1 MỤC LỤC MỤC LỤC 1 BÀI GIẢNG ÔN THI KIỂM TOÁN BTC 2020 1 UNIT 1 TÌM HIỂU FORMAT ĐỀ THI VÀ BÀI THI MẪU 1 TỔNG HỢP CÁC KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP CẦN ÔN TẬP 8 UNIT 2 LOẠI TỪ MANG NGHĨA TỪ VỰNG 9 2 1 VERBS ĐỘNG.
TÌM HIỂU FORMAT ĐỀ THI VÀ BÀI THI MẪU
Đề thi gồm hai phần chính: đọc hiểu và viết, với thời gian làm bài 120 phút Nội dung đề thi tập trung kiến thức phổ thông về chính trị, kinh tế, tài chính, kế toán, văn hóa và xã hội, nhằm đánh giá khả năng nhận diện thông tin, phân tích tình huống và trình bày quan điểm của thí sinh qua cả hai phần.
Phần I: (Part I): Đọc hiểu (Reading) (40 điểm)
Bài 1: (Section 1): Cho 20 - 25 từ hoặc cụm từ không đánh dấu A
Đề thi bao gồm phần B C) với 15 câu chưa hoàn chỉnh; thí sinh chọn một từ hoặc cụm từ thích hợp để điền vào chỗ trống và hoàn thiện câu Đề thi có thể ở dạng bài điền từ hoặc dạng Multiple Choice, nơi thí sinh chọn đáp án đúng từ các lựa chọn có sẵn Mục tiêu của phần này là kiểm tra vốn từ vựng, ngữ pháp và khả năng nhận diện ngữ cảnh thông qua việc điền từ và lựa chọn đáp án.
1.0 điểm cho mỗi câu đúng
Bài 2: (Section 2): Cho 2 bài đọc, mỗi bài khoảng 80 - 100 từ, sau mỗi bài đó cho 5 câu hỏi Thí sinh đọc và trả lời hoặc chọn câu trả lời đúng
1.5 điểm cho mỗi câu đúng
Bài 3 (Section 3) giới thiệu một bài đọc khoảng 150 từ có 10 chỗ trống, yêu cầu thí sinh tự tìm và điền từ hoặc cụm từ phù hợp để hoàn chỉnh bài đọc Dạng bài tập này rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu, mở rộng vốn từ và khả năng suy luận ngữ cảnh, giúp người học nhận diện mối liên hệ giữa các câu và duy trì tính mạch lạc của toàn văn bản Kết quả là một bài đọc hoàn chỉnh có ý nghĩa thống nhất, phù hợp với nội dung đã cho và đáp ứng các tiêu chí chấm điểm như sự phù hợp của từ điền, sự liền mạch giữa các câu và khả năng hiểu ý chính.
1,0 điểm cho mỗi câu đúng
Phần II: (Part II): Viết (Writing) (40 điểm)
Bài 1: (Section 1): Dùng dạng thích hợp của từ cho sẵn trong ngoặc điền vào chỗ trống để hoàn thành câu Có câu mẫu
1.0 điểm cho mỗi câu đúng
Bài 2: (Section 2): Dựng câu có hướng dẫn (guided sentence) theo các từ cho sẵn Có câu mẫu Tổng số 10 câu
1.5 điểm cho mỗi câu đúng
Bài 3: (Section 3): Viết lại câu nhưng phải giữ nguyên ý chính của câu cho sẵn Có câu mẫu Tổng số 5 câu
1.0 điểm cho mỗi câu đúng
Bài 4: (Section 4): Cho 5 câu tiếng Việt và 5 câu tiếng Anh Mỗi câu khoảng 15 - 20 từ Thí sinh dịch 5 câu tiếng Việt ra tiếng Anh, 5 câu tiếng Anh ra tiếng Việt
1.5 điểm cho mỗi câu đúng
HỘI ĐỒNG THI KIỂM TOÁN
VIÊN VÀ KẾ TOÁN VIÊN
HÀNH NGHỀ NĂM ĐỀ THI VIẾT MÔN THI: ANH VĂN TRÌNH ĐỘ C
(Thời gian làm bài 120 phút)
Họ và tên thí sinh:
Số báo danh: Phòng thi số:
Họ tên & chữ ký giám thị 1 Họ tên & chữ ký giám thị 2 Số phách
Họ tên & chữ ký người chấm thi 1Họ tên & chữ ký người chấm thi 2 Số phách Điểm:
Making product under external evaluation for similar, despite without audited production, afford invested has taken estimation universe although had taken building accurate which to build make who inside.
1 An audit is an independent ……… of the company's financial records
2 His idea for a ……… was a genius one, but he didn't have enough money to make or produce it on his own
3 The auditor ensures that all statements made in the company’s financial statements are ……… and truthful
4 I had experience of working to deadlines and working ……… pressure
5 ……… I do not have work experience in finance, I have experience in working in an office environment
6 Many European airlines have recently ……… in American companies
7 One-off production is the activity of ……… unique products
8 He……….the accounting course before he became an independent auditor
9 He suggested ……… a double railway tunnel
10 Clara wanted to buy the coat, but it cost more than she could
11 I sometimes take John’s coat instead of my own, because the two of them look so…………
12 Sometimes the role of internal and ……… auditors can be confused
13 It’s unwise to buy new shoes and sandals ……… first trying them on
14 External auditors are certified public accountants, or CPAs, ……… work as independents of a business or organization
15 It is a legal requirement for all financial statements from public companies to be
Section 2: Read the following passages and do the tasks follow:
Passage 1: Read the following text and select the best answer A, B, C or D for each question after the text
David Jones, a 16-year-old computer programmer in Liverpool who designs computer games for a small firm that releases two new titles each month, earns about £35,000 a year but cannot obtain a bank cheque card until he turns 18 and has been told to wait two years Despite a high salary, bonuses and profit-sharing from inventing new programs under tight deadlines, he cannot drive, take out a mortgage, or obtain credit cards, and his biggest headache is what to do with his money He lives with his parents in a council house in Liverpool; his father is a bus driver To get him to work the five miles each day, his company pays £150 a month in taxi fares because David cannot drive.
David joined a Liverpool-based company four months ago, a year after leaving school with six O-levels and a stint in a computer shop He landed the job because the firm’s managers knew he had already written some programs He says £35,000 sounds like a lot, but that’s a pessimistic view, and he hopes his earnings will exceed that figure this year He spends part of his salary on records and clothes and sends his mother £20 a week, but most of his spare time is devoted to work.
Computing wasn’t part of our school curriculum, he said, but I had spent four years teaching myself from books and magazines in my spare time I knew what I wanted to do and never considered staying on at school, since most people in this field are fairly young anyway David added that he hoped to earn a million and see early retirement as a possibility, though you never know when the market might disappear.
1 Why is David different from other young people of his age?
A he earns on extremely high salary B he is not unemployed
C he does not go out much D he lives at home with his parents
A making the banks treat him as an adult B inventing computer games
C spending his salary D learning to drive
3 He was employed by the company because
A he had worked in a computer shop
B he had written some computer programs
D he had learnt to use computers at school
24 He left school after taking O-levels because
A he did not enjoy school
B he wanted to work with computers and staying at school did not help him
C he was afraid of getting too old to start computing
D he wanted to earn a lot of money
5 Why does David think he might retire early?
A you have to be young to write computer programs
B he wants to stop working when he is a millionaire
C he thinks computer games might not always sell so well
D he thinks his firm might go bankrupt
Passage 2: Read the following text and answer the questions followed the text
The Train’n Wheels program, an Environmental Defense Fund project, has arrived in southeast Los Angeles to support low-income communities with a gas-fueled shuttle service The eight-vehicle shuttle transports people from home or work to the nearest train stations, expanding mobility and easing commutes By reducing traffic congestion and pollution, the program also enhances job retention among low-income workers by making it easier to access transit.
According to economic analyst Michael Cameron, many low-income residents cannot reach certain jobs because car ownership is too expensive Train’n Wheels provides affordable transportation, opening up employment opportunities that were previously out of reach for these workers.
EDF's shuttle plan aims to pool commuters to cut pollution and conserve resources while delivering transportation improvements that do not increase costs for low-income riders By identifying where most shuttle riders would originate, EDF helps its primary sponsor, the Southeast Community Development Corporation, locate funding sources to back this community outreach program In this way, the initiative aligns environmental benefits with affordable transit and supports a sustainable funding strategy backed by the sponsoring organization.
