The Facts on File Guide to Research, 2nd Edition

The Facts On File Guide to Research, Second Edition by Jeff Lenburg is the most comprehensive guide available to conducting thorough and accurate research. It includes detailed lists of thousands of resources and explains general research methods and proper citation of sources. This expanded and updated edition contains new information on Internet research, including up-to-date discussions of Google and other search engines, subject-specific keyword search strategies, a cautionary note about Wikipedia, and much more. The volume is divided into four easy-to-use sections: Researching Your Topic contains a step-by-step guide to the research process, with information on developing a subject and planning research, gathering information, and evaluating sources Finding Sources of Information explains how to find, access, and use a number of different sources, from archival collections and biographical indexes to government agencies, newspapers, and magazines, from online and electronic services to radio and television, and many more Finding Sources by Subject contains detailed lists of credible research sources categorized by subject matter Using Your Sources explains how to cite sources, avoid plagiarism, and create a bibliography.

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THE FACTS ON FILE GUIDE TO RESEARCH

SECOND EDITION

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THE FACTS ON FILE GUIDE TO RESEARCH

SECOND EDITION

J EFF L ENBURG

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The FacTs On File Guide TO ReseaRch, second edition

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact:

Facts On File, Inc

An imprint of Infobase Publishing

Includes bibliographical references and index

ISBN 978-0-8160-8121-9 (acid-free paper) ISBN 978-1-4381-3299-0 (e-book) 1 Information retrieval—Handbooks, manuals, etc 2 Research—Methodology—Handbooks, manuals, etc 3 Library research—Handbooks, manuals, etc I Title II Title: Guide to research

ZA3075.L46 2010

025.5'24—dc22 2009048200

Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755

You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.comText design by Erika Arroyo

Composition by Hermitage Publishing Services

Cover printed by Art Print, Taylor, Pa

Book printed and bound by Maple Press, York, Pa

Date printed: October 2010

Printed in the United States of America

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and to my former journalism professor Lew Barrett, for all of your love and support over the years,

this one is in your honor.

✒

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Expanded Table of Contents ix

Acknowledgments xxiii

Introduction xxxv

SECTION I RESEARCHING YOUR TOPIC

1 Developing Your Subject 3

2 Gathering Your Information 11

3 Evaluating Your Sources 29

SECTION II FINDING SOURCES OF INFORMATION

4 Finding Archives and Archival Collections 39

5 Finding Associations, Societies, and Organizations 56

6 Finding Biographical Information 79

7 Finding CD-ROM Collections 102

8 Finding Electronic Databases 122

9 Finding Electronic Journals, Zines, and Newsletters 157

10 Finding E-mail Discussion Groups and Newsgroups 195

11 Finding General References 205

12 Finding Government Publications and Agencies 237

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Public, School, State, and Special Libraries 264

14 Finding Newspapers, Magazines, Journals, and Radio

15 Researching on the Web 336

16 Finding Search Engines 364

SECTION III FINDING SOURCES BY SUBJECT

22 Film and Television 451

23 Health and Medicine 471

32 Religion and Theology 596

33 Science and Technology 610

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Section iV USing YoUr SoUrceS

37 Citing Your Sources 677

38 Creating Your Bibliography, Works Cited, or References 686

AppendixeS

Appendix I APA Style 691

Appendix II MLA Style 695

Appendix III The Chicago Manual of Style 698

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EXPANDED TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments xxxiii

Introduction xxxv

SECTION I RESEARCHING YOUR TOPIC

Defi ning and Narrowing Your Topic 8 Doing Preliminary Research 9

Planning Your Research 11

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Periodicals 18

Other Library Resources 24

Using Specialized Sources 27

Understanding Your Source 29 Considering the Source 30 Considering Who Said It 30

Purpose 32 Accuracy 32 Authority 32 Relevancy 33 Timeliness 34 Objectivity 34 Coverage 35

SECTION II FINDING SOURCES OF INFORMATION

4 Finding Archives and Archival Collections 39

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American Jewish Archives 48

Dance 63 Disabilities 63 Drama 64 Education 65

Language 71 Literature 71

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Mathematics 72 Music 73 Nutrition 74 Philosophy 76 Physics 76

6 Finding Biographical Information 79

Types of Biographical Sources 79

Researching Biographical Information 80 Evaluating Biographical Information 80 Popular Biographical Indexes 81 Popular Biographical References 82

