Dictionary of sport and exercise science part 2

149 Olympic Movementoedema intercellular tissue spaces oestrogen sexual characteristics in females at puberty oestrogen inhibitor oestrogen, used as a sports supplement and in the treatm

the International Amateur Athletics Federation.)

nap

nap noun (in horse racing) a tip for a horse that is very likely to win

naprapathy

ligaments and muscles to assist the body’s natural regenerative ability

narcotic

cocaine, that may produce effects ranging from pain relief and sleep to stupor, coma andconvulsions

narcotic analgesic

to continue to train despite injury

parts of a nation are involved

national sport

part of its culture

natriuresis

natural additive

than a synthesised chemical

nature cure

and remedies in order to allow the body’s own natural powers of healing and protection

to treat illness or disease

nature-identical

iden-tical to one naturally occurring in food

result of disease or injury

necrotic

negative 142

negative

negative attitude

decrease the chance of succeeding

negative energy balance

on a day-to-day basis than he or she consumes, leading to weight loss

negative thinking

bad things that may happen

neoprene

for making wetsuits

nerve

forms part of the network that connects the brain and spinal cord to the body’s organs 2.

the sensitive tissue in the root of a tooth

impulses, e.g an axon

nerves, spinal cord, ganglia and nerve centres

nervous tic

sometimes a symptom of nervousness or a nervous disease

mesh-netball

goals are scored by throwing a ball through a raised net Players can hand or throw theball to each other but not run with it

net cord

the opponent’s side In the case of a serve, the server retakes the shot

net dietary protein energy ratio

the amount of protein contained and the quality of it Abbreviation NDpE

net protein retention

effi-ciency ratio with the weight loss of a test group fed no protein Abbreviation NPR

net protein utilisation

its biological value and its digestibility Abbreviation NPU

143 neuroscience

nettle tea

detoxifying the body

neural

neural arch

the spinal cord passes

makes the brain function

neurasthenia

irritable and extremely fatigued

the nervous system

neurodegenerative

disease or Parkinson’s disease that causes damage to the nerves

neuroendocrinology

system, the endocrine system, and hormones

from worrying, e.g chlorpromazine hydrochloride

Also called myoneural junction

neuron

neuropathy

system (NOTE: The plural is neuropathies.)

neuropeptide Y

behav-iour and appetite

neurophysiology

neuroscience

nervous system, of systems within the brain such as vision and hearing, and of iour produced by the brain Also called neurobiology

behav-neurosecretion 144

neurosecretion

secre-tion of an active substance by nerve cells

neurotoxic

neurotoxicity

functioning of nerve tissue

neurotoxin

nerve tissue

neurotransmission

or between a nerve cell and a muscle

especially the area between the linemen of American football teams or the middle area

of an ice hockey rink between the two blue lines

niacin

yeast, beans, peas and bread, lack of which can cause mental disorders and pellagra.Also called nicotinic acid

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

increased blood flow to the muscles Abbreviation NO

nitrogen-free extract

only sugars and starches Abbreviation NFE

nitrogen narcosis

increased nitrogen in the blood This occurs in deep-sea divers exposed to pressuresseveral times that of the atmosphere

down on the front end of the board

non-aerobic exercise

respi-ration and heart rate, e.g stretching

non-competitive

involve any element of competition

145 norming

non-dietary polysaccharides

non-displaced fracture

in alignment with each other

non-energy-dependent

more than movement and so does not require a large amount of energy metabolism, e.g.golf

non-essential

diet

non-essential amino acids

body and so do not need to be obtained in the diet 쒁 essential amino acids

non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug

not contain a steroid substance Abbreviation NSAID

or championship is not at stake

non-weight-bearing

any weight and so encourages the strengthening of bone fibres

non-zero-sum competition

may achieve something, e.g a position on a league table

noradrenaline

acts as a vasoconstrictor and is used for maintaining blood pressure in shock, rhage or hypotension

fitted to the skis at the toe only

Nordic Walking

out, using poles for balance

norethisterone

suffered by female athletes

norming

in which the members of the team agree on basic principles and each brings his or herbehaviour into line with that of the others

nosebleed 146

nosebleed

by sneezing, by blowing the nose hard or by high blood pressure (informal ) Also called

body grow, e.g a protein, a fat or a vitamin

nutrient-dense

minerals and comparatively low in calories

nutrification

signif-icant difference to the diet

nutrigenomics

influ-ences act together on a human or an animal, and how this information can be used toboost productivity and health

