A Radioactive Waste Information Management System (RAWINGS) currently in operation mainly manages the inventory and history of the operating waste. The system has the disadvantages of the entered information needing to be transferred manually from the site to the system, information getting incorrectly entered during the process or information going missing.
Trang 1Available online 13 May 2022
0149-1970/© 2022 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
A detailed design for a radioactive waste safety management system using
ICT technologies
Radwaste Management Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 111, Daedeok-daero, 989beon-gil, Yuseung-gu, Daejon, 34057, Republic of Korea
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Radioactive waste safety management
Radioactive waste repackaged drums
Small-packaged waste
Digital twin
Augmented reality
Internet of things
A B S T R A C T
A Radioactive Waste Information Management System (RAWINGS) currently in operation mainly manages the inventory and history of the operating waste The system has the disadvantages of the entered information needing to be transferred manually from the site to the system, information getting incorrectly entered during the process or information going missing Recently, the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) and Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (KORAD) called for the development of a digital system that can show information transparently in real-time regarding the preliminary inspections of RAdioactive Waste (RAW) and the assessment
of its suitability for disposal before the radioactive waste is delivered to the disposal site A Digital Twin (DT) system is being developed for the safety management of radioactive waste to address the problems that these systems have and meet the needs of disposal operators This paper introduces the DT technology that uses Augmented Reality (AR) technology enabling users to check the contents of small-packaged wastes in radioactive waste drums without opening them, Internet of Things (IoT) sensor technology that checks the status of the drums in the radioactive waste storage and the RAWINGS system Based on the performance of a prototype Digital Twin consisting of three modules (AR, IoT and RAWINGS), the augmented reality enables users to see the shape information and filling rate of small-packaged wastes in the radioactive waste drums and includes Quick Response (QR) code management The basic data of the radioactive waste used in the augmented reality, as well
as small packaged wastes and repackaged drums, were processed in conjunction with RAWINGS In addition, real-time monitoring of radioactive waste drums loaded in the designated space (Y zone: an area where combustible waste is loaded within radioactive waste storage and TEST area: a section where drums scheduled to
be transported to the disposal site are loaded) of the radioactive waste storage was possible by transmitting IoT sensor signals attached to the drum to the digital twin Currently, augmented reality has an important role in enhancing the visibility and intuitiveness of radioactive waste information for radioactive waste managers and workers by overlapping digital information about radioactive waste storage Due to the nature of radioactive waste, it is difficult to know what waste is inside the enclosed drum However, the results of this study confirmed that waste contained in radioactive waste drums can be identified in real time in the Digital Twin rather than in the radioactive waste storage
This technology will be useful in determining the conformity of the radioactive waste acceptance criteria required by KORAD before the delivery of radioactive waste drums to disposal sites
1 Introduction
The radioactive waste information management system operated by
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) manages the inventory
and history of dismantled/operated waste Data may be incorrectly
entered or omitted when transferring information manually entered in
the field to the system Because it mainly serves as a database, there is a
limit to the safety management of radioactive waste In addition, when
supervisors from regulatory bodies and agencies check the waste in the radioactive waste drum, they open the radioactive waste drum and inspect the waste one by one In particular, checking the presence or absence of waste in a radioactive waste drum that has been stored for a long time takes a lot of time Moreover, it increases the stress of field workers, thereby degrading the quality of the radioactive waste man-agement work To overcome these limitations, this paper describes the safety management technology of radioactive waste using the major
* Corresponding author
E-mail address: parkhs@kaeri.re.kr (H.-S Park)
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Nuclear Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pnucene
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104251