Books 83 Magazines 86

References for Regional Figures 86 References for International Figures 86

Aerospace 87 Art 87 Business 87 Education 88

Law 89 Literature 89

Music 90 Politics 92 Science 92

Biographical Information in Electronic Form 97 Biographical Information Online 98

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Researching CD-ROM Collections 102 Locating CD-ROM Collections 102 Popular Titles by Subject 103

Biography 103

Religion 119 Science 120

Researching Electronic Databases 122

Academic 123 K–12 123

Agriculture 126 Anthropology 127 Biography 127 Biology 128

Communications 132

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General References 138

History 141

Literature 146

Performing Arts (Drama, Film, Music, Television,

Philosophy 152

Psychology 152 Religion 153 Sciences 153

Technology 155

9 Finding Electronic Journals, Zines, and Newsletters 157

Researching Electronic Journals 157 Subscription-Based Journal Article Index Databases 158 Free Journal Article Index Databases 159 Multiple-Subject Directories of E-Journals 160 Single-Subject Directories of Journal Collections 163

Architecture 163 Art 163 Astronomy 163 Biology 163

Education 164 History 164

Law 164 Medicine 164 Music 165 Philosophy 165

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Sociology and Social Sciences 166 Religion 166

Free E-Journals on the Web 166

Aging 166 Agriculture 167 Anthropology 168 Art 169 Biochemistry 169 Biology 170 Business 173 Chemistry 173

Mathematics 182 Medicine 183 Music 190 Nursing 190 Nutrition 191

Physics 191

Psychology 192 Science/Technology 193

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Sociology 193

Theater 194

10 Finding E-mail Discussion Groups and Newsgroups 195

Researching Discussion Groups 195 Understanding Discussion Groups 195 Deciding to Join a Discussion Group 196 Joining a Discussion Group 196 Finding Discussion Groups 197

Using Discussion Groups for Research 199 Finding Further Information on Discussion Groups 199 Researching Newsgroups 200 Understanding Newsgroups 200 Deciding to Join a Newsgroup 201

Using Newsgroups for Research 204

Researching General References 205 Almanacs 206 Atlases 208 Bibliographies 208 Chronicles: By Eras and Decades 209 Chronologies and Daybooks 210

Chronologies 210 Daybooks 211

Dictionaries 212

Directories 212 Encyclopedias 213 Guides to Books and References 215 Microform Collections 215

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Agriculture 215 Anthropology 216

Bibliography 217 Biography 217 Biology 217

Chemistry 218 Computers 218

Demography 219 Dissertations 219 Education 219 Engineering 220 Environment 220 History 221

Law 222 Medicine 223 Minorities 224

Music 225 Newspapers 225 Philosophy 228

Statistical Abstracts 233 Yearbooks 235 Additional References 235

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12 Finding Government Publications and Agencies 237

Researching Government Publications and Agencies 237 Government Guides and Catalogs 238 Federal Government Information 240

13 Finding Libraries: Academic, Government, Research,

Public, School, State, and Special Libraries 264

14 Finding Newspapers, Magazines, Journals,

Researching Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals 285 Microfi lm and Microfi che Periodicals 288

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Foreign Newspapers 294

Canada 294 England 294 France 295

Magazines and Journals 295

Advertising 295

Aging 295 Agriculture 295 Anthropology 295 Archaeology 295 Architecture 296 Art 296 Astronomy 296 Automobiles 296 Biology 296 Broadcasting 296 Business 296 Chemistry 297

Communication 297 Computers 297

Dance 297 Ecology 297 Education 298 Electronics 298 Engineering 298 Fashion 298

Forestry 298 Future 299

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Literature and Language 300

Music 300 Nursing 300 Photography 301

Population 301 Psychiatry 301 Psychology 302

Publication Web Sites 330 Researching Radio and Television News 332

Research Sites by Category 336

Aging 337 Agriculture 337

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Country Directories 341

Education 343 Environment 343 Ethics 344

Physics 353

Researching Search Engines 364

Other Recommended Search Engines 368

Web Metasearch Engines 369

Topical Search Engines and Portals 371

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Business and Financial Search Engines 372

Australia and New Zealand 373Europe 373France 373Germany 373

Major News Search Engines 375Other News Search Engines 375

Web Search Engine Tutorials 377

SECTION III FINDING SOURCES BY SUBJECT

Selected Subject Headings 381 Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 382 Selected Source and Subject Guides 383 Selected Books and References 383