a food product, often used on food labelling in the UK

nutritional programme

aim, e.g muscle building, weight loss or recovery from illness

for optimum health or to identify any intolerances

nutritional therapy

some-times using vitamin and mineral pills

nutritional value

nutrition claim

the nutritional content of the food inside

nutrition consultant

support a particular lifestyle

nutrition insecurity

it difficult to get all essential nutrients

nutritionist

diets

O

O noun a human blood type of the ABO system containing the O antigen Someone withthis type of blood can donate to all other types in the group but can receive only type Oblood

obdurator nerve

inflam-mation in the region

obese

diabetes and heart disease

the cue ball

OBLA

OBLA abbreviation onset of blood lactate accumulation

obliques

the ribs to the pelvis

observational learning

situ-ation so as to learn by seeing others perform

obstruction

of a passage or blood vessel

occupational activity levels

their job, affecting their dietary energy requirements

like-odometer

149 Olympic Movement

oedema

intercellular tissue spaces

oestrogen

sexual characteristics in females at puberty

oestrogen inhibitor

oestrogen, used as a sports supplement and in the treatment of breast cancer

oestrogen replacement

triad, which regulates the monthly cycle and slows bone loss

the regular skiing runs

off season

beginning of the next

off-side

off-side trap

movement upfield in order to catch attacking players offside

000

000 noun 1 (in golf) a small wooden or plastic peg with one pointed and one cuppedend, inserted in the ground to hold a ball 2. an area on a golf course where play for anew hole begins 3. a plastic device that supports a football or rugby ball on the ground

in a position for kicking 4. a mark aimed at in curling, quoits and some other games

olecranon

elbow to form the elbow’s hard projecting point

partic-ular foods have on a person

down on the rear end of the board

Olympic Games

intended to promote international goodwill, held every four years since 1896 in differentcities around the world

Olympic Movement

rules of the Olympic Charter

omega-3 fatty acid 150

omega-3 fatty acid

whole grains, used in the prevention of such conditions as high cholesterol, heart diseaseand arthritis

omega-6 fatty acid

skin problems and hormonal imbalances

one rep max

1RM

1RM noun the maximum weight that a person can lift for a single rep of any given cise Full form one rep max

exer-onion skin

onset of blood lactate accumulation

is no longer enough oxygen being supplied to the muscle, leading to a build-up of lacticacid causing pain and tiredness Abbreviation OBLA

on-side

within the rules of the game

open fracture

open skill

circum-stances in which it is performed, as in team ball games Compare closed skill

any muscle that counteracts the motion of another

against 2. a movement of the hand muscles in which the tip of the thumb is made totouch the tip of another finger so as to hold something

ORAC abbreviation oxygen radical absorbance capacity

oral rehydration salts

fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides on land that itself has been organic for two years

organotrophic

orienteering

Competitors make their way through unfamiliar terrain using a compass and a graphical map

topo-ornithine

therefore involved in the disposal of excess nitrogen

ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate

as a sports supplement to build muscle Abbreviation OKG

151 osteomalacia

oropharyngeal airway

maintain airway patency

oropharynx

(NOTE: The plural is oropharynxes or oropharynges.)

orotic acid

of urea, used as a sports supplement

orthopaedic

bones or joints 2. referring to or used in orthopaedics

orthopaedics

of disorders of the bones, joints, ligaments or muscles

orthopaedic surgeon

disorders of the bones, joints, ligaments and muscles

orthorexia

extreme weight loss as so many foods are rejected

orthoses

orthotics

fitting of devices such as braces in the treatment of orthopaedic disorders쐽 plural noun

supports for the arch of the foot, worn inside the shoe during exercise

Osgood-Schlatter disease

painful bump below the knee, caused by excessive sporting activity putting strain on thearea during the teenage growth spurt

osmolality

osmosis

semi-permeable membrane to another part where there is a higher concentration of molecules

with calcium salts, or be changed in this way

osteitis

osteitis pubis

caused by repetitive activity such as running or jumping

osteoarthritis

char-acterised by inflamed joints which become stiff and painful

osteochondrosis

poor circulation, which can lead to pain and a tendency to suffer overuse injuries

osteoclasis

occurs during normal growth of bone or as part of healing at a fracture site

to absorb calcium caused by a vitamin D deficiency

calcifica-tion of blood from a haematoma

2. any disease of bone (NOTE: The plural is osteopathies.)

owing to low levels of oestrogen, lack of calcium and lack of physical exercise Alsocalled brittle bone disease

osteotomy

(NOTE: The plural is osteotomies.)