1 What does EDF stand for?
2 How many vehicles does the shuttle have?
3 How can the service increase job retention?
4 Why can’t many of the low-income residents get to certain jobs?
5 What is one of the goals of the EDF when creating the shuttle plan?
Section 3: Read the letter below and think of ONE word which best fits each space
Marks & Spencer, the British food and clothes company, is the most famous British shop in the world At the moment, there (1) ………… 283 M&S shops in Britain, and other
There are stores in France, Belgium, Holland, Spain, and Portugal Currently, they are building a large new store in Paris on the Rue de Rivoli In North America, the Marks & Spencer Group owns Brooks Brothers and there are about fifty stores in Canada More and more people, from Hong Kong to Lisbon, are buying their clothes and food from M&S.
The company employs about 50,000 people worldwide Sales have increased by 80% over the last ten years, mainly due to expansion overseas Many of the shops abroad are franchises Owners of franchises buy all their stock from the company.
Marks & Spencer and pay the company a percentage of their turnover
Clothing varies by country, with retailers adjusting stock to local climate and body size In Thailand, for example, Marks & Spencer tends to stock more short-sleeved skirts to suit the warm weather In Japan, retailers offer smaller sizes reflecting the average body size of the population In Austria, retailers stock a wide range of larger-size clothing to meet demand Food departments also reflect regional tastes: many stores carry typically British items such as tea, cake and biscuits, while shops in Paris attract lunchtime crowds with sandwiches.
Section 1: The words in brackets can be used to form words that fit into the following sentences
Example: I this morning, and I was late for work (SLEEP)
Answer: I oversleptthis morning, and I was late for work
1 The company should seek to build customer ………, promote its website and add value (AWARE)
2 The more ……… you have about each college, the better choice you can make (INFORM)
3 It is the ……… of these committees to protect consumers
4 They are going to give their regular customer an ……… discount
5 There has been a ……… of 10% in the amount of money available for buying new books (REDUCE)
Section 2: Make all the changes and additions necessary to produce complete sentences from the following sets of words and phrases
Example: I / use / live / this / house / when / young
Answer: I used to live in this house when I was young
1 When/ decide/ future career/ a lot/ people/ not/ give/ accountancy/ a second thought
2 Accounting/ be/ backbone/ any organization/ offer/ a wide number of attractive careers within it
3 Working/ auditor/ be/ very different/ other accountancy work/ as/ there/ be/ no routine
4 Tax advisors/ can/ help/ clients/ lower/ tax bill/ thanks to/ their/ in-depth knowledge/ taxation law
5 A friend/ mine/ who/ recently/ return/ England/ advise me/ write/ you
6 I/ hope/ come/ England/ next year/ spend/ some months/ Oxford
7 In/ today’s/ paper/ it/ say/ we/ have/ election/ next year
8 I/ have to/ pay/ customs duty/ a carpet/ I/ bring in/ through/ Customs today
9 It/ be/ long/ film/ I/ have ever/ see/ :/ it/ last/ three hours
10 In/ memo/ all department managers/ ,/ the employees/ request/ more flexible/ working/ hour
Section 3: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it
Example : I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years
Answer : It’s years since I enjoyed myself so much
1 You need to submit your report by tomorrow morning
2 I’ve just received a very nice gift from one of my suppliers
3 We stopped ordering from them, because their products were badly designed
4 The project was so unviable that the bank decided not to give them a loan
5 I have never been to such a long meeting
Section 4: Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese or English
1 A lot of smaller companies use bookkeepers for their daily accounting needs
2 Accounting graduates salaries are still rising with an average salary of $42,500
……… 3.In the next 8 years the number of accounting jobs will rise from 1.2 million to 1.4 million in the US
4 Prices have fallen in the food business because of advances in the food production and distribution technology
5 The student market in the UK is estimated to be worth £13 billion of spending power in a year
6 Có lẽ cách thức hiệu quả nhất để quảng bá sản phẩm tới số đông công chúng là quảng cáo
7 Các công ty tuyển dụng trả phí cho Monster.com để đọc những bộ sơ yếu lí lịch và đăng tải thông báo tuyển dụng
8 Các siêu thị lớn có thể cung cấp thực phẩm với mức giá thấp hơn bởi họ có thể mua vào với số lượng lớn
9 Buenos Aires có nền kinh tế vững mạnh Thương mại quốc tế đóng vai trò quan trọng đối với sự phát triển của thành phố
10 Chúng tôi tin rằng công ty của chúng tôi đã thành công; chúng tôi đạt lợi nhuận mỗi năm kể từ năm đầu tiên
TỔNG HỢP CÁC KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP CẦN ÔN TẬP
1>PARTS OF SPEECH – LEXICAL WORDS (Loại từ mang nghĩa từ vựng)
2> PARTS OF SPEECH – GRAMMATICAL WORDS (Loại từ mang nghĩa ngữ pháp)
3> WORD FORMATION (Cấu tạo từ mới từ từ gốc)
4> TYPES OF QUESTIONS (Loại câu hỏi cho bài đọc hiểu)
5> TENSES - CÁC THỜI CƠ BẢN(cần thiết cho phần viết câu – dịch câu)
5.1 Present simple - Hiện tại đơn
5.2 Present continuous - Thời hiện tại tiếp diễn
5.3 Past simple – Quá khứ đơn
5.4 Past continuous – Quá khứ tiếp diễn
5.5 Future Simple – Tương lai đơn
5.6 Present perfect - Hiện tại hoàn thành
5.7 Past perfect – Quá khứ hoàn thành
6> CÁC DẠNG VIẾT LẠI CÂU SAO CHO NGHĨA KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI
6.1.1 Câu điều kiện loại 1 – Conditional (TYPE I)
6.1.2 Câu điều kiện loại 2 – Conditional (TYPE II)
6.1.3 Câu điều kiện loại 3 – Conditional (TYPE III)
LOẠI TỪ MANG NGHĨA TỪ VỰNG
VERBS: ĐỘNG TỪ
We often go to work at 7 o’clock
Vietnam exportsa lot of rice to some countries in the world
Last year, our company importeda thousand cars from Japan
Note : Vị trí của động từ sau chủ ngữ và dạng luôn biến đổi theo thời, ngôi và số của chủ ngữ
A Classes of verbs: Loại động từ
1 The auxiliaries - trợ động từ: to be, to have, to do; can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would; to need,
can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would + động từ nguyên thể
to be, to have, to do: biến đổi dạng theo thời
to need: need to do/ need doing
2 All other verbs, which we may call ordinary verbs: to work, to sing, to play
Thêm not vào trợ động từ does not/ doesn't or do not/ don't; did not/ didn’t; have not/ haven't or has not/ hasn't
C.Dạng phủ định khác never, no (adjective), none, nobody, no one, nothing, hardly, hardly ever etc được dùng với động từ dạng khẳng định
He didn't eat anything or He ate nothing
He doesn't ever complain or He never complains
We haven't seen anyone or We have seen no one
They didn't speak much or They hardly speak at all/ They hardly ever speak
Which of the four alternatives completes the sentences in the correct or most likely way? Sometimes more than one alternative is possible
1 Each July we - to Turkey for a holiday a are going b go c went d were going
2 The growing number of visitors - the footpaths a is damaging b damages c are damaging d was damaging
3 Jane - just a few minutes ago a left b has left c leaves d had left
4 Timpson - 13 films and I think her latest is the best a made b had made c has made d was making
5 - Robert lately? a Did you see b Have you seen c Do you see d Are you seeing
6 When I was a child -the violin a I was playing b I’m playing c I play d I played
7 - until midnight last night a I have been reading b I read c I was reading d I have read
8 He -for the national team in 65 matches so far a has played b has been playing c played d is playing
9 Sorry we're late, we - the wrong turning a had taken b were taking c took d are taking
10 She - from flu when she was interviewed a was suffering b had been suffering c had suffered d suffered
ADJECTIVES
A Kinds of adjectives - Loại tính từ
(a) Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
(b) Distributive: each, every, either, neither
(c) Quantitative: some, any, no; little/few; many, much; one, twenty
Vị trí: đi trước danh từ: this book, which boy, my dog
(f) Of quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square
Chủ động: amusing, boring, tiring etc.,
Bị động: amused, bored, tired etc.,
I was bored with the film
Vị trí: Đi sau một số động từ:
Be + adj: chỉ tính chất sự vật, sự việc; chỉ tính cách con người, chỉ màu sắc, …
Become/ get/ grow/ turn + adj: trở nên, trở thành
She gets more and more beautiful
The store stays open late in the evening