Almanac 383 Bibliographies 383 Dictionary 384 Encyclopedias 384 Handbooks 385

Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 385

Selected Full-Text Article Databases 388

Selected Subject Headings 394 Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 395 Selected Source and Subject Guides 396

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Encyclopedias 396

Bibliographies 410 Encyclopedias 411 Handbook 412 Reference 412

Dictionary 428 Encyclopedias 428 References 429

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Bibliographies 441 Chronology 442 Directory 442 Encyclopedias 442

Filmographies 459

Encyclopedias 474 References 474

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Printed Indexes and Abstracts 475

Digests 500 Directory 500 Encyclopedias 500 Handbook 501 Reference 502

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26 Literature and Literary Criticism 510

Anthologies 513

Encyclopedias 516

Articles and Literature 520

Dictionaries 532 Encyclopedias 533

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Biographical Dictionaries 545

Encyclopedia 547

Dictionary 557 Encyclopedias 557

Almanacs 570 Encyclopedias 571

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Selected Web Sites 579

Dictionary 584 Encyclopedias 585 Handbooks 586 References 586

Biography 598 Dictionaries 598

Reference 599

Selected Subject Headings 610 Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 611 Selected Source and Subject Guides 612

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Dictionaries 613 Encyclopedias 615

Almanacs 631 Dictionaries 631 Encyclopedias 631

Handbooks 632

Reviews/Criticism 648

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36 Women’s Studies 660

Section iV USing YoUr SoUrceS

Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing 679 Creating In-Text Citations 683 Finding Online Guides and Tutorials 684

38 Creating Your Bibliography, Works Cited, or

Appendix I APA Style 691

Appendix II MLA Style 695

Appendix III The Chicago Manual of Style 698

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Given the breadth and scope of this project, I have so many individuals,

groups, institutions, and organizations that I want to thank who have

made this book possible

Very special thanks to the staffs and members of the following library trade associations for providing vital information and guiding me to count-

less valuable sources consulted in writing this book They include the

Ameri-can Library Association, the AmeriAmeri-can Association of School Librarians,

the Association of Library Collections and Technical Services, the Public

Library Association, and the Association of College and Research Libraries

I also wish to thank the many fi ne university and college libraries for their assistance in providing many other sources of information They

include Arizona State University West, Barnard College, Birmingham

Southern College, Columbia University, County College of Morris, Delta

State University, Duke University, Estrella Mountain Community College,

Harvard University, Las Positas College, and Loyola University Chicago

My thanks as well to Ohio State University, Purdue University, Princeton

University, Rutgers University, Stanford University, Texas A&M

Univer-sity, Tufts UniverUniver-sity, the University of Arizona, the University of Central

Florida, the University of Delaware, the University of North Carolina, the

University of Lethbridge, the University of Vermont, and Yale University

My sincere gratitude especially to Dennis Isbell, Academic Program Support Librarian Humanities & Fine Arts of Arizona State University

West Library, for assisting me with various research requests, in addition

to handling so many other important tasks Also my heartfelt thanks to

many other ASU West library specialists for their efforts in compiling

many useful subject guides used in researching this volume: Deg Farrelly,

Bee Gallegos, Hank Harken, Carolyn Johnson, Lisa Kammerlocher, and

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guides, Web sites, or recommended lists of research which were helpful in

the course of writing this book

Finally, I would like to thank my editor Jeff Soloway for understanding

the importance of this book and believing in this project from day one, and

for his support and encouragement along the way Also to my wife Debby,

love and kisses for her many sacrifi ces in allowing me to pursue my dreams

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introdUction

the success of every essay, term paper, or written project depends not only

on the quality of your writing but also on the quality of your research With the vast explosion in growth of electronic technology, virtual libraries, the Internet, and traditional libraries, researching any topic has never been easier than it is today, so long as you understand the process, and know where to find and how to access such sources

The Facts On File Guide to Research, Second Edition is a general

intro-ductory volume that explains the art and methods of research and ing any topic, for any given purpose Featuring valuable tips for beginners and more experienced students of all ages, this thoroughly revised and expanded compendium is divided into four sections for easy use

research-Section I: Researching Your Topic explains general strategies and methods of research, everything from ways to choose, search, and test your topic, to planning your research and finding your sources, to evaluating the accuracy, credibility, and reliability of your sources

