for rprcific porn 'The hicrsrchical structure of rhe courts informs the

process of rclecr~on to rhc Judiciary Expcrlence gained as a judge in a lower coun is one of the qualificar~onr for ippolnirnenr to n highcr court Scnlor appc,inrmenr, rn h e Court of Appeal and the High Courr are madc by the Queen fi,llowing rhc recommcndarion of rile Prime Minister currenrlr , on rhc advicc of the Lord Chnnccllor - a scnior membcr o f the eovernmenr

a n d head of the jiid>aal syaim

1- The training of judges

TheJudicial Srudiei Board IJSB) ir reipons~hle for the rrarnlng of judges, lay magisrrarri,

a n d memher, of Trihumls in England and Wales Tllc JSR would normally organirc rhe

f<lllowitig for an appointee Rccorder in rhe Cmwn Court an i n d u d o n cowre; visits to

per\onnel from the Probation Smice, which dcalr wirh criminals, often young offenders,

I who are nor renr rc, prison unless ihcy reoffcnd, bur rvho are under the rupciviiion of u

probadan oificer

The appoinree would experience 8 purled of siring in o n the Bench - the i u J g e i area

of the Court - wirh a Circuit ludge In h>s h r r week a h r appolnrmenr he w o ~ l d be

iupewiied by a C i ~ c n i t Judge Praikal gnidelies lor judges are set out in Bench Bwkr

W Civil courts: sentencing and court orders

Judges m civil courts can h e , commit to imprisonment lnormally hrnvrrn 18 days and six months] or give a iurpended s s n t c n c e whcre imprisii~alenr docs nor rakc place unless rhe

offender commirr another offence An applicant c a n rcck an injunction - a n order - against u

~espondent The courr may graor an interim injun&on, rhar s, a temporary one, to stop the defendant from d o k g xrrnerhmg beiorc the h c z i g of the application The judgc can grant or refuse an injunction against a legal person to d o or not d o ipcc6ed acts Thc judge can,

altemarively, require an undertaking, or promise, from rhe relevant party at the hearing

12.1 March the ludicial officcs in rhc bux ivith the requ~red quulrficufiom below 1141 Bear in mind rhe hirrnchicsl rrrucrure ot ihc coumr I.nnk ar A opporire to help you

l o r d of Appeal in Ordinary L o r d Justice oiAppcal

C i r c u ~ i Judge District Tudce IMucircruces' Court1

1 mucr have been quahfied as a lniv-cr for at learr reven years

2 must havc hccu qualified for ten years, alchough t h e e "earn' service as a full-dine Dtsrrlcr

ludgc is r l l o w c d

3 mvrf have heen qual~ticd as a lawyer for ar least IS years and is usually drawn from judger i n rhe Courrs o f Appeal in England, Walcs, and Northern Ireland, and in rhc Caurr o f Session i n Scotland

4 the rrarurory qualification is a t least r e n years m the Hlgh Court as a lawyer and, i n pracrice,

ro be n High Court Judge

12.2 Complete the defininoni l.ook at A and B opposite to help you

12.3 Cnmplerc the srntmrca I.ook a t C apposite to help you

5 An applicant may reek a n m prevent 3 hre3cb ot cnnrracr

6 If an applicant claims rhar the defendant s abour ro do sornerhlng rhar 8mfr1nqes hnsiher rrgho

hefurc therc w n he r hcrring ( h r example, ro dispose of dirpured prope~r)l, the judge mu?

g'"""

A law firm's structure and practice

Anchor Rohbms, a large UK law firm, 8s submining a render for the p r o v i i i n n of legal services to a local r u r h o r i v In the fist section of rhc render docwncar, rl>r f i m b

srmmuri a n d breadth of cxpmtire ii scr our T v p i c s l l b dercriprions of lh>u finns' practice areas and cxperrlse arc i n s r i o i ~ g i y POSYIYL language

P~rn0""d Commifmenl:

282pmomelineluding38pamers,62 solicitors, We are conetted to anticipahg our elicnb'

I 2 other lawym, 14 l e d executives, and 10 necdr and meeting thcm FundamenW t o this is

min~roiicifors.ioadditionmclencal.serrwrial ihecommirmeniofeaehtemleader~omdddtand and ruppanslSIT

Sflflenenen

We have Ulreo specialisl m a :

Commercial Property ineorponter Public

Sector, Consruction, Planning and Emimmnenl

campany commereis1 comprises Bank-

Pmiect Finance Pmcurcmenf F m o l m m t and

P e N i o ~

Plirafe Client offers W~lls, T r u e and Frobale,

Tax Planning, and Residential Conveymcing

Dedicated specialkt dispute resolution services

are provided withbi each offhe ~ e g p n t i t i t i m

s<m.cm

Wepmvidc allthe selvices you re* The hevd

teampmviding legal s

1.1 ProfaionmlInd

pmfemioosll indemnity cwcr in our Pre

Qoaliheadon Queptioonsim (PPQ) The rerms

o ~ oare ureviawed d o u a ~ l y ~ ~ ~ ~

1.3 Rrsovrcm ondSpeziiI1.n K n m ~ I ~ d g e

EipartL~e ~ ~ ~ S ~ ~ C I U I U :

Each o f our depsrrments contains spwidikt

pannrr-l"d ,ran, crr ,lop ',C r: up l l l c I >

re>aourrr h#&h q ~ s l i Q 3p,riali3t Lnmledy., P

Wc have made siplfievnt investment io our

i"formati0n tech,01ogy systems i n o d n to grw

the w p m and raounes that ow la,"y"m need our w t e m s enable L S i n transfer know-how

into a serrchablc datababae "sing I& to case3

;md legislation, m monitor worklosdr, messurn

oulputut, and plan ahcad more effectively The

s ~ b i l i t v a n d , securiw o f omsvsiem is ofmdcular

impormce to our clients and to u

Pmjecrs orAnchurRol~b,ns:

ThcPmjectsteamis headedupbyJanslephmwn and brings together specialiss in i n m f r a m u - , construction, emw, planning, aod public inmr

n ~ h cteam are able m d m on m l ~ v s n t elrpedw

m m clswherc in thc firm when re4lured and

h a w uclurive acress to ddededtedFroFf i i n a l

suppOT1 u w w

The team have h a d ntensive u p e r i e n r r in handling PPI (Rimff Finance Initiative) since its very bo*g and lhave bccn iowlved I n a cons,derablc range of accommadatlon nmjectr

including schools, hospitals, coum a d hght rail

~ m j c a r

-

Note: legal executives are qualified t o aoirt i a i c i t o n but do not practise as iolicitorj

procurement - proredurer, which may n c u d e u r i o f a PPQ, by which public authorities award

contractr for the provision of public wurkr, ruppliei, and icrvtcei to accordance with ruler and

regulations

Private Financt initiative [PFI) - collaboration between government and private sector

13.1 Complcrc the sentences wich verbs from A opposac I'ag anenrion ro rile grammancal c o n r e v

There is marc than one pl,srlbilicy for all uf the anrwcir

1 The c a ~ n p v n y a wide rangr of services nr inrcrnar8onrl corporare clienrr

2 Kurrigan'r emplujmcnr practi cc six purmerr, 14 eiroiintes and 11 other lwal and suppon s t l i t

3 Our outstanding commeicral irrigarioi> pracricc area lr~iurancc and reinsurance licigaric>n, recuricien and coinmodticr d#spurer, partnership Ian: b a n k r u p r i i and business

