9 G R A M M A R Modals present and futur � Don''''t have to and must not • D o nt have to refers to an absence of obligation You don’t have to work tomorrow • M ust not refers to an obligation not to do[.]
Trang 1G R A M M A R
Modals: present and futur
• D o n t have to refers to an absence of obligation
You don’t have to work tomorrow.
• M ust not refers to an obligation not to do something
You must not leave the room before the end o f the test.
Should
Where * should appears, ought to can also be used
• Expectation
Thisfilm *should be really good.
• Recommendation
I thinkyou *should talk it over with your parents.
In writing, should can be used to express a strong obligation politely
Guests should vacate their rooms by midday.
• Criticism of an action
You *shouldn’t eat so much late at night.
• Uncertainty
Should I leave these papers on your desk?
• Should and verbs of thinking
Should is often used with verbs of thinking, to make an opinion less direct
I should think that model would sell ąuite well.
• With be and adjectives describing chance
This group of adjectives includes odd, strange, fun ny (= odd) and the expression What
a coincidence.
Its strange that you should be staying in the same hotel!
• After in case to emphasize unlikelihood
In case I should be out, this is my mobile number.
See Grammar 7 for similar uses in conditional sentences
Could
• Could is used to express possibility or uncertainty
This could be the house.
• Could is used with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility
The situation couldn’t be worse.
It could be better.
Trang 2• Could is used to make suggestions.
W e could go to that new restaurant opposite the cinema.
• Could is used to express unwillingness
I couldn’t possibly leave Tim here on his own.
Can
• Can with be is used to make criticisms
You can be really annoying, you knowl
• Can is also used with be to refer to capability
Winter here can be really cold.
Must and can't
These refer to present time only (See be bound to.) In expressing certainty, they are opposites
This must be our stop (Fm sure it is.)
This can’t be our stop (I’m sure it isn’t.) May and might
• May can be used to express although clauses
She may be the boss, but that is no excuse fo r shouting like that.
See also Grammar 12 for emphasis
• M ay/m ight as well
This describes the only thing left to do, something which the speaker is not
enthusiastic about
Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you may as well go home.
• M ay and might both express possibility or uncertainty May is often used in formal language
The peace conference m a y fin d a solution to the problem.
• There is an idiomatic expression with try, using may for present reference, and might
for past reference
Try as I might, I could not pass my driving test.
(Although I tried hard, I could not pass my driving test.)
Shall
• Shall can be used with all persons to emphasize something which the speaker feels is certain to happen or wants to happen
I shall definitely give up smoking this year.
We shall win! {Shall is stressed in this sentence.)
• Similarly, shall is used in formal rules and regulations
No player shall knowingly pick up or move the bali o f another player.
ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Trang 3GRAMMAR 9 MODALS: PRESENT AND FUTUR Will
• Will can be used to express an assumption
A; The phones ringing B: That’11 be for me.
• Will/won t can be used emphatically to tell someone of the speaker s intention, or to forbid an action, in response to a will expression
A; r i l take the money anyway, so there!
B: You won’t!
A: I will!
Similarly I wont can mean I refuse, and I will can mean I insist.
A: I won’t do it! B: Yes, you willi
Would
Would is often used in situations where a conditional sense is understood but not stated
Nobody would agree with that idea. (if we asked them)
Life wouldn’t be worth Uving without you. (if you werent there)
I think Jim would be the best candidate. (if he was under consideration for the job)
Sue wouldnH do that, surely! (if you think shes capable of doing that)
Need and need to
• Need to is a modal auxiliary, and behaves like a normal verb
Do you need to use the photocopier?
• Need is a modal auxiliary, but mainly in ąuestion and negative forms
Need you make so much noise?
See Grammar 6 for need doing.
Dare
• Dare can be used in two ways It can be an intransitive verb followed by infinitive with to.
I didńt dare to say anything.
• It can also be a modal auxiliary, mainly in ąuestions and negatives
She dare not refuse How dare you!
Related non-modal expressions
• Had better
This is a recommendation and refers only to the present or futurę
You’d better not phone her again.
It can be reported in the past without change of form
He told me we’d better come back another day.
• Be bound to
This makes a futurę prediction of certainty
It’s bound to rain tomorrow.
Trang 4ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE
1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
1 I don t think you could/should tell anyone yet.
2 I couldńt/shouldnt possibly leave without paying.
3 That mustnt/cant be the hotel Jane told us about.
4 There are times when the traffic here can/could be really heavy.
5 We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could/must be better.
6 You couldnt/shouldnt really be sitting here.
7 You could/may be older than me, but that doesnt mean youre cleverer.
8 You might/should like to look over these papers if you have time.
9 Tm afraid that nobody should/would help me in that kind of situation.
10 No member of the association must/shall remove offidal documents from these
premises without written permission
2 Complete the dialogue by writing one word in each space Contractions {can't) count as one word.
Bill: This ( 1 ) be the house, I suppose, number 16 Elland Way
Jane: I pictured it as being much bigger, from the estate agents description
Bill: Weil, we’d ( 2 ) go inside
Jane: We (3 ) as well Wait a minutę I ( 4 ) to
just find my glasses I (5 ) see a thing without them
Bill: I dont think much of it from the outside, to be honest
Jane: Yes, it ( 6 ) certainly do with a coat of paint or two
Bill: Rather you than me! I ( 7 ) like to have to paint it all!