-ostosis

otitis externa

becomes infected from exposure to dirty water

out

out adjective 1. unable to take part any longer in a game or sport 2 (in baseball) retiredfrom attacking play쐽 noun in baseball, a play that retires a batter or base runner

outfield

shorter grass of the square and the wicket

out of shape

outside

further from the centre of the field than another position of the same name

shoulder and rotating forward 2. thrown or done with the arm raised above the shoulderand rotating forward

leading to excessive excretion of sodium in the urine

overload

overload principle

are comfortably capable of, in order to force your body to improve and adapt

overnutrition

condition such as obesity or hypervitaminosis

overpitch

making a shot easy

153 oxygen-depleted

overplay

a ball too hard or too far

which can lead to unexplained underperformance syndrome

overshoot

overstrain

capacity, especially with the result that damage, injury or breakdown occurs

overstretch

injury or damage

overthinking

elements of a particular skill, with the result that performance is impaired

overthrow

intended to reach

overtrain

especially before a competition, with a resulting decrease in effectiveness

opposing team, usually as a result of a miskick, mishit or deflection off another player.Abbreviation o.g.

oxidase

oxidative capacity

during an aerobic workout

oxidative stress

metabolisation

oxycalorimeter

and carbon dioxide produced when a food is burned

oxygen

life (NOTE: The chemical symbol is O.)

oxygenate

oxygen consumption

respi-ratory system and use it for the aerobic breakdown of glucose

oxygen debt

stores after they become depleted by exercise such as running

oxygen-depleted

oxygen toxicity 154

oxygen toxicity

properties of different foodstuffs Abbreviation ORAC

oxygen toxicity

oxygen at a high pressure, as may occur when scuba diving

especially in large cites, that can damage bodily tissues and reduce a person’s VO2Maxover time

set pace to help other runners set their pace 2. a battery-operated electrical deviceinserted into the body to deliver small regular shocks that stimulate the heart to beat in

spine, skull and legs, with the result that they become curved

pain

pain noun the feeling of severe discomfort that a person has when hurt (NOTE: Pain can

be used in the plural to show that it recurs: She has pains in her left leg.)

pain barrier

especially as experienced by an athlete

Pan Arab Games

to participants from all Arabic-speaking countries

pancreas

digestive enzymes and important hormones, including insulin

pangamic acid

tiredness, sometimes called vitamin B15

Panner’s disease

and teenagers who participate in a lot of sports

para-amino benzoic acid

acid cannot be synthesised Abbreviation PABA

paraben 156

paraben

suggests that parabens can play a role in the development of breast tumours.)paraesthesia

on the skin

paragliding

wearing a rectangular parachute that allows control of direction in the descent to theground

parallel bars

hori-zontal bars parallel to each other and supported on vertical posts 2. an event in agymnastics competition that uses the parallel bars

Paralympian

Paralympic Games

for athletes with disabilities, held every four years in the same year as the OlympicGames

paralyse

weakening or damaging muscles or nerves so that they cannot function, or by using adrug (NOTE: The US spelling is paralyze.)

paralysis

motor nerves have been damaged or the muscles have been weakened

parapente

framework of inflatable tubes that give it a semirigid structure, allowing it to be steeredlike a hang-glider

parapenting

paraplegia

trunk, often as a result of disease or injury of the spine

paraplegic

of the body and legs

parasailing

air from a platform at the back of a moving motorboat or from the water behind the boatand is towed along

parascending

along by a speedboat or land vehicle, rises into the air, and descends independentlyusing the parachute

paraskiiing

air using a parapente made of inflatable tubes of fabric

paraskiing

air using a light steerable parachute (parapente) made of inflatable tubes of fabric

parasympathetic

parasympathetic nervous system

nervous system Its messages reach the organs of the body through the cranial and sacralnerves to the eyes, the gastrointestinal system and other organs 쒁 sympathetic nervous system

parathyroid hormone

the wall of the thyroid gland and secrete a hormone which controls the way in whichcalcium and phosphorus are deposited in bones

parenteral nutrition

as a supplement or as a complete source of nutrition for a patient

pass verb to throw, kick or hit a ball or other object to another player during a game쐽

noun an act of throwing, kicking or hitting a ball or other object to another player in asport

pass back

of your own team who is closer to your own goal than you are

passenger

passing shot

the reach of an opponent at the net

passive stretch

or a partner to hold the limb in place Compare active stretch

patella

patellar reflex

crossed and the patellar tendon is tapped sharply

patellar subluxation

of the inner or outer thigh muscles

patellar tendinitis

connects the kneecap to the shin bone, caused by repeated jumping as in some sportingactivities

patellar tendon

pathological fracture

damage or disease, with the result that it breaks easily

pathology

disease

patterning

designed to strengthen specific muscles and nerves

peak noun the highest point, e.g of achievement or fitness

peak bone mass

matura-tion of the skeleton Abbreviamatura-tion PBM

peak fitness

and injury-free period of training

peak-flow meter

pear shaped

of the subcutaneous fat deposits are carried around the hips and bottom

pecs

pecs plural noun same as pectorals

pectoral girdle 158

pectoral girdle

upper arm bones are attached Also called shoulder girdle

recording the number of steps taken

pellagra

pyri-doxine from the vitamin B complex, where patches of skin become inflamed and theperson has anorexia, nausea and diarrhoea

pelota

wall with the racket, wooden bat or the hand, or launched against it using a basket-likedevice strapped to the wrist

pelvic floor

muscle

pelvic girdle

attached Also called hip girdle

pelvis

formed of the hip bones at the front and sides and the sacrum and coccyx at the back 2.