Tons

4 Our finance dcpsrrment lawyers w h o excel in cross-hoider riansscrV~ar

5 Our ~ ~ ~ c r i e n c e d mergcri and acqu~s,nons tcam Wgi~uel O A r ,

who gradoared in law st che Uniuerrlty Complu rise I LLM iinln ESXnE

13.2 Find verhs in A opposire rhst can he used to make word c o m h ~ n ~ r l o n r with rhe phrnies in the

box More than one vcih may rorncrlmes be possible Then usc appropriate word cornhinations

to cc,mplere rhe rentcnces below [Pay attention to the grammaricJ canrexr

rclcvant experrirc CXCIUSLVC BCCCSS exreriaivc exper~encc

a omprehensive sclvice sipiiicinr inrerm~cnf rpeciallrr knowledge

1 The Ittigarion real n handling a,mpiex

n nowledge managcnienc systems,

3 Cllens are ahlc tu

5 V n t a domestic and mi~lrii~arional clienri, with panicular rxperrise m corporate and finance

1

2 - pur io a formal proporsl to win 1 cc,nirncr wlrh

3 -insurance t o prurcn your business against

i damage caused by mlsrake or negligence hy an

employee of y o u fimm

4 move r p ~ i a l i r r knowledge

Explaininq client care procedures

Greg Spenser is a South

f r r c a n lawyer raking

part i n an ~ ~ ' h ~ n g e

programme wirh

Kndgeman Banks, a sisrcr

firm i n London Dur"1g

his tirrr w c k , John

Coleman rhc partner

sup""1sing hi,",

is explain~ng rhe firm's

clienr care procedures

'One of ?he tirrr things

you'll need ro d<i oa any

new matte, is a climt

a r e letter As most ,>f

the dienrs you will bc

acting for will be existing orrpo8,~rr c h ~ n ~ r r o o ivuil'r ncid u, carr) out any idcclriticar~on procedures, you should he ?,VJiC oi rhzm T h c y l c all rcr out i n thc ufficu manual, i n rhc risk rnanagcrnenr secrlon

A clienr carr lener should rcfer to rhe matter on which you are lnrtrucred to act and

slmuld ser our the brsic alms and the agrccd target chmescale, such as rhrre is In rile ierrer

a partner who rhcy can conracr i n rhc event that &cy have a complajnr which they feel

cannor hc dealt wirh hy rhe person \upelvising thc 61c, although obviously we hope rhut that evcnrualiry ulll nor arise

The lcrrer should provide a fee estimate for work hy sraff and should rlsa give rhe dcrnilr

of any anticipated disburrements, such as court fees scarch fees and ocher costs li it irn'i

to gtvc u quarc at thc outrct, or start, af a nwrrcr you mas fnr cxarnple, rugegerr

char you obtain rheii approval heiore any work in cxcerr of an agrced limit

You n u s t agree to provide an csrimare at thc rarliesr opponunicy and i n the meantime let

rhc clienr know whvr carts arc beiug ",curred

T i m e are preccdcnr letters i n the depamnent manual rhar you can access vls rhc lntraner

I would refer to chose rarhcr than the hard copier, as rhcy'rc ~ p d a t c d regularly un rhe

i y s t c n ~ Your rccrerav should he familiar x ~ r h the lerreii ro you need only give hcr thc iiliormarion ipccitic to rhis marrer in order for her to prepare the first drafc

As a firm we're 1.excel c<,mpliant Basically this men, wc conform to a standard approicd by Lexcel and have ~~lcorporared their requirrmcnrs into om rysrcms, includ~ng

those for 6lc rnsnagemunr As well as giving .rrwance to our clicnts, our

arrrediration does make a difference to our indemniry insurance premium As f a r as the

insurers arc concerned, rhe risk of a claim is lesiencd by rhe ism char we can demonstrare

ro an external auditor that we have cffecrive risk managcmcnr proccdurcr in place.'