And the gutters ( 8 ) replacing
Jane: I (9 ) think they haven t been replaced sińce the house
was built
Bill: They (1 0 ) really be replaced every four years ideally
Jane: And I dont like that big ivy plant growing up the side Ivy
(1 1 ) get in the brickwork and cause all sorts of damage
Bill: I wonder if theres a lock on that big downstairs window? It looks very
easy to break in to
Jane: Theres (1 2 ) to be one, surely
Bill: Well, (1 3 ) we go inside?
Jane: Do we (1 4 ) to? I think lVe seen enough already I (1 5 ) possibly live here
Trang 53 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given Do not change the word given.
1 I couldn t be happier at the moment,
could
I’m a s at the moment
2 Although I tried hard, I couldn t lift the suitcase
might
T ry I couldn t lift the suitcase
3 I’m sure that Peter wont be late
bound
Peter on time
4 Fancy you and I having the same surname!
should
Its odd the same surname!
5 I think you should take up jogging,
were
If I take up jogging
6 Its possible that this kind of snake is poisonous
could
This snake the poisonous kinds
7 You cant borrow my car!
won’t
I borrow my car!
8 I’m sure this isn t how you get to Norwich!
can’t
T h is way to Norwich!
9 It makes no difference to me if we cali it off
may
W e cali it off
10 Although its summer, the temperatura is more like winter
may
I t the temperature is more like winter
GRAMMAR 9 MODALS: PRESENT AND FUTUR
Trang 6ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Choose the sentence (A or B) that is closest in meaning to the sentence given.
1 It’s possible that we’11 know the answers tomorrow
A We may know the answers tomorrow
B We should know the answers tomorrow
2 I dont think you should ring him now Its rather late
A You might not ring him now It s rather late
B You’d better not ring him now Its rather late
3 You neednt come if you dont want to
A You won t come if you dont want to
B You dont have to come if you don t want to
4 I think it’s wrong for you to work so hard
A You don t have to work so hard
B You shouldn t work so hard
5 Perhaps these are the keys
A These might be the keys
B These must be the keys
6 It would be wrong for us to lock the cat in the house for a week
A Wed better not lock the cat in the house for a week
B We cant lock the cat in the house for a week
7 Its possible that the decision will be announced next week
A The decision might be announced next week
B The decision will be announced next week
8 Although I try hard, I can never solve ‘The Times’ crossword
A Try as I may, I can never solve ‘The Times’ crossword
B Try as I can, I may never solve ‘The Times’ crossword
9 I know Why dont we go out to eat instead?
A I know We must go out to eat instead
B I know We could go out to eat instead
10 Using Punters Paints couldnt be easier
A You may as well use Punter’s Paints
B You should find Punter’s Paints easy to use
11 Peter often really annoys people
A Peter can be really annoying
B Try as he might, Peter annoys people
12 Jane wouldnt talk about people like that, surely!
A Jane didnt want to talk about people like that
B Jane isnt the kind of person to talk about people like that
Trang 7GRAMMAR 9 MODALS: PRESENT AND FUTUR
5 Complete each sentence with a phrase from the box
couldnt be
must be
wouldn t be must like
I might need to
don’t-have to may be
couldnt possibly might as well
1 The heating comes on automatically You turn it on
2 Of course Tli help! I let you do it on your own
3 It’s a Iovely hotel And the staff more helpful
4 George it there if he has stayed there for so long
5 You right, but I’m still not convinced
6 W e go in this museum Theres nothing else to do
7 I love these trees Without them the garden the same
8 Theres the phone cali I was expecting I t George
9 Thanks And now you ju st sign on the dotted line
10 Try a s I simply couldnt open the lid
6 Complete the text by writing one word in each space Contractions {mustn't)
count as one word.