You should keep your room tidy seem, appear + adj: có vẻ như, hình như feel, look, smell, sound, taste, turn + adj make + sth/sbd + adj
A beautiful girl/ an interesting film/ a golden ring/ …
Các tính từ dạng phân từ (V-ed) thường được dùng kết hợp với giới từ trong các cụm cố định như:
Be interested in bored with tired of frightened of terrified of ashamed of
Be embarrassed by attracted by impressed by fascinated by worried about well-prepared for
Be surprised at/ about satisfied with pleased with disappointed with crowded with based on
ADVERBS
Adj + ly/y/ally/ily → Adv expensive/ expensively full/fully dramatic/dramatically day/daily
Dạng tính từ (adj) và trạng từ (adv) giống nhau: hard early fast late daily weekly monthly quarterly far
Dạng đặc biệt: good → well
Phân biệt cách dùng của tính từ và trạng từ
ADJECTIVE: There has been a significantimprovement in the economy
ADVERB: The economy has improved significantly
Cách dùng khác của trạng từ
ADVERB + ADJECTIVE: We have got relatively good year
ADVERB + PAST PARTICIPLE: Their products are always attractivelypackaged ADVERB + ADVERB: She does her job extremely well
I> Điền từ trong hộp vào chỗ trống Thêm phần cần thiết vào tính từ để hình thành trạng từ heavy late patient public punctual quarter safe silent
1 When you get to New York, give me a ring to let me know you’ve arrived ……
2 The Economic Review is published ……… , and comes out in March, June, September, and December
3 Trains in Japan arrives so ……… that you can set your watch by them
4 The train to the airport arrived ………., and as a result I very nearly missed the plane
5 Most stockbrokers will buy and sell shares in ……….-quoted companies
6 Before privatization, many nationalized industries were ……… subsidized by the government
7 He was not in a hurry, so he waited ……… until the client was ready to see him
8 The new T motor is very quiet, and at most speeds it operates almost …………
Look at the graph showing trends in the share price of a telecoms company Rewrite the sentences using verbs and adverbs
1 There was a sudden fall in the shares in March
In March the shares fellsuddenly
2 There was a brief recovery in April
3 In June there was a dramatic collapse
4 There was a considerable fall in July
5 There was only a slight fall in August
6 There was a steady improvement in September and October
In September and October they
7 There was a gradual improvement from mid-November
NOUNS
1 Loại danh từ và chức năng
There are four kinds of noun in English:
Common nouns: dog, man, table
Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Mrs Smith, Tom
Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy
Collective nouns: crowd, group, swarm, team, flock
The subject of a verb: Tom arrived
The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Tom is an actor
The object of a verb: I saw Tom
The object of a preposition: I spoke to Tom
A noun can also be in the possessive case: Tom's books
2 Countables & Uncountables: Đếm được và không đếm được
We could see a ship in the distance
Claire has only got one sister
I've got a problem with the car
Do you like these photos?
I'm going out for five minutes
Shall we sit on the grass?
The money is quite safe
Would you like some butter?
3 Singulars and Plurals: Số ít và số nhiều
Danh từ có quy tắc: Danh từ số ít + s = Danh từ số nhiều
Danh từ bất quy tắc: a> Danh từ số ít kết thúc bằng “f” hoặc “fe”
Bỏ f/fe, thêm ves: a knife – knives, one half – two halves, my life – their lives, a wolf
Giữ nguyên, thêm s: one roof – roofs, a cliff – many cliffs, a safe – safes
English plural formation follows a few core patterns Nouns ending in f or fe can form plurals by either keeping the f/fe and adding -s or by replacing it with -ves: for example, dwarf → dwarfs or dwarves, and wharf → wharfs or wharves Nouns ending in o, s, ss, sh, ch, or x usually take -es to form the plural: potato → potatoes, bus → buses, kiss → kisses, wish → wishes, church → churches, and box → boxes.
Ví dụ : a potato – two potatoes, a watch – two watches, a box – two boxes, … c> Những danh từ số nhiều đặc biệt
Những danh từ số nhiều đặc biệt xuất xứ từ tiếng Anh cổ
an ox – oxen (castrated bulls)
a brother – brethren (in church orders), brothers (in a family)
a die – dice (for playing games)
Có rất nhiều danh từ có dạng số nhiều và số ít giống nhau như:
a sheep – sheep, a deer – deer, a moose – moose
a fish – fish (fishes: dùng khi chỉ các loài cá khác nhau )
a dozen – two dozen roses, a hundred – several hundred men (nhưng có thể nói: dozens of roses, hundreds of people)
a TV series – many TV series,
a species – two species d> Danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều
Một số danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều, cho dù có kết thúc bằng “s” hay không
The police are looking for the robbers
I like these pants / jeans / shorts
Use either scissors or nail clippers
Binoculars are stronger than any glasses f> Danh từ kết thúc bằng “o”
Với những từ kết thúc bằng “o”, khi chuyển sang danh từ số nhiều ta thêm "s" hoặc
"es." Nếu là một nguyên âm đứng trước “o” thì chỉ cần thêm “s”, như:
Nếu trước “o” là một phụ âm thì không có quy tắc nhất quán:
Những từ kết thúc bằng “y” thường chuyển “y” thành “i” rồi mới thêm “es”
Cry-cries, fly-flies, party-parties ex/ix – ices an index - indices, indexes
The matrix - matrices appendix - appendices, appendixes
Uncountable nouns, or mass nouns, are items you don’t normally count with an indefinite article or by putting them in the plural They include accommodation, baggage, behavior, equipment, fun, furniture, homework, housework, litter, luck, luggage, progress, rubbish, scenery, traffic, travel, weather, work, advice, money, machinery, news, trouble, and cash Because these nouns aren’t used with an ordinary plural, we say "some accommodation," "two pieces of luggage," or "much money" instead of "an accommodation" or attempting to pluralize them When you need to quantify them, use a unit of measure or a countable container: for example, "three pieces of furniture," "five bags of luggage," "several items of equipment," "a lot of homework," or "much traffic."
Some English nouns can be both countable and uncountable, and their meaning shifts with context and determiners For example, a fish refers to the animal, while some fish or fish (in general) can denote portions of food or the category itself; a loaf denotes one bread product, whereas some bread refers to bread in general or as a material Similarly, a coffee means a cup of coffee, but some coffee can mean coffee as a substance A paper can be a newspaper, but some paper means the material; a glass is a drinking vessel, while some glass refers to the glass material A wood can denote a small forest, while some wood means timber as a material An iron is the clothes iron, whereas some iron refers to the metal; painting can be an individual work or a hobby, while a painting is a single object Noise and business often denote general concepts rather than countable items; hair can refer to all hair on the head, and work can mean labor in general or a specific work of art This distinction between countable and uncountable nouns helps explain how we use a/an or some, and when we refer to the material versus the item.
Diana had a very good education
A knowledge of boats is useful
Can you buy a loaf from the shop?
Knowledge is the key to success
Can you buy some bread from the shop
Trong các cặp từ sau đây, một từ là đếm được và từ kia là không đếm được Viết từ some hoặc a trước mỗi từ
II Choose the best alternative, a) or b), to complete each sentence
1 The fire is going to go out Can you go and get ……… some wood … ? a) a wood b) some wood
2 ……… money all over the floor! a) There was b) There were
3 Lemonade? Sorry, no, we haven’t got ……… a) some b) any
4 Peter keeps ……… at the bottom of his garden a) a chicken b) some chicken
5 The information we were given ……… a) were very useful b) was very useful
6 ……… people were there on the bus? a) How many b) How much
7 Look at Rita’s hair ……… ! a) It’s green b) They’re green
8 I’ve called the police and ……… a) they’re on their way b) it’s on its way
9 The assembly hall was full of ……… a) a noise b) noise
TỪ MANG NGHĨA NGỮ PHÁP
MẠO TỪ XÁC ĐỊNH VÀ MẠO TỪ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH
Trước danh từ số ít lần đầu được nhắc đến:
I need a visa They live in a flat Để khái quát chung:
A car must be insured = All cars/ Any cars must be insured
A child needs love = All children/ Any child needs love
Trong cụm từ cố định chỉ lượng: a lot of a couple of a great many of a great deal of a dozen
“the” dùng trước danh từ được nhắc lại:
We have bought a Mac and a PC The Mac cost $2500 and the PC cost
Trước danh từ có thông tin xác định
Where is the file that I gave you this morning?