Note: identification procedures - reguat8oni controlling identity checks an client5 (see Unit 151

I ' " 8 " t - 7 , 1 1'111 1 ., 1 1 , c , , 8 , I?,, , ,' 2." ', ,,, ,* , , c ,,

, ,., , , 1 ',<< L , :"-.' < ,

14.1 A

one of thc nnrwen

i handbook of inrrrucriuns ~n "our placc of work

14.2 Match the highlighted clsuscs in this exrracr irom a client care precedenr Irrrcr la-fl with ihe

instructions ior rvriring 'lient precedent letter given by ihr rupervirlng parrnrr in A

opposite The firs one has been done for you

1.1 Your insrmc"on8 arc [ t o I

IZTh1s will involve :-

0i.w #.?sues dace o&n lo belaten arsernur in rhc file note an cliortl

3.1 (*I W+ll deal with thismatterpersonalty and I am a mlicitor wirhtheflrm

4110ho~01man m b e the unlh O V C ~ I I i e ~ ~ ~ ~ i a l i f y f ~ ~ supervk~onoftt

If far auy Elm" i am unauailabiepluae a* i01 ormy mscm, Aida Muzoz

~ ~ ~ t i a ~ ~ ~ d ~ f ~ ~ m ~ ~ ' c ~ ~ ~ * ; ~ ~ % ~ f i ' h ; ~ ~ t i ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ & - ~ " ~ " '

I will monitorour chmges and when coax m h E l I pluVAT addisbwsomem oofumcr work

will hc done w i m ~ u t w ~ ~ ~ 6 0 ~ , ~C ~~ enn.pnt ~~ ~~

~ O A E som axirbeiomes practicableto do so, I willpmvi~r youwith a s t i m a t e arm the lik~ktatal i

_ _ I

In a client care letter you should

(a) - refer ta t h e m a t t e r on which you are instructed t o a c t .,

14.3 There are many ways of u s k g 'as' in E8nglish and it chcurr iirquenrly in lcgal tcxn It can

t~incrlon ar a preponeon, rr a ianiuncrion, and it can inrroduce a suhordinaru clause March rhe

irnderliiied cxamples irom A o p p o r ~ t e 11-81 wirh the appropriate rynonynl for iu use m the rcxi

iil-fl

4 A u d h pivrng quality sssurnncc to our client? d on rhc basis char

5 & t h e insurcis are concerned, rile rhsk c in rhe cnnrexr of being

Money laundering procedures 1

Relow are e n r a m s from a smrurop inhrmmenr rhrr has implicnrinna for law firnms

P r n I,

OBLIGATIONS ONPERSONS WHO CARRY ONMLEVANT 811SmLSS svtcrn, r n d mining ucr lo percot ruonrylauodo"": r

3 I I l Every p~rron mu? in thecaw% ufrclo%nnl hvs~ncrr elmell an by hxm m iheUnltrd Klngdum - I

la) romply with fllc nyu~mmcnts " ~ r g i I 1 t i i i s 4 ( i d ~ 0 6 6 c s t i o n p m ~ l d u r e ) 6 (rword *reping p m e e d d d l md i

Ib) wabiirh 8u.h othc.,,n"nnd"dd d f i i i i , II"""~ and Cd"""""d"ddd"" d d , W bb b,,,,.onPPPP fff Ih~hPPrnrnrnf ;

( ? ) A po,wn whocontrsrenrs this egulstion is mllV oivl n0cnie md lirblc-

( a ) o a c o m u i n i u a o o ~ ~ l ~ e u i l o imp".momco~ IUratcrru~totcrcred~~Lycm.lo a 6oc o r t o b o d

l b l on summrryranuicllon, t o a 6nc no? e r i e d i n e the snmiorylnlnimum

-

15) ~n pro<r=lfings a u u l ~ c r n y prian iilrm ofrenw under tbls royulation h 1s a delmcefar illnr iieovnm rhm

that he'go* all m onahle b,, "d erercirc* dl dYC d i l i ~ ~ " ~ ~ t" linliic""""i"l"g the 0RCnCE i i

( 3 1 A n l r n ~ malolain idcntifics0on procodumr whrrh- ,a1 Kgulre ihstas 8""" rr i n.mn.bl) pmcticsblc rflcr Ennlirl ,,%st l n r h b r m m * E l l d R -

