ESL grammar intermediate amp advanced final

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the world smarter.”

About This Book

Open a new world of opportunity by mastering the English language ESL

Grammar: Intermediate and Advanced is truly for everyone, whether in school

or on the job This comprehensive and challenging guide serves as an idealsupplement to textbooks, language courses, and most other study aids and testpreparation books But with its thorough coverage of English grammar, easy-to-follow exercises, glossary, and complete answer key, this book can be used byitself with confidence

The ability to write and speak English effectively is necessary for success in

any study area, whether it be English, science, mathematics, or social studies.

Therefore, most standardized school and vocational tests—as well as the Test ofEnglish as a Foreign Language, or TOEFL— require that students demonstrate acommand of the English language, which is why we have included a helpfulguide to note taking, studying, and test taking

English writing and speaking skills are invaluable for getting a job andadvancing in your chosen career Employers (and their clients) often judgeemployees according to their ability to communicate effectively and in a

productive way This book—as well as REA’s companion volume, ESL Writing:

Intermediate and Advanced—can help you take command of the English

How to Use This Book

This book is one of the most straightforward study guides you will find Asyou can see from the table of contents, all aspects of English grammar areeffectively covered Each section contains clear explanations, simple examples,and ample exercises for you to practice and learn The answer key at the back ofthe book is an ideal reference by which you can judge your progress, and theglossary stands ready to clear up any uncertainties about terms and theirmeanings

REA wishes you all the best on your climb up the ladder to language mastery— and the success that you will enjoy in work and in life!

English-About the Author

Mary Ellen Muñoz Page is a former Bilingual Training Specialist andSpanish professor at the University of Florida in Gainesville She received aB.A in Spanish and history and an M.A in Spanish, both from Case WesternReserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio As a professor, Ms Muñoz Pagereceived three “Voyages of Discovery” mini-grants to develop cultural modules

on Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Spain Ms Muñoz Page is also the author ofbooks for the TOEFL Test (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and theESOL Examination (English for Speakers of Other Languages) She was

selected for Who’s Who Among American Teachers in 1996 and 1998.

Author Acknowledgments

This book is lovingly dedicated to my mother, Edna I Schmidt, who alwaysmade sure that I used proper grammar To all my ESL students whose unceasingquestions prompted the writing of this manual, I give my thanks To MaureenJennings, for her help in the final assembly of this book, my undying gratitude

In addition to the author, we would like to thank Steven M Gras, technicalreviewer; Larry B Kling, Vice President, Editorial, for supervising development;Pam Weston, Vice President, Publishing, for setting the quality standards forproduction integrity and managing the publication to completion; AnneWinthrop Esposito and Diane Goldschmidt, Senior Editors, for projectmanagement and preflight editorial review and post-production qualityassurance; Christine Saul, Senior Graphic Artist, for cover design; and JeffLoBalbo, Senior Graphic Artist, for postproduction file mapping We alsogratefully acknowledge the team at Aquent Publishing Services for typesettingthe manuscript

Appendix E–Irregular Verbs Answer Keys

ESL

Intermediate Grammar

ESL

CHAPTER 1

Pronouns

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns and all their modifiers.They can be subjects, direct and indirect objects, interrogatives, impersonals,objects of prepositions, reflexives, demonstratives, possessives, and relatives.This chart will help you keep them in the proper order

7 (He, Him) travels to San Diego every spring

8 Find the boss’s file and hand it to (him, he)

9 The boys challenged (we, us) girls to a test of strength (We, Us) won, ofcourse

college

5 The flying object turned around and disappeared in thenight

Who functions as a subject in its clause (who is waving to us) (who will replace Joan) and refers to the girl (singer) These clauses do not convey a

complete idea

Whom is the object (receiver) of the action (See a detailed explanation on who and whom in the Part 2: ESL Advanced Grammar.)

Whom is the second receiver of the action should address (guest

(Whether the county is large or small, it doesn’t change itslocation This information is not vital to the fact that Monaco isnear the South of France.)

8 The soldiers were injured in combat The president is awarding medals tothe soldiers

10 The director knows the candidate The candidate was chosen to be themanager

4 That young man (who, whom) you met seems very nice

5 I’ll be writing to the director (who, whom) you saw Monday

6 Will you be presenting the slides (that, which) you took in Canada lastsummer?

7 The steaks, (that, which) my brother gave us, are delicious

8 The fish (that, which) Lonnie caught is a big bass

9 The income tax (that, which) he paid last year is accurate

money, patience, sugar, water, etc.) However, if you put these things incontainers or time in hours and minutes, and money in dollars and cents, thenyou could count them Notice the difference in the following:

13 (Is, Are) there many states that have repealed that law?

14 How many tests (has, have) there been this semester?

15 (Was, Were) there a dress, a jacket, and some shoes in the box when youopened it?

an infinitive

IT + BE + adjective + [THAT + subject + verb]

(dependent clause)Adjectives that fit into this category are the following:

(dependent clause)This category includes the following words:

Decide whether the blank spaces require to for the infinitive or that to

8 It was good _ have someone around to help with the work

9 It is evident you don’t understand what I am saying

10 It is incredible _ the play has lasted so long

11 It turned out all the students did well in the final exam

13 It was strange _ Janice didn’t call when she was in town

14 It will be interesting _ see who wins the race

15 It had been apparent _ leaving the scene of the accident was amistake

16 It was advisable _ the student change his major

17 It would be important _ evaluate your assets before you ask forthe loan

18 It appears _ someone has already decorated the room for theparty

4 is unusual to see so many people out so early on a Sundaymorning.