I ( 1 ) as well admit it - 1’m one of those people who runs in marathons dressed as a
duck. It’s not normally something you ( 2 ) want to admit to your friends, but I ( 3 ) imagine life without running In my Donald Duck costume You’re probably thinking
I ( 4 ) be an Idiot who ju s t wants to show off, and well, you ( 5 ) be right,
I suppose! And you ( 6 ) think th a t running so far was hard enough, without the silly costume! I ( 7 ) to admit th a t I do enjoy the laughter as I run past, but th a fs only part of it I ( 5 ) look silly, but it’s all in a good cause, as I run to raise money for children’s charities - people promise to give me money for running in the race I (9 )
cheerfully run for hours in the rain because l’m doing somethlng useful Cali me mad
( 1 0 ) you like, but l’d far ( 1 1 ) run through the streets dressed as a duck ( 1 2 ) s it a t homeand watch the race on telewsion Some of the other runners ( 1 3 ) be a bit mad too -1 ( 1 4 - ) be the only duck to be narrowly beaten in
a race by three gorillas In biklnls I ( 1 5 ) misscharity marathons for all the world!
^ SEE ALSO
Grammar 6: Passive 2
Grammar 7; Conditionals
Grammar 10: Modals: past
Grammar 12: Emphasis
Trang 8G R A M M A R
Modals: past
Hadto
Had to is the past form of must and refers to a past obligation
Sorry Im late, I had to post some letters.
The negative form is didn’t have to and refers to an absence of obligation
Where '^should appears, ought to is also possible
• Expectation
Should have refers to something which was supposed to happen
The parcel I sentyou *should have arrired by naw.
• Criticism of an action
You *shouldn’t have eaten so much last night.
• Should have and verbs of thinking
The past form knew in the example is an unreal verb form, and the should have form is used according to seąuence of verb forms’ See Grammar 8
I should have thought you knew.
• With be and adjectives describing chance
It was strange that you should have been staying in the same hotel last year.
• As a polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or a favour
7Ve done the washing up for you - Oh, you really shouldn’t have!
• Could have refers to past possibility or uncertainty
David could have won the race ifhe had tried. (possibility/ability)
It could have been Sue, I suppose. (uncertainty)
• Couldnt have can be used with comparative adjectives
We couldn’t have been happier in those days.
• Could havecan also express unwillingness
She could havegone to the party with herfriends. (but she didnt) Could
• Could refers to past permission or past ability
When I was sixteen I could stay out till 11.00 (I was allowed to) Mary could swim when she was three. (she actually did)
Compare: Mary could have swunt when she was three. (but she didnt)
Trang 9GRAMMAR 10 MODALS: PAST
• M ight haverefers to past possibility which did not happen
You might have drowned!
• M ight haveand may haverefer to uncertainty
I suppose I may have been rather critical.
• Both can be used in the negative to express uncertainty
They might not have received our letteryet.
• M ight haveis used to express annoyance at someones failure to do something
You might have told m e my trousers were split!
• I might have known + wouldis an idiom by which the spealcer expresses ironically that an action was typical of someone else
1 might have known that he would be late.
• These refer to the speaker s certainty about a past action
Someone must have taken it. (I am sure they did)
You can’t have lost it. (I am sure you didn t)
• Both can also be used with surely in exclamations
Surely you can’t have eaten all ofit! Surely you must have noticed it!
Would not
• This expresses an unwilUngness in the past
Everyone was angry because Sam wouldn’t turn o ffth e television.
Would have
• Would have can refer to events in the past which did not actually happen
I would have accepted this job, but I didnt want to move house.
• Assumptions about the past are also possible with would have.
A : Someone called afteryou left but didnt leave a message.
B: That would have been Cathy, probably.
N eednt have done refers to an unnecessary action which was actually done
You needn’t havepaid all at once. (you did pay)
D id n t need torefers to an unnecessary action which was not done
I didn’t need to go to the dentist again, luckily
Adverbs and modals
Adverbs such as easily, just, really, well,are often used to emphasize modal
expressions, in both present and past time
You could easily have been killed I might just takeyou up on that.
You couldnt really have managed without me I might well decide to come.
Trang 101 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
1 That ca ntha ve been/shouldrithave beenNickthatyou saw
2 You must have given/might have given me a hand!
3 I caught a later train because I had to see/m ust have seena client
4 I suppose Bill should have lost/might have losthis way
5 I didn t refuse the cake, as it should have been/would have heenrude
6 I don t know who rang, but it could have been/m ust have been Jim
7 It was odd that you should have bought/would have boughtthe same car
8 I asked them to leave but they might not/wouldńtgo
9 It s a pity you didn t ask because I cant help/could have helpedyou
10 Its your own fault, you canthave/shouldnthavegone to bed so late
2 Complete the text by writing a verb from the box in each space
ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE
cant have must have shouldnt have may not have may have
shouldnt have cant have ought to have didnt need to shouldnt havc
10
You and your big mouth! It was supposed to be a secret You
told her!
The piane is late I t landed by now
You met my brother I havent got one!
There is only one explanation You left your keys
on the bus
You heard me right I definitely said 204525
The meat is a bit burnt You cooked it for so long I’m sorry I accept I been a little bit rude
8 You really taken so much trouble over me
9 Was it really necessary? You tell the police, you know Keep your fingers crossed! The traffic warden noticed the cars parked next to a No Parking sign!