Received 17 September 2021; Received in revised form 18 April 2022; Accepted 25 April 2022
Trang 2technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (AR, IoT and DT) The
AR is a technology that enables users to check small-packaged wastes in
drums without opening the sealed radioactive waste drums To this end,
each small-packaged waste should be classified by QR codes according
to the waste classification standard table, and the information already
registered can be checked through augmented reality technology by
recognizing the attached QR code The IoT technology enables safety
management through real-time monitoring and tracking of radioactive
waste drums
The DT technology enables the detection and prediction of
abnor-malities in the radioactive waste drums through various disaster
sce-narios To this end, the IoT sensor data are received in real-time As a
result, the abnormal status of radioactive waste drums is checked while
simulating them according to response scenarios to solve obstacles to
radioactive waste safety management Through linked database systems
with major technologies such as AR, IoT, and Digital Twin, it was
confirmed that QR codes for small-packaged wastes in drums could be
generated and managed through augmented reality in a Digital Twin
environment Basic data used in the AR and IoT (the original drum of
radioactive waste and small-packaged waste and repackaged drums)
were processed by interconnection with the legacy system In addition,
monitoring the condition of the radioactive waste drums loaded in the
designated space for radioactive waste storage (1 actual space and 1
TEST area) was possible by transmitting data from the IoT sensors
attached to the drums to the digital twins
If this study establishes a web-based system for all drums loaded in
storage, regulators, disposal operators, and radioactive waste managers
could manage radioactive waste safely and effectively checking the
storage conditions, location and loading history of the radioactive waste
drums in real-time Because the Digital Twin system for the safety
management of radioactive waste is operated in real-time, it can resolve
any information imbalance between in-situ supervisors and managers
and the loading amount and details of the radioactive waste drum In
addition, the status condition of the repacked drum
(temperature/hu-midity, whether the lid is opened or not, etc.) can be checked; thus, it is
expected to be used as a useful tool to improve the operation and process
of radioactive waste in the future
2 Related works
There is an example of a Digital Twin platform as a strategy for
digitization to study the dynamic simulation of thermal processes in
nuclear power plants That study explored the requirements and
ad-vantages of performing dynamic simulations in real-time on the Digital
Twin platform (JOKELAINEN Miikka et al., 2018) AR research is
actively underway in the nuclear industry as a way to reduce working
hours and human error In particular, research confirms that this
tech-nology is superior to existing technologies in maintenance support,
ra-diation visualization, and decommissioning support (ISHII, 2010) The
Worksite Visualization System (WVS), which is a part of DEXUS
(Decommissioning Engineering Support System to help planning of the
optimal dismantling process and for carrying out the dismantling work
safely and efficiently), describes AR as a technology that enables field
workers to process information about decommissioning facilities easily
and intuitively (IZUMI Masanori et al., 2010) In the CHERNOBYL NPPs,
requirement analysis and possibilities related to Computational Fluid
Dynamic (CFD) monitoring developed to analyze, predict and control
radiation states are addressed using DT (P.G Krukovskyi et al., 2020)
Even though the application of DT in the nuclear field is appropriate for
nuclear systems, there are still many aspects that are insufficient As a
study to overcome this, the incorporation of the uncertainty
quantifi-cation (UQ) and forward UQ was proposed enabling the propagation of
the uncertainty from the digital representation to predict the behavior of
the physical asset Uncertainties present in physical assets are found in
changes in the model coefficients due to physical asset’s natural
evo-lution of the physical asset (e.g., burnup, lower power states, high power
states, etc.) or known limitations of the model (e.g., due to assumptions like linearity) (Brendan Kochunass et al., 2021) There is a study that proposed a method of supporting decommissioning operations in Nu-clear Power Plant (NPP) using augmented reality Using a stylus pen, this technology has the advantage of being easier and more effective than that of the legacy recording method (Hirotake ISHII et al., 2014) Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) demonstrated applications of AR techniques for performing telerobotic operations in hazardous envi-ronments, such as radioactive waste facilities and dismantling sites