(I) B ma, prodUEE '.tisf.tl~.l.~dd.Ocl Olhl.id "R; 0,

I,?) ruchm~arurcr specifled in "lc pnx-rduzs m,,s, henken in oiderto prducc l l r h i t o O ~ - i d m c r ,,in'

5.1 rile de6nit~oni laok at to hclp you

procerh hy which hnsricc ~rbralned r h m u ~ h crlnle ir used ~n

a ihasineir ~ c r i i i r y nor carnerl nut in i h e course at

as

- a,ri c r e r ) c a m and carried our

6 confidential inf,,imar#oh madr puhiic

5.2 iceplace rhe undcrlmed irordi and phrases m rhc memo heiow ivirh airernati,'e word5 and

phrases from A upporire Pay artcntion ro the gl-amrnarical omtext

To: All Parmers and F e e Earners

Fmm: Peter O'Donneii

Subject Money iaunde"mg p ~ ~ c e d u r e s

Date: 23 April 2007

YOU Will no doubt be aware of the serious implications for legal firms and their employees offaiiing

to (1) obsenre the (2) Prafits Crime Act and the Money Laundering Regulations Given that

it is possible to bewme unintentionally involved in a money laundering transaction lnihe course

of, for example, a propeny purchase, or in asitvation where you (3) -out activities on behalf

of someone else, the firm is anxious to put in piece systems and to provide training to ensure

that there are effective procedures so that employees do not risk (4) hm&ng the regulation

me penawes foiiowina criminal orneecution and conviction ma" camorise imprisonment and a

(5) money ~ m i u weneed to beableto demonstrate that we is) did what was aassibieand (7)

current ieqisietian are:

As vou know, the orecedent form of the Ciient Care letter for new clients and the firm's standard j

1 0 1 ~ 1 3 1 0 _ : r ~ 5 ~ : 0 - 1 : n -l>rr>a'nnioma\e ? F 1 ' 1 conrc? s<,f , .r o ~ i t c n s n w ' e

~ 3 r ' a l o n A, $ 8 r ~ 1 1 - 1 x v J ~ ~ I I ' I ) C C B ~ ~ F ~ i 1 c ,eq ? ~ 6 1 1 1 L IJ'JJ m 11 $.I F I ~ I ~ ~ O O ~

"I usr.,, 1.on ncn c = , , < a ? soo- as r el~nnaol o r l c l c ~ , r 0 0.3 ,"?re r P " l l r r r n l

requirements (for example, appearance in person, passpolt, driving iicenci eic.1 for different '

Wpes of client and the relevant guidance is set out in the m i c e Manual i

Wnet t o d o 01 you are ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ o ~ s - ~ r n e r n a i mponlng pmeedJres

~ ~ l t n c I r n r ' 3 ~ I V C > h'o-el a, i rrg2ecor,~ 9 : ~ ; e r I .o I i r a n , - g ~ - o ? r m

i , e ~ r e r r o ~ , : ; r n n ? c a r c n ro- rsowt > l a 1 1 o s n z r r 3 3 - I\ o r ~ s ? ' e a re ^

:3":1:,I, I inn, Me,i.c.,.,ro,er,n*,.i,,!',o're , i t ,,,a C r n n a we "el,." ;en r r '

e m , , r 0 sr e to n'.,m# ,c c en1 - I! r : > n ?rrc.nl ' 0 I pi, #i: io" if hC 5

I C ; a F S i l " *? M P A 9 I r a < >,?, i n r e r,iacwr r ' - ' - F c

Client correspondence

Conciscncrr can be a feature o f legal correspondcncc i n English This is p a n l y acllieved