ESL

CHAPTER 2

Adjectives

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are words that modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun They canalso follow linking verbs (be, seem, appear, etc.) Just like nouns, they can fall

into different categories: 1) limiting—articles, demonstratives, possessives— and 2) descriptives Adjectives usually precede the words that they modify.

5 The witness testified about _ taking pictures of the scientificexperiments (he)

6 The boss said, “I need to count on _ taking part in all of theseactivities.” (you)

7 We are afraid of _ raising the rent (the landlord)

8 Do not try to explain _ bad driving! You taught him (Terry)

9 You don’t like it! Are you referring to _ playing the piano? (I)

Change the noun or pronoun in parentheses to the possessive form, and use

it as an adjective

2 We’re surprised at _ receiving the drama award (Helen)

3 Aimee was not jealous of her _ winning the scholarship

(friend)

4 The children were fascinated by the _ jumping up and down.(clowns)

5 I am depending on _ organizing the trip for us (you)

6 Mrs Genovese disapproved of _ commuting so far to workevery day (me)

7 _ accepting the challenge depends on her commitment to doingwell (Anne)

8 The Senate approved of its _ receiving more health benefits.(citizens)

9 I will rely on my _ finding time to work with me (brother)

10 The _ thinking quickly saved his little sister from choking.(boy)

11 Mel will have to pay for his _ breaking the window with thebaseball (son)

12 _ exercising too much caused pains in his muscles (Tony)

14 _ moving to the country made a big difference in our health.(us)

19 Maureen was interested in the _ keeping their dog in the yard.(neighbors)

20 We are concerned about _ driving so late at night (they)

SOME AND ANY

While some and any convey the same idea, they may not be used interchangeably in standard written English Some is used with affirmative sentences, and any is used with negatives and questions They may be used as pronouns or adjectives For affirmative statements, use some For negative statements or questions, use any.

Affirmative: Use some.

7 Did Mr Robertson have _ in mind for the job?

8 While they were away, _ broke into their house and stole theirvaluables

9 Joel can’t go to football games because he never has _ freetime on Saturdays

10 No one saw _ unusual that day (object)

11 We hope that they will give us _ information on traveling in theNorthwest.

The first form, the positive degree, is the basic form of the adjective or

adverb, which describes one or more persons, objects, or ways of doingsomething

8 The streets in the old section of town seem than anyplace else (narrow)

5 The seats in first class have become those in second class.(– – cramped)

Some adjectives cannot be compared These are a few that cannot:

Dead: It is impossible to be deader than someone or something else.

Unique: It means one of a kind and allows for no comparison.

Pregnant: It is impossible to be a little pregnant or more pregnant than another Immaculate: It means pure or sinless, absolutely clean, and does not allow for

8 Rudy receives C’s and D’s on his tests Ralph receives A’s and B’s

9 It is raining in Cleveland and snowing in Buffalo

10 Betty learned to speak Portuguese well in three years It took her tenyears to learn Arabic

4 The food in this restaurant is than in the one on the corner.(bad)

3 Maureen ate three pieces of pizza, and her sister ate three

4 Brian sleeps eight hours every night and Rita sleeps eight

night Some college students also do six hours of assignments

12 Joan Collins has a lot of jewelry Liz Taylor has a lot of jewelry

13 In their new apartment, the Andersons have six pieces of furniture in thedining room and six pieces in the living room

Example: Glen likes to travel and is considering the following

4 It’s hot today: Cleveland 95 degrees, Atlanta 87 degrees, and Trenton 80degrees

5 Distances from Olympia, Washington: Tacoma 30 miles, Bremerton 56,Aberdeen 49

6 Helen has four holiday candles burning: red 3 hours, green 1 hour, andwhite 45 minutes

8 The football team went to a restaurant after the big game The

quarterback ate three hamburgers, the coach had two, and the kicker ateone

9 Three athletes want to be healthy Arthur jogs four miles every day andeats no red meat Jill loves hamburgers and french fries, but she swims

35 laps every day Ted drives to class and snacks on junk food every day

10 It was a hot summer day Cindy drank three glasses of lemonade, Suzytwo, and Diane four

9 Good students attend class _ (frequently) than poor ones

10 Paquito is the _ (bad) player of all

11 Mary’s child was so nervous that he sat the _ (quietly) of allthe children

12 The first contestant answered the questions the _ (quickly) ofall

13 The Green Bean is the _ (good) restaurant of any I havevisited

B well

C decided

D a

A divorcing

B from

C ago

D their

A The

B was

C enjoyably

16 Since we haven’t had too many rain lately, the flowers are rather wilted,and many are dying

ESL

CHAPTER 3

Adverbs

EXERCISE 30

If the compound tenses are used as questions, then the frequency adverbsare placed directly before the past participle.

Have you never gone to Stone Mountain near Atlanta?

Has Janet always lived in Vermont?

Had Jack usually written poetry before he decided to write fiction?

EXERCISE 33

For each sentence, replace the words in parentheses with one of thefrequency adverbs in the list that means the same or nearly the same Somemay be repeated.

Example: Jeff barely knew Mandy when they married after a short

6 _ my friends and I go to the shopping mall (three timesevery month)

7 I _ ever see you anymore (not very much)

8 Sandy and her husband _ eat dinner at a restaurant (maybeonce a month)

9 We _ receive junk mail at home (almost every day)

8 This neighborhood is quiet, but today it is rather noisy (usually)

9 Has Jude sung and played for the local dances? (sometimes)

10 Have you thought about writing a novel? (often)

11 The girls take the bus to work, but today it was raining and they got aride (generally)

12 I have seen Tom without his wife at the council meetings (seldom)

13 They talk to us since they moved to the new neighborhood (barely)