information display system based on AR The system automatically measures the lengths and gaps of structures by capturing the target objects with an RGB-D camera (Naoya Miki et al., 2018) To improve the efficiency of the maintenance work and reduce human errors for a do-mestic Japanese design for a demonstration Advanced Thermal Reactor (FUGEN), a prototype AR system was developed (Hiroshi Shimoda et al., 2005) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been considered
a development of Digital Twin to manage the issues associated with the lifetime of NPPs in terms of aging management and Life Time Man-agement (LTM) (Alexander et al., 2020) A multidisciplinary team (the University of Michigan, Idaho National Laboratory and Argonne Na-tional Laboratory, and Kairos Power and Curtiss-Wright) is developing digital twins of nuclear reactors to support flexible operations of a NPP
by using an ML-driven Digital Twin that can help understand a complex operating environment (Poornima Apte, 2021) The development of a virtual digital NPP and Digital Twin based on optimal control theory, fuzzy logic and machine learning in the nuclear industry can not only predict the state of the technological equipment but also solve the problem of parameter tuning of automatic regulators in the different operating modes of a NPP unit (V.S Volodin, 2019) Siemens gave ex-amples of Digital Twin technology that is not only useful in the design phase but also can evolve alongside the physical reactor throughout its operational lifetime This technology also can be used to control pre-dictive maintenance and develop full model-based detection systems The Digital Twin is the only solution that can eliminate the enormous cost of full-scale testing (Stephen Ferguson, 2020) PRE-DISposal man-agement of radioactive waste (PREDIS: the objective of the PREDIS-WP7 project on “Innovations in cemented waste handling and pre-disposal storage” is understanding and tracking the State of The Art (SoTA) of current methods and procedures used for cemented waste management with specific focus on monitoring during long-term storage) introduces the representation of a cemented radioactive waste package using a Digital Twin based on machine-learning algorithms and neural networks which will be trained with data produced by numerical tools for geochemical and mechanical integrity modelling (Stefania Uras, 2021)
3 Prototyping of the RAW safety management technology
3.1 Digital twin of RAW 3.1.1 Definition of the digital twin and benefits
Digital Twin technology can achieve safe management of radioactive waste through various simulations of the operation status of the radio-active waste storage facility in a virtual storage facility identical to the real one The basic elements for implementing a Digital Twin are as follows:
- Simulation: All the physics models that define the product/simulate operations/reconfigure system and test using DT
- IoT: Monitor the systems of the physical product via physical data/ pressure conditions, temperatures, component stress/use of algo-rithms to make reasonable projections about the future
- Visualization: Dashboard/Augmented Reality Digital Twin Benefits and Use Cases are as follows:
Trang 3- Smart connected products
- Virtual Prototyping
- Continuous data-driven optimization
- Real-world usage/conditions data
- Predictive models
- Reduce downtime and maintenance costs
3.1.2 Configuration of the digital twin
To reflect the real-time status of radioactive waste in the digital twin,
the storage and drums are organized into component layouts of the 3D
model The WebClient screen improves the page rendering speed and
reduces the server load by improving the simultaneous processing
per-formance with the Web server The advantage of WebClient Screen is
that it does not require additional software installation on the client PC
for digital twin use and that it can refer to open-source materials and
source codes when improving features related to page rendering and
concurrent processing It is also designed to map the current location of
the storage and drum to the coordinate value to monitor the condition of
the drum with an IoT sensor (tracking history according to the current
loading location and taking out situations) Radioactive waste Digital
Twin includes AR technology and IoT technology in a virtual
environ-ment shown in Fig 1 The radioactive waste is transported to the
disposal site as procedures;
- The radioactive waste that is generated from nuclear fuel facilities
and laboratories has been collected and managed history through in-
situ inspection
- A small-packaged waste, a requirement of the Korea Institute of
Nuclear Safety (KINS) is to be treated as small packaging after being
selected as waste with the same characteristics based on the
gener-ation history
- A reclassified disposal drum is loaded into the temporary storage
after identifying the characteristics of the waste package,
radionu-clides, and radioactive concentrations
- When the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute submits data