I h y using w o r d r complenng a phrase or phrases and ornrning words icllips~s!, assuming rhc n, rcfcr to regmcnts o f earlier text (ruhrt~rurion! rcader c a n recover or by not rhc

mcaning from the preceding rcxt Arlorhcr fcarure of legal rrxr 1s rile use of caplrals m i d

sentence for k e y rcrnmr w h i c h may he defincd or mrerpreted cbuwhcrc i n rhc text or in

anorher documeor The lcaer below ir from s sequence of cc>rrerpondence hcmemi a

s o l ~ c ~ t o i - and hir cllcnr It collccrns rlie final stages o f the p ~ ~ r c h a s c o f a company

JENXLNS X'ATSON Strictly P6-Lo and Confiden6a1

h q e l Company -XrnnWio R d Limited IXRLfd)

Foilnwinu ll"rm~,,ng"" Monday p,mw Snd rnc,nrpd 'he tu"h~ram.nd.d ,,l.ud,\ , f 7 m l S r , r i i n g t o ~ i c r

yOY'"pp'"\~"I

AT previously dirrusxd you will 8 1 me hauc hmhrrinsliunro~u in damn Lo oundifio>!s lo ivhlch Cczmplriioll will bc

aubjmlYou will acclhal1 hnveirR thiJa.oerta\~~rig~ndly dr,dtcdfor the timeking

I shnvld k gntciul >+you would rcrdth.cmhllelully nnliiiln&m lhal you ur Dopy u i t h t b o , or

I d t c m n i ~ ~ ~ ~ irt o l e ~ > o w ;ray furtheCchanpn r r c r r y u l ~ I W ~ I I kenraped in mocnngicm ~ hmomlngbut ~ ~ d ~ ~

rm in the orfir *re re* ofthe r r ~ k apart tmm ih.?

1 look i l w a r d lo h-anne lnlm you

completion - financial eloiure o f the deal; when n is completed

I I - Standard phrases for starting and ending r t t e r s and m a i l s

r l I am w t i d n g m i n f o d a d v i s e you that Pleaic lcr m e k n o w if you havc m y particular

Please find enclosed I I am pleased to cncloie concerns

Wc act for I on hehalf of Plrvre l c t m e k n o w if w c can he o f further

UIe ace inrrmaed hy the ahovbnamed client assistance

Referrina ta orwiour contact -

Further to our recent correipondence Referring to the next step

1 writc hrrhcr to m y letter / our m e t i n g of I s h o u l d ~ w o u l d be s a t e f u l if you could

A? p r e Y i o ~ s l y discussed C o u l d you ~ l c a r c confirm that

FoUowing our meeting on

Thank y o u for y o u Ic t r e r l e m d of Ending

I l o o k fanvard to hearing kom y o u shortly I

as soon as passihle

forward our

6 March rhc wuidr and pluaicr f m m the lerrer 111 A opposite 11-61 wrrh the qnonrmi la-tl

1 a p a n ham a for now

4 further d for the remainder of

5 h r rhc time b e k g e additional

6 s ~ n c n d e d f together wlrh rhu lcrrer

' 6.2 Decidc w h l c h of the following u n d e r h c d in A opporire is a n example of s u h i r ~ r u r i o n

and whlch i s a n example of ell~psns in rhe case of suhmmnon, make a note o f the phrasc in rhe

lerrer which i r rcfcrs back to In r l ~ c caie of ellipsli, make a norc ,of the mlssmg woidlsl The fimr

one has been done $01 you

1 for the rest of r l ~ e wcck apart from b

5ubstkurion of 'that' for Thursday rnornini

2 r e l a r l n ro the

3 I have leh ar originally drafted

4 rend rhe encioredcaruivlly

5 and confirm rhai YOU arc happy i v l r h r h e , or

6.3 llead A opposite then say ~f rl~eie strrement, arc rnle or false Find runrnna tor your answers in