Trước danh từ là duy nhất trong phạm vi nào đó
Would you like to come in? The chairman will see you now
The earth; the world; the Sun; the Moon; the President of America, etc
Trước tính từ dạng hơn nhất (superlatives)
Coca Cola is the most famous soft drink in the world
Trước tính từ để chỉ nhóm người
The rich do not do enough to help the poor
Refers to rivers, mountains, seas, and names of countries that include a noun like republic, kingdom, union, etc
The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union is very polluted
The United Kingdom; the United States of America, etc
► No article (Không có mạo từ)
- Khái quát chung với danh từ đếm được số nhiều và không đếm được:
Money is the root of all evil
- Trước danh từ chỉ công ty, thành phố, đường xá,…
I work for Goldman Sachs in London, and I have a house in Western Road I also have a holiday home in Crete and another near Lake Garda
Mastering common English prepositional phrases becomes natural when you see them in real-life contexts You go to school, to college, or to university; you attend class and sit in class; you travel by car or by bus; you go to church or into church; you follow a routine day after day, and you go to bed when night falls The news may report someone sent to prison and, after release, returning to work or home; people commute to and from work; ships lie in dock; you head to market or to town to shop for breakfast or lunch; you travel to sea or stay at sea; you read a document from top to bottom; you eat with knife and fork; you move from home to work and back again, or from town back home These everyday phrases cover the most common directions, locations, and routines learners need to express with clarity and confidence.
Exercise 1: Complete this true story Put in a/an or the
A man decided to rob the bank in the town where he lived He walked into the bank and handed a note to a cashier, instructing her to give him some money The cashier read the note and, fearing he might be armed, complied The man walked out of the building, leaving the note behind He had no time to spend the money because he was arrested the same day He had made a mistake in what he had written.
(15) note on (16) back of (17) envelope And on (18) other side of (19) envelope was his name and address This clue was quite enough for (20) detectives on the case.
QUANTIFIERS
The following quantifiers will work with count nouns: many trees a few trees few trees several trees a couple of trees none of the trees
The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns: not much dancing a little dancing little dancing a bit of dancing a good deal of dancing a great deal of dancing no dancing
Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns The following quantifiers work with both types: all of, some, most of, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, and a lack of For example, all of the trees and all of the dancing; some trees and some dancing; most of the trees and most of the dancing; enough trees and enough dancing; a lot of trees and a lot of dancing; lots of trees and lots of dancing; plenty of trees and plenty of dancing; a lack of trees and a lack of dancing.
Much of the snow has already melted
How much snow fell yesterday?
Most + N (danh từ chưa xác định)/ Most of the + N (danh từ xác định)
Most colleges have their own admissions policy
Most students apply to several colleges
Most of the instructors at this college have a doctorate
Most of the water has evaporated
Many a young man has fallen in love with her golden hair
Many an apple has fallen by October
double, twice, four/five times
This van holds three times the passengers as that sports car
My wife is making double my / twice my salary
This time we added five times the amount of water
Charlie finished in one-fourth [of] the time his brother took
Two-fifths of the respondents reported that half the medication was sufficient
This room is rather a mess, isn't it?
The ticket-holders made quite a fuss when they couldn't get in
What an idiot he turned out to be
Our vacation was such a grand experience.
LIKING WORDS (TỪ NỐI)
And, both, too, as well, also
And dùng để nối hai từ hay hai phần của câu Dùng both … and để nhấn mạnh cả hai (ai đó hoặc cái gì đó)
Helen put on her coat and picked up the suitcase
Helen picked up both her suitcase and her umbrella
Too, as well, as well as, also dùng để chỉ hai hành động đồng thời, chú ý vị trí của từ trong câu
Helen picked up her suitcase and her umbrella too
Helen picked up her suitcase and her umbrella as well
Helen picked up her suitcase as well as her umbrella
Helen picked up her suitcase, her coat and also her umbrella
For example, such as, like
(For example có nhiều vị trí trong câu, such as và like ở giữa câu)
Diet varies from place to place For example, in hot countries, people tend to eat more fruit
In hot countries, for example, people tend to eat more fruit
In hot countries, such as/ like Greece, people tend to eat more fruit
First (of all), secondly, etc., finally, In conclusion
Television has changed our lives in several ways First of all, it has … Secondly, more people …… Finally, it has changed the way that …
In conclusion, we can say that television has both good and bad features
Một số các từ nối khác
- As well as this, besides this,
- Television has changed our lives in several ways First of all, it has … Secondly, more people …… As well as this, besides this , more people …………
Dave has several dogs In fact, he’s got four
I thought Gina was a doctor but, in fact/ actually, she’s a vet
We can either go to the cinema, or stay at home
Instead of cooking I ordered a take-away meal
Jill came to the party instead of her sister
They gave presents to everyone except me
We have painted all the house, except (for) the front door
Sam studies very hard He even gets up at 5.30 to study!
This question is even harder than the last one
- As well as this/ besides this,
Từ chỉ thời gian nhưng còn có nghĩa khác
Since meaning “as” I couldn’t swim, since I had a cold
Yet meaning “although” No one replied to my knock, yet all the lights were on
While meaning “although” The first two buses were full, while the next was empty
1 We talked both to her parents and her doctor
2 Jason not only speaks Chinese, but also Japanese and Korean
3 You can have either pie or a cake
4 She neither liked the hotel nor the restaurant
5 Everything depends on whether he gets the teaching job in June or the one in
I Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi có sử dụng từ in đậm
1 Megan visited both the castle and the museum too
……… Megan visited the castle and the museum too …………
2 Jill was the only person who came late except
3 Although I said it was raining, it isn’t! fact
4 Karen hurt her leg, so she couldn’t play tennis since
5 My opinion is that smoking is bad for you view
6 I ate the chocolate cake and the apple pie as well as
7 Daniel played in goal, in his brother’s place instead
8 Finally, I’d like to thank the head teacher, Ann Coles in
II Chọn đáp án đúng A, B, C hoặc D điền vào chỗ trống
Nowadays there are many good reasons for using bicycles (1) ………… cars to travel in city centres (2) ………, bicycles are (3) ……… silent and clean (4)
Bicycles are easy to park, and using a bicycle clearly keeps people fit However, city centres must have cycle lanes and be free of private cars completely Some large cities, such as Amsterdam in the Netherlands, are already organized in this way In addition, a combination of cycling with very cheap or free public transport solves the problem of traffic jams and makes the city centre a more pleasant place.
1 A but B except for C instead of D such as
2 AAs well B First of all C In fact D Personally
3 A both B and C too D as well
4 A also B for example they C except D and as well as this
7 A in conclusion B either C besides this D both
8 A such as B yet C also D or
9 A such as B as well C in my view D while
10 A Personally B Finally C For example D Actually
ANOTHER AND OTHER
Trong tiếng Anh, "the other" là dạng xác định đi trước danh từ đã được nhắc đến trước đó; khi chủ ngữ đã được biết, ta có thể bỏ danh từ sau "another" hoặc "other" và dùng chúng như một đại từ Khi danh từ ở số nhiều bị lược bỏ, "other" sẽ trở thành "others", và không bao giờ được ghép "others" với danh từ số nhiều Thay vào đó, ta dùng "other" trước danh từ số nhiều (ví dụ: "other cars") hoặc dùng "the others" như đại từ để chỉ những cái còn lại đã được nhắc tới.
Dùng với danh từ đếm được Dùng với danh từ không đếm được
An + other + danh từ đếm được số ít = một cái, một cái, một người nữa, một người khác
The other + danh từ đếm được số ít = cái cuối cùng còn lại (của một bộ), người còn lại
(một nhóm), = last of the set present
The other pencil = the last pencil present
Other + danh từ đếm được số nhiều = mấy cái nữa, mấy cái khác, mấy người nữa, mấy người khác (= more of the set)
The other + danh từ đếm được số nhiều những cái còn lại (của một bộ), những người còn lại (của một nhóm), = the rest of the set
The other pencils = all remaining pencils
Other + danh từ không đếm được = một chút nữa (= more of the set)
Other water = some more water The other + danh từ không đếm được = chỗ còn sót lại
The other water = the remaining water
I don’t want this book Please give me another
(Another = any other book – not specific)
I don’t want this book Please give me the other
(The other = the other book, specific)
This chemical is poisonous Others are poisonous too
(Others = the other chemicals, specific)
I don’t want these books Please give me the others
(The others = the other books, specific)
Trong một số trường hợp người ta dùng one hoặc ones đằng sau another hoặc other thay cho danh từ:
1 I don’t want this book Please give me another one
2 I don’t want this book Please give me the other one
3 This chemical is poisonous Other ones are poisonous too
4 I don’t want these books Please give me the other ones
Trong tiếng Anh, từ chỉ định ở số ít như this hoặc that có thể dùng 'one' để thay thế danh từ tương ứng (ví dụ 'This book' thành 'This one') Các từ chỉ định ở số nhiều là these và those thường dùng 'ones' để thay thế danh từ (ví dụ 'These books' thành 'These ones') Tuy nhiên, cả bốn từ này vẫn có thể đóng vai trò đại từ thay cho danh từ khi không đi với 'one' hoặc 'ones', giúp câu ngắn gọn và tự nhiên hơn.