related to the disposal of radioactive waste to KORAD, the KORAD
determines the suitability of the disposal after a preliminary
inspection
- The waste disposal drum, which has been judged to be suitable, is
loaded into a container and transported to a cave disposal site of the
KORAD
3.1.3 Digital twin server system
The Digital Twin system was designed to operate as a data server and
web server Web servers operating on a single-threaded event loop-
based asynchronous (Non-Blocking I/O) are relatively fast platforms
associated with web clients using JavaScript languages and have the
advantage of expanding web servers into clusters as needed The data
server manages input values (information for original drum, small- packaged waste and repackaged drums) and IoT sensor values (tem-perature, humidity and opening/closing of the lid) received on the Digital Twin and the data values transmitted from RAWINGS Field workers at radioactive waste storage sites can directly input the details
of the radioactive waste treatment (data on small-packaged waste and repackaged drums) in-situ using augmented reality applications Infor-mation on radioactive wastes entered in this way can intuitively identify the contents of new registrations and the revision history of radioactive wastes in the digital twins
3.2 Augmented reality for the RAW and QR code
Augmented reality has been used in various fields (manufacturing, logistics, management, medical care, broadcasting, gaming, advertising, etc.) by providing a large amount of digital data in the actual environ-ment that users are seeing, enabling them to acquire intuitive information
The method of identifying radioactive wastes using QR codes was designed so that tablet PCs can read the radioactive waste data entered into the server when they recognize the QR codes attached to small packages and repackaged drums Fig 2 shows the generation and registration procedures for the QR codes as follows: 1) QR codes are tagged to register the drum information; 2) small-packaged waste codes that have been registered are tagged, and 3) radioactive waste infor-mation (repackaged drums and small-packaged drums inforinfor-mation) is checked using tablet PCs Google’s AR Core was used to obtain location information after QR code recognition and augment information in that location In addition, QR codes can be generated and printed on QR management pages on the Digital Twin web pages, and radioactive waste information can be checked by linking them in real-time Because
QR codes can be checked on the QR management page of the digital twins at any time, QR codes for management can be printed and used even if QR codes are damaged in-situ DT designed the repackaged drum number of the RAWINGS system to match the QR code used in the Digital Twin and augmented the reality programs, and specific data properties are as follows:
- Original drum information: Number, Date of generation, Facility of generation, Surface Dose Rate, Loading Position, Major Nuclide
- Waste information of the small-packaged waste: Number, Packaged drums or Repackaged Drums, Weight, Contents, Amount of repre-sentative specimen quantity (g)
- Drum information of the repackaged Drums: Number (linked with
QR code), Facility of generation, Date of generation, Date of Work, Contents, Drum or special Drum, Surface Dose Rate (μSv/h), Dose Rate by 1 m (μSv/h), Date of measured, Drum (L), Weight (kg), Loading Position, Amount of representative specimen quantity (g),
Fig 1 Configuration of RAW Digital Twin includes AR and IoT
Trang 4Major Nuclide, Sensor ID (Linked with IoT sensor), Zone (Linked
with IoT sensor) Augmented
3.3 IoT for RAW
3.3.1 Definition of IoT and functionality
The dictionary definition of IoT is an object-space connection
network that forms intelligent relationships such as sensing, networking,
and information processing in cooperation with humans, objects, and
services in three distributed environment elements without human
intervention IoT technology is required to minimize inconsistency and
human error in drum position information due to frequent changes in
loading position due to reclassification of waste drums
To improve the difficulties of such radioactive waste storage, the IoT
technology introduced in this study was designed to have the following
specialized characteristics:
- When radioactive small-packaged waste & drums are out of a specific
area, alarms are generated to prevent theft and loss and the
depar-ture of transport trucks
- Real-time check of radioactive small-packaged waste & drum loading
location and condition
- Tracking the path of movement by the identification of radioactive
small-packed wastes and by drum movements
- Provide data such as the amount, generation and inventory of
radioactive waste drums by monitoring radioactive small-packed
wastes and drums IoT sensor data attached to the drum at the test