the internal space inside this

penalise

the opposing team or player

penalty

sport or game, e.g a free shot at the goal awarded to the opposing side Also called

penalty shot 2 (in football and some other sports) a goal scored from a penalty kick

penalty area

goal-keeper is allowed to handle the ball

penalty kick

opposing team’s goal, defended only by its goalkeeper, awarded for some types of foulwithin the penalty area 2 (in rugby) a kick worth three points that can be aimed at thegoal after a serious foul by a member of the opposing side

pendulum stretch

falling loosely in front, holding a weighted ball, and the arms swung in a rotating ment allowing momentum to stretch the muscles

move-penicillin

infec-tion

pennant

championship 2. a championship that is symbolised by a pennant

pentathlete

pentathlon

the contestants compete in five different events, usually sprint, hurdles, long jump,discus and javelin 쒁 triathlon, heptathlon, decathlon

pep talk

a sports team (informal)

peptide

peptide hormone

size, strength and muscle growth

159 periostitis

perceived exertion scale

rated, according to the exerciser’s subjective judgement

perception

surrounding environment or situation

perfectionism

that is less than perfect

perfectionist

perfection

perfluorocarbon

system, used in the manufacture of blood substitutes

perforated eardrum

be caused by a heavy blow or by pressure inequalities as when diving

performance

either in relation to others or in relation to personal goals or standards

performance accomplishment

achieved, e.g a victory or personal record, which gives him or her feelings of confidenceabout a forthcoming competition

performance assessment

perform-ance by a professional

performance decline

caused by fatigue, stress or overthinking

performance diminuation

performance enhancer

bursts of high performance

performance last

with high arches Compare straight last, standard last

performance theory

both in the short and long term

performing

model, in which the team is a tight unit, able to perform its duties without conflict

perfuse

through blood vessels

perfusion

tissue, e.g the flow of blood into lung tissue

pericardium

perichondrial haematoma

repeated traumas that cause the formation of blood clots in the connective tissue

athletes, working around competitions

peripheral heart action 160

peripheral heart action

exer-cisers, in which separate groups of muscles are worked in turn to stimulate the tion Abbreviation PHA

circula-peripheral nerves

from the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

are linked and governed by the central nervous system Abbreviation PNS

peripheral vascular disease

supply the arms and legs

peristalsis

relaxation of muscles along an organ such as the intestine or oesophagus, which pushesthe contents of the organ along it Compare antiperistalsis

leg and support the ankle

peroxisome

substances such as alcohol and prevent them from doing any harm

persistence

persistent

some considerable time

personal best

activity

personal fitness plan

personalised nutrition

individual, taking into account considerations such as state of health, lifestyle, age andgender

pes anserine bursitis

pes anserinus

pethidine

widely used in childbirth

petrisage

the palms and fingertips

dispensing or sale of drugs used in medicine

161 physical challenge

pharmacokinetics

time, including their absorption, metabolism and elimination

pharmacological

pharmacology

they react biologically at receptor sites in the body

pharmafood

pharynx

oesophagus (NOTE: The plural is pharynges or pharynxes.)

phaseolamin

absorbed by the digestive tract, sold as a diet aid

phenolic acid

phenylalanine

to a non-essential amino acid by the body

phenylephrine

pressure in cases of hypotension

phenylpropanolamine

decon-gestant and appetite suppressant

indicating possible formation of kidney stones

phosphocreatine

for muscle contraction

phosphoglucomutase

of glycogen, providing energy that can be used or stored

the result must be determined from a photograph taken as they cross the finish line

part of their day

physical activity level

under-takes each day, which is used in calculating their daily calorie requirements tion PAL