I don’t want this book I want that
MINI TEST 1 Choose the best answer
1 Did your sister get ……… she applied for?
A a job B job C the job D A & B are correct
2 These aren’t my books Did I take ………… of yours by mistake?
3 She saw ………… one-eyed man yesterday
A didn’t he B didn’t anybody C didn’t they D did they?
5 The pepper hit her in ………… eyes
6 Many school leavers are looking for …………
A work B the work C works D their work
7 Would you give me ………… advice, please?
8 ………… money has been spent on fuel
A few B many C a great deal of D a large number of
9 ………… is my sister’s favourite newspaper
A Daily Mail B The Daily Mail C Some Daily Mail D A Daily Mail
10 You can buy meat at …………
A the butcher’s B butcher’s C the shop butcher’s D the butcher shop
A weather B a weather C the weather D such a weather
12 Presley, ………… , went to the Middle East in 1960
A a famous singer B the famous singer C famous singer D the famous
A Thong Nhat B Thong Nhat train C the Thong Nhat D train of Thong Nhat
14 My sister plays ……… very beautifully
A piano B a piano C the piano D pianos
15 I have rarely seen ……… like this
16 ………… tourists do not visit this part of the town
A A most B The most C Most of D Most
17 ………… her friends live in Ho Chi Minh City
A Most B The most C Most of D A & C
18 The church is very old ……… it was built in the 17 th century
A All B Most C Most of D Some
19 “How much of this money is yours?” – “………… it”
A Half B Half of C All D Most
20 These windows are so small that the room gets ………… air
PREPOSITIONS
► Prepositions of time: at, on and in
In + month, year, season, decade, century, time of the day
In June, May, July, etc
In 2008, in the 1990s, in the early 1980s, in the late 1980s, etc
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
On 2 nd May, on New Year’s Day, etc
At the weekend, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,
At night, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,
During is used for length of time:
Please don’t talk during the concert
Both his brothers died during the Second World War
He learned history at Oxford University between 1947 and 1950 (or from 1947 to
Choose the correct preposition for each time phrase
- at/ in the middle of the night
► Prepositions of place and direction
Preposition Use Examples above higher than sth The picture hangs above my bed. across from one side to the other side
You mustn't go across this road here
There isn't a bridge across the river. after one follows the other The cat ran after the dog
After you, we head out together along the coast, walking in a line from one point to another, while a bird flies against the window nearby I like being among friends, sitting around the campfire as stories rise and fade Our house is behind the supermarket, tucked behind the storefronts on a quiet street Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.
Our house is beside the supermarket and between the supermarket and the school, a layout that puts everything you need on each side of the street The town lies by the river, and our home is near the market, close to the store where neighbors gather We come down from the hill to reach the square, and many visitors ask if you come from Tokyo or from the place where it starts The supermarket sits in front of our house, opposite the park, while people wait outside or go inside to shop The cat in the yard loves adventures: it jumps off the roof, onto the roof again, over the wall, and out of the window, sometimes past the post office on the way round to the garden You can walk through the forest to reach the river, go past the windmill, and turn towards the town hall just round the corner, where the door faces towards the plaza We often sit round the campfire at night, talking about directions to go to the supermarket, to the castle over the hill, and towards the sea, noting how everything is near, beside, and opposite each other If you go to the hill, you might see the castle; you shouldn’t stay inside the castle or go into it.
Can you come to me?
I've never been to Africa, but distant places still spark my curiosity In English, movement and position are shown with simple prepositions: towards means in the direction of something, as in we ran towards the castle; under and below express being lower than something, as in the cat is under the table; and up describes moving from low to high, as he went up the hill These basic spatial terms—towards, under, up—help convey clear meaning in travel writing and everyday English.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Tag Questions
5> TENSES - CÁC THỜI CƠ BẢN(cần thiết cho phần viết câu – dịch câu)
5.1 Present simple - Hiện tại đơn
5.2 Present continuous - Thời hiện tại tiếp diễn
5.3 Past simple – Quá khứ đơn
5.4 Past continuous – Quá khứ tiếp diễn
5.5 Future Simple – Tương lai đơn
5.6 Present perfect - Hiện tại hoàn thành
5.7 Past perfect – Quá khứ hoàn thành
6> CÁC DẠNG VIẾT LẠI CÂU SAO CHO NGHĨA KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI
6.1.1 Câu điều kiện loại 1 – Conditional (TYPE I)
6.1.2 Câu điều kiện loại 2 – Conditional (TYPE II)
6.1.3 Câu điều kiện loại 3 – Conditional (TYPE III)
UNIT 2: LOẠI TỪ MANG NGHĨA TỪ VỰNG
We often go to work at 7 o’clock
Vietnam exportsa lot of rice to some countries in the world
Last year, our company importeda thousand cars from Japan
Note : Vị trí của động từ sau chủ ngữ và dạng luôn biến đổi theo thời, ngôi và số của chủ ngữ
A Classes of verbs: Loại động từ
1 The auxiliaries - trợ động từ: to be, to have, to do; can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would; to need,
can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would + động từ nguyên thể
to be, to have, to do: biến đổi dạng theo thời
to need: need to do/ need doing
2 All other verbs, which we may call ordinary verbs: to work, to sing, to play
Thêm not vào trợ động từ does not/ doesn't or do not/ don't; did not/ didn’t; have not/ haven't or has not/ hasn't
C.Dạng phủ định khác never, no (adjective), none, nobody, no one, nothing, hardly, hardly ever etc được dùng với động từ dạng khẳng định
He didn't eat anything or He ate nothing
He doesn't ever complain or He never complains
We haven't seen anyone or We have seen no one
They didn't speak much or They hardly speak at all/ They hardly ever speak
Which of the four alternatives completes the sentences in the correct or most likely way? Sometimes more than one alternative is possible
1 Each July we - to Turkey for a holiday a are going b go c went d were going
2 The growing number of visitors - the footpaths a is damaging b damages c are damaging d was damaging
3 Jane - just a few minutes ago a left b has left c leaves d had left
4 Timpson - 13 films and I think her latest is the best a made b had made c has made d was making
5 - Robert lately? a Did you see b Have you seen c Do you see d Are you seeing
6 When I was a child -the violin a I was playing b I’m playing c I play d I played
7 - until midnight last night a I have been reading b I read c I was reading d I have read
8 He -for the national team in 65 matches so far a has played b has been playing c played d is playing
9 Sorry we're late, we - the wrong turning a had taken b were taking c took d are taking
10 She - from flu when she was interviewed a was suffering b had been suffering c had suffered d suffered
A Kinds of adjectives - Loại tính từ
(a) Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
(b) Distributive: each, every, either, neither
(c) Quantitative: some, any, no; little/few; many, much; one, twenty
Vị trí: đi trước danh từ: this book, which boy, my dog
(f) Of quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square
Chủ động: amusing, boring, tiring etc.,
Bị động: amused, bored, tired etc.,
I was bored with the film
Vị trí: Đi sau một số động từ:
Be + adj: chỉ tính chất sự vật, sự việc; chỉ tính cách con người, chỉ màu sắc, …
Become/ get/ grow/ turn + adj: trở nên, trở thành
She gets more and more beautiful
The store stays open late in the evening
You should keep your room tidy seem, appear + adj: có vẻ như, hình như feel, look, smell, sound, taste, turn + adj make + sth/sbd + adj
A beautiful girl/ an interesting film/ a golden ring/ …
Các tính từ dạng phân từ (V-ed) thường được dùng kết hợp với giới từ trong các cụm cố định như:
Be interested in bored with tired of frightened of terrified of ashamed of
Be embarrassed by attracted by impressed by fascinated by worried about well-prepared for
Be surprised at/ about satisfied with pleased with disappointed with crowded with based on
Adj + ly/y/ally/ily → Adv expensive/ expensively full/fully dramatic/dramatically day/daily
Dạng tính từ (adj) và trạng từ (adv) giống nhau: hard early fast late daily weekly monthly quarterly far
Dạng đặc biệt: good → well
Phân biệt cách dùng của tính từ và trạng từ
ADJECTIVE: There has been a significantimprovement in the economy
ADVERB: The economy has improved significantly
Cách dùng khác của trạng từ
ADVERB + ADJECTIVE: We have got relatively good year
ADVERB + PAST PARTICIPLE: Their products are always attractivelypackaged ADVERB + ADVERB: She does her job extremely well
I> Điền từ trong hộp vào chỗ trống Thêm phần cần thiết vào tính từ để hình thành trạng từ heavy late patient public punctual quarter safe silent
1 When you get to New York, give me a ring to let me know you’ve arrived ……
2 The Economic Review is published ……… , and comes out in March, June, September, and December
3 Trains in Japan arrives so ……… that you can set your watch by them
4 The train to the airport arrived ………., and as a result I very nearly missed the plane
5 Most stockbrokers will buy and sell shares in ……….-quoted companies
6 Before privatization, many nationalized industries were ……… subsidized by the government
7 He was not in a hurry, so he waited ……… until the client was ready to see him
8 The new T motor is very quiet, and at most speeds it operates almost …………
Look at the graph showing trends in the share price of a telecoms company Rewrite the sentences using verbs and adverbs
1 There was a sudden fall in the shares in March
In March the shares fellsuddenly
2 There was a brief recovery in April
3 In June there was a dramatic collapse
4 There was a considerable fall in July
5 There was only a slight fall in August
6 There was a steady improvement in September and October
In September and October they
7 There was a gradual improvement from mid-November
1 Loại danh từ và chức năng
There are four kinds of noun in English:
Common nouns: dog, man, table
Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Mrs Smith, Tom
Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy
Collective nouns: crowd, group, swarm, team, flock
The subject of a verb: Tom arrived
The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Tom is an actor
The object of a verb: I saw Tom
The object of a preposition: I spoke to Tom
A noun can also be in the possessive case: Tom's books
2 Countables & Uncountables: Đếm được và không đếm được
We could see a ship in the distance
Claire has only got one sister
I've got a problem with the car
Do you like these photos?