area of the waste storage is transmitted to the Digital Twin system and the status information of the drums is monitored in real-time IoT sensors attached to radioactive waste drums are designed to minimize the impact of drum transport and operation and maximize the radio communication performance Fig 3 shows the prototype geometry
of the radioactive waste drum IoT, and the following requirements were considered
(1) Positioning the sensor in the center of the radioactive waste drum screw
- Loosen the screw in the middle of the yellow ring and pull the ring up and insert it into the drum screw
- Lower the hook and assemble the central screw At this point, the button inside the main body is lowered by the drum screw
- The button going down presses the inner switch
(2) Assembly of radioactive waste drum screws (3) When replacing the battery, open the grey lid and replace it The main functions of this prototype are checking the temperature and humidity of the radioactive waste drums and whether the lids are open, and monitoring the situation for drum entry and exit in the MESH network environment is possible In addition, when a radioactive waste drum is going to transfer to a radioactive waste disposal site, the movement of the radioactive waste drum can be checked in real-time using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Long-Term Evolution (LTE) communication
Fig 2 The procedures of generation and registration for QR codes
Fig 3 Prototype geometry of IoT attached on the drums
Trang 53.3.2 Monitoring the status (lid on/off) of the radioactive waste drums and
their temperature and humidity
3.3.2.1 Detecting lid engagement A bolt-on rim used to assemble the
drum lid was used to detect whether the drum lid is engaged When
installing the sensor after the bolt assembly, the screw tab of the bolt can
determine the assembly status by pressing the sensor’s button, and a
limit switch is used as the push switch The microcontroller unit (MCU)
inside the sensor is responsible for transmitting information that detects
whether the drum is coupled or not The limit switch specifications are
shown in Table 1
3.3.2.2 Detecting the temperature and humidity of the drum Micro-
Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors were selected to monitor
the temperature and humidity conditions around the radioactive waste
drum The MCU inside the sensor obtains the information and transmits
the information through the network and acquires signal data related to
the opening/closing of the drum lid and information on temperature and
humidity The sensor is capable of miniaturizing the design and is
located outside the drum, which has advantages in use and
manage-ment Table 2 shows the MEMS sensor and MCU specifications The
network related to the IoT of the radioactive waste is the MESH
network/Wirepas, for which the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) sensor of
the drum is connected to the MESH network in the storage The BLE
sensor means one of the features of the CPU (nRF 52832: ARM Cortex
M4) of the MCU
3.3.3 Definition of the radioactive waste drum zone and network design
A test area was selected to experiment with the IoT sensors of
radioactive waste drums, and 100 drums were used The requirements
considered for the design of the network systems were as follows
- Devices and servers that use LTE networks should be able to
communicate in two directions
- Sensor servers use LTE routers for communication with external LTE
communication terminals
- LTE routers should be given fixed IPs to collect LTE data from GPS
terminals and provide endpoints to access the Digital Twin system
- Wireless LTE networks themselves are difficult to hack, but
con-nections that transmit GPS data to servers must ensure secure
communication using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), which refers to an
Internet encryption communication protocol for securely
trans-mitting data on the Internet
- A mesh network is a network that is easy to install and set up using
RSSI, which means an estimated measure of power level that an RF
client device is receiving from an access point or router, between
devices that communicate The mesh network configured in this
system was as follows
⧉ Anchor: A fixed node that knows its location in advance
⧉ Tag: A device attached to a drum as a moving node
⧉ Sink: Physically connected to a gateway as a node that receives
data from an anchor and tag and passes it to the gateway
⧉ Gateway: Responsible for data exchange between the mesh
network and backend Models used in the storage and those on
the vehicle must be distinguished because of the different
communication channels used to connect to the backend
mesh networks to define areas where radioactive waste drums are loaded The left in Fig 4 is a diagram of the Clearance Level Waste Storage where the experiment was conducted The details of the drum location detection system installed in this facility for the experiment are
as follows
- Server for control service and database storage: 1
- LTE wireless router for receiving a location of an external vehicle:
- Gateway for receiving sensor access location information: 2
- Anchor node for zone classification: 18 (indicated in green in Figure)
- TAG for distinguishing drums: 100
3.4 Legacy system of RAW
life cycle of low and intermediate-level radioactive waste The system consists of several modules such as operational waste generated within the KAERI, dismantled waste generated from decommissioning Korean Research Reactor (KRR) and Uranium Conversion Plants (UCP), clear-ance level waste, and Legacy waste The system allows the entire process
to be tracked until radioactive waste generated from nuclear fuel cycle facilities is transported to the waste disposal site via the waste disposal facility and provides basic data for analyzing the nuclides contained in the waste The combustible waste data uploaded from the RAWINGS and used for the Digital Twin is shown in Table 3
4 Case study
A couple of experiments were conducted to verify that the waste in the drums and the condition monitoring of the drums are normally performed on the digital twins using the technical background of AR and IoT and the collected radioactive waste datasets The experimental fa-cility for the case study was selected as a clearance level radioactive waste storage and tested using 100 RAW drums
4.1 Identification of the RAW in the drums
If you select ’ Check Waste In-situ ’ on the menu screen, you can check the information that corresponds to the QR codes generated by the digital twins and registered by the AR visualization app Additionally, if the QR code is the QR code of the repackaged drum, the information of the repackaged drum can be checked, and if the QR code is the QR code
of the small-packaged wastes, the information of the small-packaged wastes can be checked Fig 6 shows the information on small pack-ages in drums (AR-1990-B01-0606) to be transported to the disposal site using Tablet PC with augmented reality technology and informs that the filling rate of drums is 85% Previously, in order to check the wastes in the drum, the drum lid was opened and the wastes were checked one by one This technology has the advantage to identify various kinds of characterization of the RAW as follows;
Table 1
Description of limit switch
Table 2
Specification of temperature/humidity and MCU
Surface contamination rates
Operation temperature
− 40 ◦ C ~
85 ◦ C Core ARM® Cortex®-M4 32-bit processor with FPU, 64
MHz Temperature
◦ C Wireless sender/
reception 2.4 GHz transceiver Operation
humidity 0–100 RH % Operation temperature −40
◦ C ~ 85 ◦ C
Humidity error 2% on the
25 ◦ C
Trang 6- Characteristics of radiological requirements: nuclides and
radioac-tivity concentrations, surface dose rates, and surface contamination
- Characteristics of physical requirements: fill rate, and free-standing
water properties
- Characteristics of chemical requirements: disposal-restricted sub-stances (corrosive, explosive, flammable, ignitable subsub-stances, gas- generating substances, biohazard substances, etc.)
Fig 4 Drawings of experiment facility and configuration of RAW network
Fig 5 Systematic diagram of RAWINGS
Table 3
Combustible waste data linked to Digital Twin from RAWINGS
Waste by Generated Facilities (Original Drums) Repackaged Drums Treatment Concentration Value by Nuclide (Bq/g)
Drum generated facility Dept Dismantled Waste Drum generated facility Dept Chemical Research Gross Alpha 4.85E+00
Amount of specimen sampling (kg) 0.1 Nuclide (18) Waste by Generated Facilities (Original Drums) Repackaged Drums Treatment Concentration Value by Nuclide (Bq/g)
Drum generated facility Dept Dismantled Waste Drum generated facility Dept Chemical Research Gross Alpha 4.85E+00
Amount of specimen sampling (kg) 0.1 Nuclide (18)
Trang 74.2 Monitoring of the RAW drum condition
4.2.1 Definition of RAW storage ID and zone ID
The radioactive waste facility ID and zone ID are defined as shown in
digital twin This table means to ID values to define the location of the
IoT sensor to be linked to the facility where IoT devices will be installed
and the Digital Twin system In the ID column of this table, 1225 means
zone Y, which is an experimental section in the radioactive waste 1
storage As a result of the experiment, open/close, temperature,
hu-midity, and zone information (located/not in the relevant area) of the
repackaged drum could be checked on the Digital Twin through the
Application Programming Interface (API) provided by the IoT
application
4.2.2 IoT sensor data reception and visualization
Using the IoT sensor values transmitted from the IoT servers, it was
tested whether the values are normally received on the digital twins, and
it was confirmed that the API linkage for receiving the IoT sensor values
is successful shown in Fig 7 The left figure in Fig 7 describes that the