Abbrevia-physical challenge

makes it difficult to engage in the activities of daily life

physical conditioning 162

physical conditioning

physical education

physical exercise taught to children at school Abbreviation PE

physical examination

is healthy

physical jerks

e.g press-ups (dated informal)

physically challenged

makes it difficult to perform some or all of the basic tasks of daily life

physical medicine

injuries or physical disabilities and their treatment by external means, including heat,massage or exercise, rather than by medication or surgery

physical therapist

physical therapy

and other physical means

physical training

physiological

physiological cross-sectional area

individual muscle, measured by dividing its volume by its length Abbreviation PCSA

physiological psychology

interac-tions between physical or chemical processes in the body and mental states or behaviour

heat treatment, infrared lamps or other external means, e.g to restore strength or tion after a disease or injury

devel-opment of the deep abdominal muscles to control body movement and protect the back

pinched nerve

maintains a steady pressure on it, causing a painful tingling sensation and possibly atemporary loss of mobility

163 plateau

piriformis syndrome

against the piriformis muscle

piste

conditions

pitch

two sets of stumps 3 (in baseball ) the act of throwing the ball to the batter 4. a particularway or manner of throwing something, especially a ball쐽 verb to throw or hurl a ball,particularly as part of a game or sport

that stimulate other glands

placebo

used in tests and trials

placebo effect

is having a treatment, even if this is not true, caused by the hope that the treatment will

be effective

placement

object 2 US (in American football) a place kick for a field goal or point after a down, or the positioning of the ball for such a kick

touch-plane

plank hold

the upper body on the forearms, and holds the position for as long as possible with thebody perfectly straight

plantar

plantar fasciitis

stretching tendons that are not properly warmed up

plantar flexion

plasma

lymph with no corpuscles 3. cytoplasm

plasma expander

count in athletes who have artificially raised it with erythropoietin, allowing them topass drug tests

plaster cast

immobilise the fracture site during healing

plastic surgery

espe-cially external damage to the body, remedying impairments, or improving a person’sappearance

plate

to hold the broken parts together 3. same as home plate

plateau

stable and it is difficult to make further improvement (NOTE: The plural form is

plateaux.) 쐽 verb to reach a point in athletic development where it is difficult to makefurther improvements

platelet 164

platelet

rapidly after an injury, encouraging the coagulation of blood Also called thrombocyte

plates

play

play verb 1. to take part in an enjoyable activity, especially a game, simply for the sake

of amusement 2. to take part in a game or a sporting activity 3. to compete againstsomeone in a game or sporting event 4. to assign a player to a particular position on thefield, or be assigned such a position 5. to hit or kick an object such as a ball, puck orshuttlecock in a particular direction 6. to make a shot or stroke in a sporting event쐽 noun

1. the action during a game or series of games 2 US an action or move in a game

play-by-play

especially in a sports contest 2. same as commentary

machines and emphasises callisthenics and repeated movements such as jumping highoff the ground

tennis, squash or handball

podiatry

point

and parts of numbers (NOTE: 3.256: say ‘three point two five six’; his temperature was 38.7: say ‘thirty-eight point seven’.) 3. a mark or score 4 (in cricket) a fielding position

on the off side, level with the batsman’s wicket and at a distance from it that varies

between three or four yards (silly point) and about thirty yards (deep point), or the player

in that position 5 (in basketball) the position in front court taken by the guard whodirects the offensive

to swing themselves up and over a very high crossbar 2. a jump in the pole vault

polo

polo noun 1. a game played by teams on horseback, with players using long-handledmallets to drive a wooden ball into a goal 2. a game similar to polo, e.g one in whichthe participants are mounted on bicycles rather than horses

polyavitaminosis

typical of vegetable and fish oils Compare saturated fat, unsaturated fat

polyuria

pommel horse

off the floor and has two curved handles on the top 2. the men’s gymnastics event thatinvolves balancing and manoeuvring on a pommel horse

POMS

POMS abbreviation Profile of Mood States

ponderal index

measure of how fat a person is

bowler It runs parallel to the wicket and lies 1.2 m/4 ft in front of it

porphyria

porphyrin

necessary for the health of the blood and bone marrow

portion

portion control

portions at mealtimes and not snacking between meals

portion size

position

a person’s body is arranged

positive energy balance

energy on a day-to-day basis than he or she uses, leading to weight gain

positive thinking

only on good things that may happen

possession

post

post verb 1. to score something, e.g points, in a game or sport 2. in horseriding, to bob

up and down in the saddle in time with a horse’s trot

post cava

heart

post-concussive syndrome

confusion that may be experienced for some time after a mild head trauma

posterior 166

posterior

body

posterior cruciate ligament

bone to the thigh bone, often torn in sports injuries

posterior dislocation

moves behind the socket

posterior scalene

posterior tibial tendonitis

usually caused by overpronation while running

postsynaptic

membrane that receives signals transmitted across a synapse from another nerve cell

postural

postural sway

muscle contractions involved in maintaining proper posture

posture

holds his or her body when standing

potassium

minerals (NOTE: The chemical symbol is K.)