rhe lerrer

1 Thc Heads of Tmms havc been changed ieveral rimes

2 Alex Paine has madc no changes to rhc amdirions for Complcrion

3 Alcx Pnine is not cxpcct8ng his clicnr to give h i n ~ more msrrucriuns

4 Alex Paine doer nor rxpcci bas clienr to reply if he is ratistied with rhc cnclured documenr

There is more than onc possihlliry for rhrec of rhe answers

6 Aptil2007 De8, Oordun

Prujecf ivory

Taqef C o m p a n y Franklin Rod Limiad (CK 1.M)

u i i the rra.on/or W r i i l l r ~ , the Apeme", in respect

changed rmce h e la%, vcrrioli

I*" iap,"?v?"ur <~~mf<,'il

fhl"X thcic aremy rurpores

i""O ,he ner,rt<~p)

f e d Plcac bring

?Ler Pal*

Alex Parnc

Explanations and clarification

Explaininq a procedure

F"rr , thcn ncxi , nhei that , finally

Other pluerer you might me include:

7 h e next thine/step is to , once that's heeo done ., heforc that happcni vou/wc the last step willbe to

Approximating and comparing

When ralking to or writing to a c l l e n i or collcnguc from rnorhcr legal system, you may necd

o, explain or descrihe ieaiures of y o ~ r sysrum w111ch are diiiercnr or hroldly r~iniler Tlic

phrarcr below can be uscd to compare sspecrr of your system It may be ipl>ropnaie to u\e

key tenns in your own l n n g u g c ,and then c,ffcr a c o ~ n p a i i r i r e cxplsnar~on for example:

( in Scotland 'dclcr' arlres from che law of uhligmoni Thi? is comparable ro 'rlrrr' in England

You havc X, that's whar wc could call Y

m Rephrasing and clarifying

When you are explaining sornurhing which 1s ncrv or complex, it h i lmponsnr ro check rhar your llscrners undersrand whar may be ncu terms or conccptr You can help thcir comprel~casion by rephrasing your words and help your own c o ~ l ~ p r e h ~ n s i o n <of what rhey say by rcphrniing or

rummarising rheir wordi You cm ns r h pluales Lxli,ru to signpl that yon are ~ ~ p h i a s r n g or

asking for clanficarion

In England w e have a itiinmon law

system, rhsr is, iarcr arc

rorr, in other words a cwil

call to the Kar, rhii (ncruaily)

m w n s qi~alify as a harriscer

Let me explain k ~ r h c r

17.1 Explain the diiierenr in :erring propmerary righrs for an rs i i m a ciienr L.ook

ar A u p p m ~ r c m d use thc lnforznorion hdow to help you The first part of the rxplanarioo has

heen done h,r you

r consider ~uhmirring a n rpplicrrion to chc parent officc in the research phase

r don't publicly dsclore rhe imcnrion becalrsc this inlghr be inrerprcred .is prior puhlicarlon

lthc lrgrl document) requued by rhc parent office

I cornpiere rhe form 'llequert for grallr ot patent'

r take or scnd rhe dncummrs to the parcnr office

r the parent officc dccidei whuthcr the invcnnan iulfilr rpccSlc ir>ndirioni before ir granrs a p3ccnt

You warted me fa yveyouan purliv.oi.~he.s~a~e?.!n oar" ppropriei;iv.r8ag~ First, c~n.elder

?ubm%tna an a v g l ! c a t ~ n w t r l g ? ~ c t ~ ~ c e n.tk,eresearch pha54 ~

17.2 (irmplere the scrirencei with words and phrases from B ,oppr,sice Ure the ,"dux to look up any unfamiliar turms There is mure rhun one purllbllin ior 6,ur of the answcis