IoT sensor value attached to the drum AR-2019-B01-0002 is normally linked to the DT The right figure shows the results of confirming the IoT sensor value stored in the DB through Structured Query Language (SQL) Query The data that organized in the DB is Facility ID, Facility Name, Zone ID, Temperature, Humidity, and On/Off on the Lid of the Drum After a drum (TR-2017-801-0232) was loaded into the radioactive waste storage, its lid was tested to determine if it was recognizable directly on
a Digital Twin when it was opened for work or other purposes Based on the results, the opening and closing status of the drum could be checked
in real-time shown in Fig 8 The left in Fig 8 shows the normal state of the drum as sealed, and the right figure shows the fact that the drum lid
is open The green colour in the left picture indicates that the lid of the drum is normally closed When someone opens the drum’s lid, the sensor detects it and appears in red like the picture on the right, and the alarm goes off The temperature and humidity were 16.63 ◦C and 65.15%, respectively
Through the above experiments, it was confirmed that the moni-toring experiment of drums loaded into radioactive waste storage (temperature and humidity and opening and closing of the drum lid) was completed normally
5 Conclusion
A Prototype of the Digital Twin system was completed by monitoring the condition of drums using IoT sensors attached to radioactive waste drums, checking small-packaged wastes in the drums using augmented reality technology, and linking data stored in the legacy systems The Digital Twin can monitor the condition of drums in real-time through the Web without restrictions on the storage space of radioactive waste, check the loading location and the history of small packages in the drums In the future, the data accumulated from the Digital Twin operation can be used as a tool for radioactive waste pattern analysis Furthermore, they can be used as learning data when building an intelligent storage management model based on deep learning In addition, as an alternative to the accuracy of the IoT sensor and the exact location of the drum in the radioactive waste storage, we plan to conduct
a localization study using deep learning
Credit author statement Hee-Seoung Park: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing-original draft, Visualization Sung-Chan Jang:, Il-Sik Kang: Resources, Investigation, Data curation Dong-Ju Lee: Resources, Investigation, Data curation Jeong-Guk Kim: Data curation Jin Woo Lee: Writing – review & editing, Project administration
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
Fig 6 Identification of filling rate information within the RAW drum
Table 4
Combustible waste data linked to Digital Twin from RAWINGS
Facility
No Facility Name Facility ID Zone Zone ID ID
B5 RAW 1 Storage-
Subsidiary 11 A, B, C, D, E … …
…, Z
01, 02,
03, 04, 0,
26
Facility + Zone B6 RAW 1 Storage 12 A, B, C,
D, E … …
…, Z
01, 02,
03, 04,
05, 26
B7 RAW 2 Storage 13 A, B, C,
D, E … …
…, Z
01, 02,
03, 04, 0,
26 B8 Take-out Storage 14 A, B, C,
D, E … …
…, Z
01, 02,
03, 04, 0,
26 B24 Metal Molten
Experiment 15 A, B, C, D, E … …
…, Z
01, 02,
03, 04,
05, 26 B26 Combustible
Waste Treatment 16 A, B, C, D, E … …
…, Z
01, 02,
03, 04,
05, 26 B27 Dismantled
Waste Storage-1 17 A, B, C, D, E … …
…, Z
01, 02,
03, 04,
05, 26 F1 Dismantled
Waste Storage-2 18 A, B, C, D, E … …
… , Z
01, 02,
03, 04,
05, 26
D4 Clearance Level
Trang 8interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper
mesh networks to define areas where radioactive waste drums are
loaded
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Nuclear Research & Development
Program (2019M2C9A1059067) through the National Research
Foun-dation of South Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science ICT
(MIST), Republic of Korea
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Further reading
Concetta, Semeraro, et al., 2021 Digital twin paradigm: a systematic literature review Comput Ind 130, 103469 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2021.103469 CORA-CALCOM, 2011 Program System for Nuclear Facility Decommissioning www siempelkamp-nis.com
Iguchi, Yukihiro, et al., 2004 Development of decommissioning engineering support system (DEXUS) of the FUGEN nuclear power station J Nucl Sci Technol 41 (3), 367–375
Park, Seung Kook, et al., 2011 Unit Productivity Calculating System for Decommissioning Work, vol 38 Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers No 1(C)
Park, Jin Ho, et al., 2007 Development of the Decommissioning Project Management System KAERI/TR-3401/
Fig 7 Identification of IoT sensor data and check of temperature/humidity
Fig 8 Monitoring of repackaged drums conditions: Left-normal, Right-Abnormal
Trang 9UKAEA’s Decommissioning Strategy, 2001 The Management of Nuclear Liabilities in
UKAEA-PART 3 Technology Development, vol 1
Usui, Hideo, et al., 2012 In: Study on Evaluation of Project Management Data for
Decommissioning of Uranium Refining and Conversion Plant, WM2012 Conference
February 26 March 1, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Yanagihara, Satoshi, 1993 COSMARD: the code system for management of JPDR decommissioning J Nucl Sci Technol 30 (9), 890–899