I'm going out for five minutes
Shall we sit on the grass?
The money is quite safe
Would you like some butter?
3 Singulars and Plurals: Số ít và số nhiều
Danh từ có quy tắc: Danh từ số ít + s = Danh từ số nhiều
Danh từ bất quy tắc: a> Danh từ số ít kết thúc bằng “f” hoặc “fe”
Bỏ f/fe, thêm ves: a knife – knives, one half – two halves, my life – their lives, a wolf
Giữ nguyên, thêm s: one roof – roofs, a cliff – many cliffs, a safe – safes
English plural forms follow a few standard patterns Nouns ending in f or fe may keep the f/fe and add -s (dwarfs, wharfs) or replace the ending with -ves (dwarves, wharves) Nouns ending in o, s, ss, sh, ch, or x typically form the plural by adding -es, as in heroes and potatoes (o-ending), buses (s), kisses (ss), wishes (sh), churches (ch), and boxes (x) There are exceptions, so checking a reliable dictionary helps with less common words.
Ví dụ : a potato – two potatoes, a watch – two watches, a box – two boxes, … c> Những danh từ số nhiều đặc biệt
Những danh từ số nhiều đặc biệt xuất xứ từ tiếng Anh cổ
an ox – oxen (castrated bulls)
a brother – brethren (in church orders), brothers (in a family)
a die – dice (for playing games)
Có rất nhiều danh từ có dạng số nhiều và số ít giống nhau như:
a sheep – sheep, a deer – deer, a moose – moose
a fish – fish (fishes: dùng khi chỉ các loài cá khác nhau )
a dozen – two dozen roses, a hundred – several hundred men (nhưng có thể nói: dozens of roses, hundreds of people)
a TV series – many TV series,
a species – two species d> Danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều
Một số danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều, cho dù có kết thúc bằng “s” hay không
The police are looking for the robbers
I like these pants / jeans / shorts
Use either scissors or nail clippers
Binoculars are stronger than any glasses f> Danh từ kết thúc bằng “o”
Với những từ kết thúc bằng “o”, khi chuyển sang danh từ số nhiều ta thêm "s" hoặc
"es." Nếu là một nguyên âm đứng trước “o” thì chỉ cần thêm “s”, như:
Nếu trước “o” là một phụ âm thì không có quy tắc nhất quán:
Những từ kết thúc bằng “y” thường chuyển “y” thành “i” rồi mới thêm “es”
Cry-cries, fly-flies, party-parties ex/ix – ices an index - indices, indexes
The matrix - matrices appendix - appendices, appendixes
Understanding uncountable nouns helps improve English fluency and create SEO-friendly writing, because these words express mass or abstract concepts that do not take a plural form Common uncountable nouns include accommodation, baggage, behavior, equipment, fun, furniture, homework, housework, litter, luck, luggage, progress, rubbish, scenery, traffic, travel, weather, work, advice, money, machinery, news, trouble, and cash These nouns are typically used with quantifiers such as much, a little, some, or a lot of, and they are often not used with an indefinite article For example, you would say “There's some money left” or “The scenery was beautiful” and “We have a lot of luggage” rather than plural forms Mastering these helps create clear, natural sentences and improves SEO for English content.
Some words can be both countable and uncountable with different meanings When used as uncountable nouns, they express general concepts: fish (the animal), a business (commerce in general) and business (a company), a noise (sound in general), hair (hair as a mass), painting (the activity or hobby), work (in general), bread (the substance), coffee (the beverage as a mass), paper (the material or the newspaper as a category), wood (a small forest or timber in general), iron (the metal used for ironing), and glass (the material) In their countable senses they refer to a single item or a specific portion: a fish (one individual), a loaf (one loaf of bread), a coffee (one cup of coffee), a paper (one newspaper), a wood (one small forest as a unit), an iron (one iron), a glass (one drinking glass), a painting (one artwork), a work (a work of art), a noise (one particular sound), and a hair (one strand) You can also use some to indicate portions or materials: some fish, some bread, some coffee, some paper, some wood, some iron, some glass.
Diana had a very good education
A knowledge of boats is useful
Can you buy a loaf from the shop?
Knowledge is the key to success
Can you buy some bread from the shop
Trong các cặp từ sau đây, một từ là đếm được và từ kia là không đếm được Viết từ some hoặc a trước mỗi từ
II Choose the best alternative, a) or b), to complete each sentence
1 The fire is going to go out Can you go and get ……… some wood … ? a) a wood b) some wood
2 ……… money all over the floor! a) There was b) There were
3 Lemonade? Sorry, no, we haven’t got ……… a) some b) any
4 Peter keeps ……… at the bottom of his garden a) a chicken b) some chicken
5 The information we were given ……… a) were very useful b) was very useful
6 ……… people were there on the bus? a) How many b) How much
7 Look at Rita’s hair ……… ! a) It’s green b) They’re green
8 I’ve called the police and ……… a) they’re on their way b) it’s on its way
9 The assembly hall was full of ……… a) a noise b) noise
UNIT 3: TỪ MANG NGHĨA NGỮ PHÁP 3.1 Mạo từ xác định và mạo từ không xác định
Trước danh từ số ít lần đầu được nhắc đến:
I need a visa They live in a flat Để khái quát chung:
A car must be insured = All cars/ Any cars must be insured
A child needs love = All children/ Any child needs love
Trong cụm từ cố định chỉ lượng: a lot of a couple of a great many of a great deal of a dozen
“the” dùng trước danh từ được nhắc lại:
We have bought a Mac and a PC The Mac cost $2500 and the PC cost
Trước danh từ có thông tin xác định
Where is the file that I gave you this morning?
Trước danh từ là duy nhất trong phạm vi nào đó
Would you like to come in? The chairman will see you now
The earth; the world; the Sun; the Moon; the President of America, etc
Trước tính từ dạng hơn nhất (superlatives)
Coca Cola is the most famous soft drink in the world
Trước tính từ để chỉ nhóm người
The rich do not do enough to help the poor
Refers to rivers, mountains, seas, and names of countries that include a noun like republic, kingdom, union, etc
The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union is very polluted
The United Kingdom; the United States of America, etc
► No article (Không có mạo từ)
- Khái quát chung với danh từ đếm được số nhiều và không đếm được:
Money is the root of all evil
- Trước danh từ chỉ công ty, thành phố, đường xá,…
I work for Goldman Sachs in London, and I have a house in Western Road I also have a holiday home in Crete and another near Lake Garda
Mastering English hinges on using common idioms with the right prepositions, such as to/at school, to/at college/university, to/in class, to/in/into church, by car/bus, day after day, to/in bed, to/out of prison, to/at/from work, at/to sea, from top to bottom, with knife and fork, to/in/from town, at/from home, in dock, and to market for breakfast/lunch These patterns illustrate how small prepositional choices shape meaning in everyday speech and writing, helping you sound natural, precise, and SEO-friendly.