5 In Scorland, jotie- may m c h onc of rhree rerdacn: goilry, nor gullry or not pro,cn, 'I%

England where only nvc >.erdlcrs are ~ , I ~ S I / I I P : g~iilty

17.3 Complete rhe rcnrcncei with wordr and phrases from C <rpp,,s,re There i s more rhan one

p m s i h i l i ~ for two cni the anr\vcr,

1 The clause cxcludcs 2ibnornmal u,earhcr condir~o

useq such as what rhe applrcahlc law will be and

pcrfirm an obligari,

the interpretation of

- k g a l language

Legal writing in English lhrs dcvelopcd over hunilrcdr of years and is c h r r r c r c r i ~ c d by rpeclfic

fean~rei some of w h ~ c h can makc r diHiculr for ihe n a n ~ l a w ~ e r ro undcrsrind Characrerirr~cr

of legal wrirlng include: using Larin rcrnls (scc rrxr B belowi; u i m g rechtlical rcrms ('iubsidiai~t)

- scc llnlt 81, ",ing old~fashioncd words nor much i n pencral usc (scc rcxr C below); using pslrs

of words w i t h a reciprocal relar~unsh~p ~lcsulr'i'leisee' - see Unlr 39); using lcgal jargon f'wirhou! prejudrce ro') 8nclud8ng the use of pairs of words ('terms and cond~tionr'), or rriplcrs ['budd erect or ionrrruct'i; hrulng > p c ~ i a l mraningi for words in urc r r h u judge deterrmincd rhc

facrr of rhc carc', whcrc 'dcrermlnr# means 'decided'); uiillg vague w a n l i ('provide a sufficient rcrvice'); using long senrences wlth ltnle puncrurrlon; ii~vcrring word order ('title abiolure'l; usmp

capital lerrerr to signal h p o r r v n r or defined rerlns ('thu term, of the Lease ' ) avoid~ng pcrr<mal

pronouns ('you', 'we', 'l'j: the specific me of the mndsl vcrh 'shall' m lmpaie an oblsg.~non inr du!

irn \omcone ['The rrnanr shall nor sub~ler rhe whole ,or parr crt rhe premses.'i; rhe [use of 'ahall' m

a ilircirory rcnsc ('Noricc of a n appcal shall bc filed iwrh8n 28 diy5-li

There is a movemerlr ro drah legal rert I I I srandard modem 'plain' E n ~ l s h bur 'wr chanrc will bc dew

Note: Snmr legal draftes argue that the use of 'shall' n a directory renie is to be avoided because

of confuron Note also the genen Engllrh use of 'shall' to refer ro future lntentionl('1 shall w r t c

to hm?, although this use r increarngly unrornrnnn Latin terms

There are many I a r i n rerins i n ivrlrrcn F.ngli511 lugul r n r , zlrhough recent reforms ~n rhc English jusrice sysreln have eeccouragcd rhc usc of Engl~sh rarhcr chin 1.ann Somr Larin

terms are used so frcquentlr that thcy arc in p,cncral English uic icg., ad hnc, bonv fidc,

I pro glossary w i l l help Forms o f pronunclarion ram, ctc.) It is usefui to he nhle ro recogllirz iary thetr m e m n g and a d~cnonary or orlline

ad hoc - for chis purpose affidavit - wimcscil, signed Eracement

bona fidc - in good farth

i n camera - heanng a case IT, prsvarz

111 curia - UI open coun

i n sim - ~n irr orlgtnal riruarlon inter alia - among orhcr things ipso fact" - hy rhc f a ~ t per pro - o n hchalf of another

per sc - hy lrsclf prima facic - Jr h r i r right

p r o ' i l l prOpOrllOn quasi - aa i f ir u,ere

sub judicc - m rhc courrc " i r r l r l ultra virei - h e p n d the power ridcliccr (vizl - namely

Older words and modern equivalents

I A number o f lmkin!: rrons arc used in older sriocn lcgal r c r o [case rrporri, lrgialaiic,~l

court dacumeonrioo coarrrcrr eri.1 to rcfcr rcl cnrhcr a.~rri ot the satme TC\T o~ d~ffcrvnr legal dncumenrs or to relsted cnntexo

the nforcmentioned 1 the foregoing - set our i h o ~ r 1 ivnrrun a b o i i nom+rhiianding - dc\pnr the undermennoned - qer o t ~ r below I mrirren hcliriv rhereaher - ahcr char