Section II: Finding Sources of Information extensively details various outlets of research Discussed at length is how to find archives and archival collections; associations, societies, and organizations; biographical informa-tion; electronic databases with full-text articles; and electronic journals, zines, and newsletters Also highlighted are e-mail discussion groups and newsgroups; general references (almanacs, bibliographies, periodical and newspaper indexes, yearbooks, and more); government agencies and publica-tions, libraries (academic, government, public, school, research, special, and state libraries); newspapers, magazines, journals, and radio and television stations; search engines (including Google); and the best research sites on the Web on virtually any subject

Section III: Finding Sources by Topic conveniently surveys the most ommended information sources by librarians and researchers, with detailed listings of selected books and references, print and Web article indexes, periodicals, and Web sites Also included are suitable subject headings,

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rec-keyword search strategies and user guides, and general source and subject guides.

Section IV: Citing Your Sources provides examples of proper style and techniques for avoiding plagiarism, quoting, paraphrasing, and summariz-ing your research, and creating text citations and a bibliography, works cited, or list of references It also lists Web sites that will help you to create your bibliography electronically

Finally, this book features an easy-to-use section of American chological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), and

Psy-Chicago Manual of Style style guides, including many different examples on

listing sources in your bibliography, works cited, or list of references

In writing this book, the author consulted with countless library and trade association professionals, faculty members and instructors, fellow researchers and authors, and a wide variety of sources to deliver this highly informative reference

Every effort was made to verify sources, to confirm the accuracy and reliability of information, and to research as much as humanly possible all aspects of this reference work The author selected what are considered the best sources of research on the planet today

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Section I

RESEARCHING YOUR TOPIC

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3

Developing Your Subject

Knowing whether your subject is researchable is the most important fi rst

step to developing your essay, term paper, or written project Fortunately,

with the dramatic boom in technology today, vast resources exist to research

almost any topic of interest From the Internet, to schools, to colleges and

universities, to public libraries, to museums, never before in the history

of humankind has so much information been so readily accessible for the

greater good You don’t have to be an experienced researcher to fi nd what

you want or what you want to know Of course, understanding the art and

methods of research will help you achieve your objective more successfully

The term research suggests a purpose The whole idea behind doing

research is to pry more fully, to dig more deeply, and to examine more

closely something that piques your curiosity Whether you need to research

for practical, personal, or academic reasons, whether you are researching a

school paper, your family history, or a subject of great personal interest, the

manner in which you develop your topic is important to fi nding what you

want

CHOOSING YOUR TOPIC

Your success as a researcher depends on the nature of your topic—what you

are writing about, what you are seeking, or what you hope to answer Most

students conduct research for the purposes of writing an essay or research

paper assigned by their instructor In most cases, your instructor will assign

you a topic to write about, suggest some suitable possibilities or ask you to

develop a topic of your choice

Your subject should be timely and appropriate for research Topics that generate the most press coverage (such as abortion, domestic violence,

or gay marriage) and dominate the public’s consciousness are more easily

researchable since so much published material from a variety of different

sources is available Conversely, subjects that are more specialized require

a more concerted effort to uncover background information, relevant facts,

and source material In this case, unearthing this information may prove

more diffi cult Avoid settling on any topic without checking out its research

potential fi rst

1

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Developing a topic that is researchable isn’t as diffi cult as you think To

expedite the process, fi rst take stock of those immediate resources that can

aid you in the development of your idea and guide you in the right direction

To zero in on the most interesting or most suitable angle for your paper,

check out the most promising resources Three successful strategies can help

you achieve this goal:

1 Check your library Never underestimate your school or public

library as a major source for ideas Do some quick reading to learn more

about topics you have in mind, or you have been assigned Books,

periodi-cals, newspapers, and electronic media head the list of potential resources

you can review One useful source for fi nding ideas or topics for written

projects is 10,000 Ideas for Term Papers, Projects, Reports and Speeches,

5th ed., by Kathryn Lamm (New York: Arco, 1998)