Exercise 1: Complete this true story Put in a/an or the
One man decided to rob the bank in his hometown He walked into the bank and handed a note to a cashier, demanding money The cashier read the note and, fearing he might have a gun, complied The man then left the building, leaving the note behind, but he was arrested the same day He had made a mistake—there were details in the note that helped police identify him.
(15) note on (16) back of (17) envelope And on (18) other side of (19) envelope was his name and address This clue was quite enough for (20) detectives on the case
The following quantifiers will work with count nouns: many trees a few trees few trees several trees a couple of trees none of the trees
The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns: not much dancing a little dancing little dancing a bit of dancing a good deal of dancing a great deal of dancing no dancing
The following quantifiers will work with both count and non-count nouns: all of the trees/dancing some trees/dancing most of the trees/dancing enough trees/dancing a lot of trees/dancing lots of trees/dancing plenty of trees/dancing a lack of trees/dancing
Much of the snow has already melted
How much snow fell yesterday?
Most + N (danh từ chưa xác định)/ Most of the + N (danh từ xác định)
Most colleges have their own admissions policy
Most students apply to several colleges
Most of the instructors at this college have a doctorate
Most of the water has evaporated
Many a young man has fallen in love with her golden hair
Many an apple has fallen by October
double, twice, four/five times
This van holds three times the passengers as that sports car
My wife is making double my / twice my salary
This time we added five times the amount of water
Charlie finished in one-fourth [of] the time his brother took
Two-fifths of the respondents reported that half the medication was sufficient
This room is rather a mess, isn't it?
The ticket-holders made quite a fuss when they couldn't get in
What an idiot he turned out to be
Our vacation was such a grand experience
And, both, too, as well, also
And dùng để nối hai từ hay hai phần của câu Dùng both … and để nhấn mạnh cả hai (ai đó hoặc cái gì đó)
Helen put on her coat and picked up the suitcase
Helen picked up both her suitcase and her umbrella
Too, as well, as well as, also dùng để chỉ hai hành động đồng thời, chú ý vị trí của từ trong câu
Helen picked up her suitcase and her umbrella too
Helen picked up her suitcase and her umbrella as well
Helen picked up her suitcase as well as her umbrella
Helen picked up her suitcase, her coat and also her umbrella
For example, such as, like
(For example có nhiều vị trí trong câu, such as và like ở giữa câu)
Diet varies from place to place For example, in hot countries, people tend to eat more fruit
In hot countries, for example, people tend to eat more fruit
In hot countries, such as/ like Greece, people tend to eat more fruit
First (of all), secondly, etc., finally, In conclusion
Television has changed our lives in several ways First of all, it has … Secondly, more people …… Finally, it has changed the way that …
In conclusion, we can say that television has both good and bad features
Một số các từ nối khác
- As well as this, besides this,
- Television has changed our lives in several ways First of all, it has … Secondly, more people …… As well as this, besides this , more people …………
Dave has several dogs In fact, he’s got four
I thought Gina was a doctor but, in fact/ actually, she’s a vet
We can either go to the cinema, or stay at home
Instead of cooking I ordered a take-away meal
Jill came to the party instead of her sister
They gave presents to everyone except me
We have painted all the house, except (for) the front door
Sam studies very hard He even gets up at 5.30 to study!
This question is even harder than the last one
- As well as this/ besides this,
Từ chỉ thời gian nhưng còn có nghĩa khác
Since meaning “as” I couldn’t swim, since I had a cold
Yet meaning “although” No one replied to my knock, yet all the lights were on
While meaning “although” The first two buses were full, while the next was empty
1 We talked both to her parents and her doctor
2 Jason not only speaks Chinese, but also Japanese and Korean
3 You can have either pie or a cake
4 She neither liked the hotel nor the restaurant
5 Everything depends on whether he gets the teaching job in June or the one in
I Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi có sử dụng từ in đậm
1 Megan visited both the castle and the museum too
……… Megan visited the castle and the museum too …………
2 Jill was the only person who came late except
3 Although I said it was raining, it isn’t! fact
4 Karen hurt her leg, so she couldn’t play tennis since
5 My opinion is that smoking is bad for you view
6 I ate the chocolate cake and the apple pie as well as
7 Daniel played in goal, in his brother’s place instead
8 Finally, I’d like to thank the head teacher, Ann Coles in
II Chọn đáp án đúng A, B, C hoặc D điền vào chỗ trống
Nowadays there are many good reasons for using bicycles (1) ………… cars to travel in city centres (2) ………, bicycles are (3) ……… silent and clean (4)
……… are easy to park (5) ……… , using a bicycle (6) ……… keeps people fit However, city centres must (7) ……… have cycle lanes (8) ………… be free of private cars completely Some large cities, (9) ……… Amsterdam in the Netherlands, are already organized in this way (10) ……… , a combination of the use of bicycles with very cheap or free public transport solves the problem of traffic jams and makes the city centre a more pleasant place
1 A but B except for C instead of D such as
2 AAs well B First of all C In fact D Personally
3 A both B and C too D as well
4 A also B for example they C except D and as well as this
7 A in conclusion B either C besides this D both
8 A such as B yet C also D or
9 A such as B as well C in my view D while
10 A Personally B Finally C For example D Actually
Quy tắc dùng 'the other', 'another', và 'other' trong tiếng Anh: 'the other' được dùng để chỉ một cái còn lại đã được xác định trước; nếu chủ ngữ đã được nhắc đến, ta có thể bỏ danh từ theo sau 'another' hoặc 'other' và dùng chúng như đại từ Khi danh từ ở số nhiều bị rút gọn trong cách nói này, 'other' sẽ trở thành 'others' Không bao giờ được ghép 'others' với danh từ số nhiều; thay vào đó dùng 'other' trước danh từ số nhiều hoặc dùng 'the others' để chỉ những cái còn lại.
Dùng với danh từ đếm được Dùng với danh từ không đếm được
An + other + danh từ đếm được số ít = một cái, một cái, một người nữa, một người khác
The other + danh từ đếm được số ít = cái cuối cùng còn lại (của một bộ), người còn lại
(một nhóm), = last of the set present
The other pencil = the last pencil present
Other + danh từ đếm được số nhiều = mấy cái nữa, mấy cái khác, mấy người nữa, mấy người khác (= more of the set)
The other + danh từ đếm được số nhiều những cái còn lại (của một bộ), những người còn lại (của một nhóm), = the rest of the set
The other pencils = all remaining pencils
Other + danh từ không đếm được = một chút nữa (= more of the set)
Other water = some more water The other + danh từ không đếm được = chỗ còn sót lại
The other water = the remaining water
I don’t want this book Please give me another
(Another = any other book – not specific)
I don’t want this book Please give me the other
(The other = the other book, specific)
This chemical is poisonous Others are poisonous too
(Others = the other chemicals, specific)
I don’t want these books Please give me the others
(The others = the other books, specific)
Trong một số trường hợp người ta dùng one hoặc ones đằng sau another hoặc other thay cho danh từ:
1 I don’t want this book Please give me another one
2 I don’t want this book Please give me the other one
3 This chemical is poisonous Other ones are poisonous too
4 I don’t want these books Please give me the other ones
Trong tiếng Anh, các từ chỉ định this, that, these và those có thể đóng vai trò đại từ thay thế cho danh từ khi danh từ được nhắc đến hoặc đã xác định trong ngữ cảnh This hoặc that dùng cho một đối tượng đơn lẻ ở gần hoặc ở xa và có thể đi kèm 'one' để nhắc tới 'this one' hoặc 'that one' Ngược lại, these và those dùng cho nhiều đối tượng và có thể thêm 'ones' để nói 'these ones' hoặc 'those ones' Tuy nhiên, cả bốn từ này vẫn có thể làm đại từ thay cho danh từ mà không cần 'one' hoặc 'ones' trong các câu ngắn hoặc câu trả lời xác nhận, ví dụ: 'This is mine', 'Those are apples', 'These are red', 'That was interesting'.
I don’t want this book I want that
MINI TEST 1 Choose the best answer
1 Did your sister get ……… she applied for?
A a job B job C the job D A & B are correct
2 These aren’t my books Did I take ………… of yours by mistake?
3 She saw ………… one-eyed man yesterday
A didn’t he B didn’t anybody C didn’t they D did they?