potential energy

position in an electric, magnetic, or gravitational field, or because of its configuration.Symbol V, Ep

Pott’s fracture

displace-ment of the ankle and foot outwards

same time, such as the pullover쐽 verb to perform a power lift

powerlifting

the bench press and the deadlift

power play

interna-tional matches where restrictions are placed on the positioning of fielders 2. a tactic ofconcentrating players in one area, especially an attack in American football thatinvolves extra blockers preceding the person carrying the ball 3. a situation or period oftime in ice hockey during which one team has a numerical advantage because the otherteam has one or more players in the penalty box

arms are swung backwards and forwards, sometimes using weights, in order to increasethe heart rate

167 prize fight

practice

in order to improve performance 2. the fact of doing something, as opposed to thinking

or talking about it

pradal seray

prebiotic

promotes the growth of desirable microflora in the large bowel 쒁 probiotic

pre-competition

done immediately before competing, e.g carb loading

precursor

pre-game

competing in a team game, e.g reviewing tactics and receiving a pep talk

prejudice

one of a particular religion, ethnicity, nationality, sexual preference or social status

preliminary

boxing or wrestling 2. an eliminatory contest staged to select the finalists in a sportingcompetition

premiership

this

preparatory arousal

using visualisation or a pep talk

prepatellar bursitis

commonly suffered by wrestlers and volleyball players who regularly fall onto theirknees

prescription drug

legally valid prescription

prescriptive zone

typi-cally between 5 and 25 degrees centigrade

press

then to above the head without moving the legs

pressor

press-up

with the hands under the shoulders, the body is pushed off the floor until the arms arestraight

pressure point

to be cut off by pressing with the finger

pre-stretch

prevalence

that is injured at any given time

preventive

especially to stop a disease or infection from spreading

primary curve

alignment

primary protein energy malnutrition

of protein and energy in the diet

prize ring 168

prize ring

pro-am

noun a competition in which professional players compete against amateurs, or in whichprofessionals and amateurs compete together

proanthocyanidin

can be used as a dietary supplement to enhance immunity and to strengthen connectivetissue

probiotic

benefi-cial to humans and animals, e.g by restoring the balance of microflora in the digestivetract 쒁 prebiotic

쐽 noun an expert player of a sport who is paid to teach other players in a club

professional foul

prevent the opposing team gaining a potentially crucial advantage in field position orgoal-scoring opportunity

proficient

Profile of Mood States

of an athlete and diagnose burnout or other factors that may hold back performance.Abbreviation POMS

reaching a higher standard쐽 verb to move to the next round of a competition

progression

progressive muscular relaxation

each muscle is tensed and relaxed in turn Abbreviation PMR

progressive overload

your comfort zone and progressively build up to a stronger intensity

Prohibited List

Code, published yearly

prohormone

body-building supplement as an attempt to boost the body’s natural supply of that hormone

prolapse

from its usual position

promote

promoter

tries to make an athlete more widely known or more successful, e.g to secure ship deals

169 protopathic

pronation

cush-ioning the foot from impact

pronator

prone

position of the arm with the palm facing downwards

injuries occurring, rather than to aid recovery

proprioception

to each other, or of your own body in relation to the position of others

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

stretching that is thought to increase the range of motion of the joints by applying ance during the stretch that is then relaxed Abbreviation PNF

resist-proprioceptor

and tendons as they move

prostaglandin

that control smooth muscle contraction, inflammation and body temperature, are ciated with the sensation of pain and have an effect on the nervous system, blood pres-sure and in particular the uterus at menstruation

asso-prosthesis

amputation

protein

elements in food that is necessary to keep the human body working properly

protein efficiency ratio

of weight gained per gram of protein ingested Abbreviation PER

protein energy malnutrition

person’s diet, or their inability to absorb them from food, leading to wasting and generaldeterioration of health Abbreviation PEM

protein intolerance

protein powder

proteins, made into a drink

protein retention

by the body

protein retention efficiency

scale Abbreviation PRE

protein score

amino acids as compared to egg protein Also called amino acid score

protein shake

protein supplement

protein, usually from milk, used by bodybuilders

proteolysis

protopathic

sensations 2. used for describing a first symptom or lesion 3. used for describing the firstsign of partially restored function in an injured nerve왘 compare epicritic

protractor 170

protractor

provocation test

which various movements are performed to see which of them cause pain

proximal

the body

psoas

which help to move the hip joint

especially voluntary muscle action

ends and adolescence and sexual maturity begin and the sex glands become active

pull verb 1. to make a muscle move in a wrong direction 2. to hit a ball farther left for