Browse the headings in your library’s catalog, keeping potential topics

in mind The library reference staff can assist you in determining the

plau-sibility of your topic Reference librarians know a wide range of resources

and strategies, and also may spot problems with your topic that you never

considered They can direct you to the best places to look for preliminary

information on your topic

Consulting general encyclopedias or general references, like the

Colum-bia Encyclopedia or the Encyclopaedia Britannica, that cover a variety of

subjects or disciplines will help you realize the potential of your topic, or help

you consider ideas to write about Encyclopedias are the common background

sources used in libraries for specifi c topics (although they are losing popularity

in this online-oriented age) They provide a broader context for your research

and tell you in general terms what is known about your topic General

refer-ences achieve the same objectives and, much like encyclopedias, feature entries

that include complete bibliographies of additional sources you can check later

Online databases, often offered free through your school or public

library, are another important tool for generating ideas as well Equipped

with search engines, they allow you to research any subject or topic Many

include links to full-text articles and preliminary source material (See

“Options for Searching” for more details.)

2 Check the Internet Doing a general search of the Internet can also

help you develop your topic or come up with topical ideas Various Web

search engines, from Microsoft’s Bing to Google, will lead you to a wide

range of suitable Web pages, providing overviews, background material, and

other potential resources

Another great venue of ideas is Questia.com, an online library of

books and journals Rich in scholarly content, the site contains a variety

of research paper resources, including links to more than 6,500 popular

paper topics in art history, biography, economics, education, health, history,

music, philosophy, psychology, and religion, as well as controversial topics

Some access requires a subscription

When researching your topic, be careful of Web sites not sponsored

by established groups, companies, and organizations, or those that appear

biased in nature, such as lobbyist and advocacy groups Also avoid articles

that are outdated and those that have no author’s name attached to them

(For more information regarding using Web sites, see Chapter 3,

“Evaluat-ing Your Sources.”)

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DEVELOPING YOUR SUBJECT 5

3 Check with others Sometimes it pays to bounce your ideas off other

people you know, or brainstorm with those who may be more experienced

or more knowledgeable than you are As noted earlier, you may want to talk

with your class instructor for his or her constructive input Or talk with

friends, family members, or classmates who will freely express their ideas and

can provide a good creative “think tank” approach for you in fi nding a topic

Still stuck on a topic? Reading current newspapers and magazines or watching or listening to news on radio and TV programs that cover “hot

button” issues of the day can be benefi cial Every day they report important

stories on topics of national, state, and local interest and can be a natural

source of ideas (For a more complete discussion of sources, see “Finding

Your Sources” in Chapter 2, “Gathering Your Information.”)

Whatever you decide, don’t select a topic just for the sake of getting your assignment done Choose a topic that you are passionate about, and that you

will enjoy spending considerable time and energy researching Possessing

enthusiasm for your subject is essential to keep you driven through every

stage of your project to completion

Also keep in mind that developing your topic will be an ongoing cess As you undertake the process, in your search for more specifi c infor-

pro-mation, you may fi nd the need to change, broaden, narrow, refi ne, or tweak

your topic if the depth of material you need to defi ne your topic does not

fully exist

SEARCHING YOUR TOPIC

How well you search your topic and the way you search it is very important

to developing your idea Whether you decide to use the Internet or online

periodical and article databases, using search engines is the fastest possible

way to retrieve information on a variety of subjects or topics

Effectively Searching Your Topic

To effectively search your topic, fi rst you need to clearly defi ne it Write a

clear, short sentence that summarizes your search topic In other words, say

what you want to fi nd your information on Example: I would like to write

about the increasing problem of teenage pregnancy in the United States

Having summarized your topic, pick out the keywords that best describe your concept and that make up your search topic In the case of the above

example, three concepts refl ect the main idea of your paper: teenage,

preg-nancy, and United States Using these terms, you want to enter these exact

words to search your topic on various search engines or online databases

Your search results will list every available Web page or document featuring

your three terms in their description The sources listed will include links to

each described Web site By reviewing the summary of the Web sites listed,

you can visit those sites that seem relevant and determine if they apply to

your subject or not (Note: Often, sites will contain links to other related

Web sites and resources that you also can review)

When searching your topic, remember this: No search engine covers everything online They allow you to search for different things in different

Tiêu đề	The Facts on File Guide to Research
Tác giả	Jeff Lenburg
Trường học	Facts On File, Inc.
Chuyên ngành	Research Methodology
Thể loại	handbook
Năm xuất bản	2010
Thành phố	New York

Định dạng
Số trang	755
Dung lượng	8,78 MB