5 The pepper hit her in ………… eyes
6 Many school leavers are looking for …………
A work B the work C works D their work
7 Would you give me ………… advice, please?
8 ………… money has been spent on fuel
A few B many C a great deal of D a large number of
9 ………… is my sister’s favourite newspaper
A Daily Mail B The Daily Mail C Some Daily Mail D A Daily Mail
10 You can buy meat at …………
A the butcher’s B butcher’s C the shop butcher’s D the butcher shop
A weather B a weather C the weather D such a weather
12 Presley, ………… , went to the Middle East in 1960
A a famous singer B the famous singer C famous singer D the famous
A Thong Nhat B Thong Nhat train C the Thong Nhat D train of Thong Nhat
14 My sister plays ……… very beautifully
A piano B a piano C the piano D pianos
15 I have rarely seen ……… like this
16 ………… tourists do not visit this part of the town
A A most B The most C Most of D Most
17 ………… her friends live in Ho Chi Minh City
A Most B The most C Most of D A & C
18 The church is very old ……… it was built in the 17 th century
A All B Most C Most of D Some
19 “How much of this money is yours?” – “………… it”
A Half B Half of C All D Most
20 These windows are so small that the room gets ………… air
► Prepositions of time: at, on and in
In + month, year, season, decade, century, time of the day
In June, May, July, etc
In 2008, in the 1990s, in the early 1980s, in the late 1980s, etc
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
On 2 nd May, on New Year’s Day, etc
At the weekend, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,
At night, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,
During is used for length of time:
Please don’t talk during the concert
Both his brothers died during the Second World War
He learned history at Oxford University between 1947 and 1950 (or from 1947 to
Choose the correct preposition for each time phrase
- at/ in the middle of the night
► Prepositions of place and direction
Preposition Use Examples above higher than sth The picture hangs above my bed. across from one side to the other side
You mustn't go across this road here
There isn't a bridge across the river. after one follows the other The cat ran after the dog
After you The bird flew against the window They're walking along the beach I like being among people We're sitting around the campfire Our house is behind the supermarket Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.
These sentences illustrate how prepositions of place work in describing where things are relative to each other Our house is beside the supermarket, and the school is between the supermarket and the river Our house is by the river and close to the supermarket, and our house is next to the supermarket We came down from the hill and look toward the town Do you come from Tokyo? Our house is in front of the supermarket, and the castle sits inside its grounds, so you shouldn’t stay inside or go into the castle The cat jumped off the roof, onto the roof, over the wall, and out of the window, then waited outside near the door The cat is opposite the supermarket, and you can go past the post office to reach the park We’re sitting round the campfire, and we walked through the forest to reach the river The street leads to the square, and the driveway is next to the gate.
Can you come to me?
I've never been to Africa We ran towards the castle, moving in the direction of a distant goal The cat is under the table He went up the hill, climbing from low to high as the path rose beneath his feet.
There are 4 basic types of question:
Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No")
Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information")
Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question")
4.1 Yes/No Questions auxiliary verb subject main verb Answer
Do You Want dinner? Yes, I do.
Can You drive? No, I can't.
Has She Finished her work? Yes, she has.
Did They Go home? No, they didn't.
Exception! verb be simple present and simple past
Is Anne French? Yes, she is.
Was Ram at home? No, he wasn't.
Loại câu hỏi Câu trả lời
VD: - When did you build this house?
When are you going to take the exams?
Giới từ chỉ thời gian + đơn vị chỉ thời gian
On September 15 th and 16 th Giới từ chỉ thời gian:
At + giờ: at 8 o’clock, at weekend, at midday, at midnight, at Christmas, at night, at lunch time, …
On + days and dates: on Monday, on wedding day, on
In + tháng, năm, mùa, thập kỷ, …
In May, in 2012, in summer, in 1990s, in 20 th century,
During/ between … and … chỉ khoảng thời gian:
During the concert, during the World War II, between
- Where did you travel/ go last
Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn + địa danh
- To Ho Chi Minh city
- Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: in, on, at, behind, beside, in front of, above, over, below, under, in the middle of, next to, near, far from, …
Danh từ chung: in a village, in the city, in the country, in the mountain, on the beach, at the seaside, on the coast, …
Danh từ riêng: in Hanoi, in London, in the USA, …
Who taught you English at universisty?
Who did he buy a new car for last month?
- là dtừ chỉ người đứng đầu câu (câu chủ động):
Mr Nguyen taught me English at university
- là dtừ chỉ người sau từ “by” (câu bị động)
I was taught English by Mr Nguyen
- là danh từ chỉ người đứng sau động từ:
Last month he bought a new car for his son
- Because + phần còn lại của câu
- to do sth/ for sth/ for doing sth
- Which language do you prefer? - French
- tính từ sở hữu + danh từ hoặc đại từ sở hữu
This is my car/ It’s mine
- sở hữu cách với danh từ This is my father’s car
- What is/are ……….? Là gì
What was popular among college students?
- What + động từ được chia theo thời: hỏi cho chủ ngữ của câu
- What do/does … sbd do …?
What do you do if the international line is engaged?
- What do/ did/… sbd + Động từ ?
What is man only just beginning to realize?
What did man probably first use fire for?
What purpose was fire used by Red
What happened after the performance?
- là phần danh từ hay cụm danh từ sau “be” nếu hỏi cho vị ngữ/ hoặc chủ ngữ trước “be”
Fork music was popular among college students
“if the international line is busy, you can reserve a call…” trả lời: - to reserve a call
- phần đi sau động từ Man only just beginning to realize how much he must look to the sea
“He needed fire to keep himself warm at night.” Red Indians used fire to make smoke signal.”
-phần còn lại của câu chưa có trong câu hỏi After the performance, however, there were hundreds of telephone calls.
- How do/ does/did… sbd do sth?
How does the baby learn his mother tongue?
Là tính từ sau “be” trạng từ/ giới từ + danh từ/ giới từ + V-ing
“A baby learn his native tongue naturally by hearing speech around him.”
You speak English, don't you ?
Tag questions are a special construction in English, where a statement is followed by a short question tag The entire sentence is called a tag question, and the small phrase at the end is known as the question tag This structure is used to seek confirmation or agreement and can convey different tones depending on intonation and verb tense.
We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English
Look at these examples with positive statements: positive statement [+] negative tag [-] notes: subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary not personal pronoun (same as subject)
You are coming, are n't you?
We have finished, have n't we?
You do Like coffee, do n't you?
You Like coffee, do n't you? You (do) like
They will help, wo n't they? won't = will not
We must go, must n't we?
He should Try harder, should n't he?
You Are English, are n't you? no auxiliary for main verb be present
John Was there, was n't he?
Look at these examples with negative statements: negative statement [-] positive tag [+] subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary personal pronoun (same as subject)
It is n't raining, is it?
We have Never seen that, have we?
You do n't like coffee, do you?
They will Not help, will they?
They wo n't report us, will they?
I can Never do it right, can I?
We must n't tell her, must we?
He should n't drive so fast, should he?
You are n't English, are you?
John was not there, was he?
I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)
You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go
Nothing came in the post, did it? treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative statements
Let's go, shall we? let's = let us
He'd better do it, hadn't he? he had better (no auxiliary)
Here are some mixed examples:
But you don't really love her, do you?
This will work, won't it?
Well, I couldn't help it, could I?
But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you?
We'd never have known, would we?
The weather's bad, isn't it?
You won't be late, will you?
Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invitations, orders), but the sentence remains an imperative and does not require a direct answer We use won't for invitations
We use can, can't, will, would for orders imperative + question tag notes: invitation Take a seat, won't you? polite order Help me, can you? quite friendly
Help me, can't you? quite friendly (some irritation?)
Close the door, would you? quite polite
Do it now, will you? less polite
Don't forget, will you? with negative imperatives only will is possible
1 We should call Rita, ? a should we c shall we b shouldn't we d should not we
29 a can they c can it b can't they d can't it
3 These books aren't yours, ? a are these c are they b aren't these d aren't they
4 That's Bod's, ? a is that c is it b isn't that d isn't it
5 No one died in the accident, ? a didn't they c didn't he b did he d did they
6 I'm right, ? a aren't I c isn't I b am not I d not I am
7 They never came to class late and a neither did we c we did either b so did we d neither we did
8 They are studying pronunciation with Mr Brown, ? a are they c do they b aren't they d don't they
9 She should have obeyed her parents, she? a should c shouldn't have b should have d shouldn't
Question 2: There are two reading passages Read each passage carefully and answer briefly the questions below
Thomas A Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, on February 11, 1847 His family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, when he was seven, and he attended school for only two months; his mother, a former teacher, taught him a few basics, but Edison was largely self-educated His natural curiosity sparked early experimentation, shaping his lifelong inventive spirit.
Thomas Alva Edison lit up the world with the electric light, but that achievement was only part of his extraordinary legacy He also invented the phonograph (record player) and the motion picture camera, contributing to more than 1,200 inventions in all A quintessential innovator, Edison reportedly created something new every two weeks, working 16 hours a day, so intensely that his wife sometimes reminded him to sleep and eat.