a right-handed player or farther right for a left-handed player than intended

pull away

the margin over an opponent

pulldown

fixed machine and the exerciser makes it rise towards the ceiling by pulling cablesdownwards

pullover

weight from behind the head to over the chest, keeping the arms straight

pull-up

horizontal bar, and the body is lifted by pulling upwards with the arms Also called chin, chin-up

pulmonary

pulmonary artery

from the right side of the heart to the lungs, the only arteries that carry deoxygenatedblood

pulmonary circulation

pulmonary arteries to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart through thepulmonary veins

pulmonary oedema

impairment of respiratory function

pulmonary valve

171 pyruvic acid

pulmonary vein

lungs to the left side of the heart

pulse

pumping blood through the body

to improve their punching skills (NOTE: The US term is punching bag.)

to light following a head injury, indicative of concussion or eye trauma

purgative

some-times abused in order to lose weight

purge

purine

quantities of which can cause gout

push press

head, using a small jump to create momentum

push-up

pyramiding

while decreasing the number of reps performed

Q angle

the relationship and alignment between the pelvis, leg and foot

quad

quad noun same as quadriceps femoris

quadrathlon

power, consisting of a standing long jump, a triple jump, a 30-metre sprint and an heard shot put

over-quadratus

quadratus insertion strain

muscle to the kneecap, caused by overuse

quadratus lumborum

pelvis to the lowest rib

quadriceps

the leg

quadriceps femoris

to extend the leg

quadriplegia

impaired to some extent

quadriplegic

quad rugby

suffering from quadriplegia

qualifier

compe-tition and earns the right to take part in the next stage 2. a preliminary round of a tition

compe-quality

single-mindedness

quantitative digital radiography

whether a person has a bone disease such as osteoporosis

Queensbury rules

such rules as the size of the ring, the length of the rounds and the principle of counting

to 10 to determine a knockout

Quetlet index

rabbit

early part of a race

race

race noun a contest to decide who is the fastest쐽 verb 1. to compete with someone in

a contest of speed 2. when your heart races, it beats much faster than usual, e.g because

of nervousness or excitement

racewalk

racewalking

walkers to keep at least one foot on the ground at all times

abil-ities, and that some races are inherently superior or inferior

racist

racket

badminton, squash and similar games The frame is usually made of wood, aluminium

or graphite and the strings of gut or nylon

racket abuse

which can be penalised

racket sport

tennis, badminton or squash

racquetball

players using short-handled rackets and a ball larger than the ball used in squash orracquets

racquets

four-walled indoor court using long-handled racquets and a small hard ball

radial nerve

upper arm and the outer side of the forearm

radial pulse

just above the wrist

radioactive tracer

during scintigraphy

and the wrist (NOTE: The plural is radii The other bone in the forearm is the ulna.)

rally

opponents or sides before a point is scored

rallycross

random practice

one before moving on to the next but coming back to it later

random skill

reacts to an unexpected stimulus

range of motion

moved comfortably Abbreviation ROM

rapid-adaptation training

training, flexibility exercises and cardiovascular work in order to confuse the body

rappel

rash vest

surfers under a wet suit to prevent skin irritation or by swimmers on its own to providesun protection

rate of perceived exertion

exer-ciser’s subjective judgement, from very light to very heavy Abbreviation RPE

rationale-motive behaviour therapy

therapy in which someone is encouraged to examine and change irrational thoughtpatterns and beliefs in order to reduce dysfunctional behaviour

raw food diet

catching a ball thrown by a partner

reaction time

first indication of a response

which the ball can be hit

rebound

basket in basketball or off the goalkeeper or goalpost in hockey, football or a similarsport 2. an upward movement or a recovery, especially after a setback

prevents its antagonist muscle from doing the same as it is forced to lengthen

175 reflection

recombinent

synthetically

Recommended Daily Allowance

amounts of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients that the government recommendspeople take in their food or otherwise every day to avoid ill health Abbreviation RDA, RDI

reconstruction

liga-ments in the body using grafts from other tissues

another stroke 2. the process of returning to health after being ill or injured

recovery diet

levels after the rigours of competition

recovery time

used as a measure of physical fitness

well-being, rather than to train for professional competition

rectilinear

rectus femoris

the quadriceps femoris 쒁 medial

recumbent bike

recurrent ankle sprain

loose, causing repeated injuries

red blood cell

the tissues and takes carbon dioxide from them Abbreviation RBC

red card

dismissing a player from the field for a serious infringement of the rules 쒁 green card, yellow card (NOTE: In some sports, a player who has been shown a red card may also

be banned from later games.)

rules are being followed, and penalises fouls or infringements쐽 verb to act as a referee

in a sport or game

reference nutrient intake

reference protein

is measured, commonly egg protein

referred pain

reflection

actions, events or decisions

motor neurone that in turn is linked to an effector muscle

reflexology

and hands in order to promote relaxation and healing elsewhere in the body

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

that causes stiffness and burning pain in the hands

reflex trainer

unpredictable way, used for training players to have quick reactions

refractory period

contracted, when they cannot contract again

replacing tissues and organs by using advanced materials and methodologies such ascloning

the board in which the rider’s left foot is nearer the front end

regulatory body

govern-ment, that makes rules and sets standards for an industry and oversees the activities ofcompanies within it

rehab

chemical substance (informal)

flexi-bility and overall fitness while recovering from an injury

electrolytes, used for treatment when a person is dehydrated, e.g because of illness orstrenuous exercise

reigning

particular sporting event

reiki

from the practitioner to the patient to enhance energy and reduce stress, pain and fatigue

177 respect

relative protein value

support nitrogen balance in the body Abbreviation RPV

relay

relay race

runs or swims only part of the total distance to be covered In a running race, the currentrunner must pass a baton to the person running the next section

release drill

to improve performance

relegate

competi-tion, usually because it is one of the least successful teams in the higher division

relegation

of being moved into a lower group

remedial

has a physical disability

remedial massage

some-body who is ill or injured

repair

repetitions

repetitive strain injury

repolarisation

muscle cell membrane following depolarisation during passage of a nerve impulse ormuscle contraction

reps

reps plural noun movements that are repeated exactly, usually a particular number oftimes Also called repetitions

rerun

first occasion has been disallowed because of an infringement

reserve clause

stating that the club, not the sportsperson, has the exclusive right to renew the contract

residual volume

exhalation

resistance

bacte-rium or virus to remain unaffected by a drug 3. opposition to a force

resistance band

resistance training

resistance such as a weighted dumbbell or barbell

resistance tube

various exercises

resistin

causing levels of sugar in the bloodstream to rise

resistive boots

when performing water aerobics

resistive cuffs

buoyancy when performing water aerobics

respect

consideration or thoughtfulness

respiration 178

respiration

the mouth or nose Also called breathing

respiratory acidosis

respiratory alkalosis

respiratory dead space

completely empty on expiration and so cannot receive new air

respiratory quotient

volume of oxygen absorbed by an organism, cell or tissue over a given time period

respiratory system

and exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide

respiratory tract

including the lungs, trachea, mouth and nose

respire

respirometer

oxygen is taken into the body, delivered to tissues and cells, and used by them

rest, ice, compression, elevation

injury, by not putting any further pressure on it, applying an ice pack, wrapping anelastic bandage to control tissue swelling, and elevating the injured part to drain excessfluid Abbreviation RICE

resting

time to recover

resting energy expenditure

body’s normal function while at rest

resting heart rate

resting metabolic rate

RMR

rest pause training

allowing the exerciser to perform more than the normal set number without stopping torest

espe-cially by cardiac massage and artificial respiration

resynthesis

retake

during the first attempt

retina

retinol

for good vision

retraining

inactivity, e.g after recovering from injury

179 RICE

retrieve

retroactive inhibition

degenerate when new learning in a similar area is acquired

return

some-thing to do so 2. in sports such as tennis, to hit a ball, especially a service, back to anopponent쐽 noun an instance of hitting or playing the ball back to an opponent in a sportsuch as tennis

reuptake

them Prozac™ and similar drugs work by inhibiting reuptake of the neurotransmitterserotonin so that circulating levels are high and depression is eased

infec-tion nor injury is a contributing cause

rheumatoid arthritis

any joint, but especially the hands, feet and hips, making them swollen and inflamed 쒁

the shoulder blades

movements with the use of apparatus such as ribbons and hoops

impor-tant coenzyme in many biochemical processes, found in foods such as spinach, eggs,milk and liver

RICE

RICE abbreviation rest, ice, compression, elevation

ridge 180

ridge

right-footed

especially in playing sports such as football 2. performed using the right foot

right-footer

right-handed

in playing sports such as tennis 2. performed using the right hand

right-hander

hand

right wing

of a playing area when facing an opponent, or a player who plays in this area

perform gymnastic routines

ringworm

infec-tion spreads out in a circle from a central point Also called tinea

specialised equipment and often in a team

roid rage

taking too many anabolic steroids to improve athletic performance (slang)

rolfing

control the formation of scar tissue

Rollerblades

in one straight line

rollerblading

roller hockey

players wearing roller skates

ROM

ROM abbreviation range of motion

roster

armed forces, often detailing their duties and the times when they are to be carried out