a0083 c sharp 3 0 complete referenc morebook vn 8299

He regularly publishes articles on security design and is the co-author of six security books, including the award-winning Writing Secure Code, 19 Deadly Sins of Software Security, The

C# 3.0: The Complete Reference

About the Author

Herbert Schildt is a leading authority on C#, C++, C,

and Java His programming books have sold more than 3.5 million copies worldwide and have been translated into all major foreign languages He is the author of

numerous bestsellers, including Java: The Complete

Reference, C++: The Complete Reference, C: The Complete Reference, and C#: A Beginner’s Guide Although interested

in all facets of computing, his primary focus is computer languages, including compilers, interpreters, and robotic control languages He also has an active interest in the standardization of languages Schildt holds both graduate and undergraduate degrees from the University of Illinois

He can be reached at his consulting office at (217) 586-4683

His web site is www.HerbSchildt.com.

About the Technical Editor

Michael Howard (Austin, Texas) is a principal security

program manager on the Trustworthy Computing (TwC) Group’s Security Engineering team at Microsoft, where he is responsible for managing secure design, programming, and testing techniques across the company Howard is an architect of the Security Development Lifecycle (SDL), a process for improving the security of Microsoft’s software Howard speaks regularly on the topic of securing code for Microsoft and at conferences worldwide He regularly publishes articles on security design and is the co-author of six

security books, including the award-winning Writing Secure Code, 19 Deadly Sins of Software Security, The Security Development Lifecycle, and his most recent release, Writing Secure Code for Windows Vista.

C# 3.0: The Complete Reference

Herbert Schildt

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I n d e x 885

constrained, 504 See also

Constraint(s)

constructed See Constructed type

data See Data types

extensibility, 213, 240

identification, runtime, 459–463

inference, 416, 526, 527, 549–550

metadata, 457

nullable, 36, 518, 519

numeric, NET structures for the

built-in, 397–397

open, 499

parameterized, 495

promotion, 59–60

reference See Reference types

safety and generics, 495, 496,

498, 499–502, 506, 526, 529,

544, 641, 660, 750, 775, 800, 801

value See Value types

Type argument(s), 498, 499

and constraints, 503–521 See also

Constraint(s)

and pointer types, 544

to call a generic method, using

explicit, 527

Type class, 462, 463, 465, 485

commonly used methods

defined by the, list of, 464

commonly used properties

defined by the, list of, 464

Type conversion, 42, 55–62

and casting, 55, 56–58, 60–62

implicit (automatic), 55–56, 59,

190–192

Type parameter(s), 497–498, 544

comparing instances of a,

534–537

and constraints, 503–504

creating a default value of a,

522–523

and generic class hierarchies,

537–540

and generic delegates, 527

and generic interfaces, 530,

533, 534

and generic methods, 524–526

overloading methods that use,

542–543

relationship between two,

establishing a, 520

TypeCode enumeration, 624, 626,

628, 632, 636, 640

typeof operator, 462–463,

467, 476

U

uint value type, 36, 37, 38, 396, 623 literal, 46

UInt16 NET structure, 396, 397, 623 UInt32 NET structure, 396, 397, 623 UInt64 NET structure, 396, 397, 623 ulong value type, 36, 37, 396, 623 literal, 46

Unboxing, 307–309 unchecked keyword, 360–362

#undef directive, 451, 455 Unicode, 41, 363, 378 UTF–16 and UTF–32, 634–635 UnicodeCategory enumeration, 636 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), 823

constructing a, 833 dissecting a, 833–834 Uniform Resource Locator (URL), 823 UnionWith( ), 798

Unmanaged code, 9, 585, 586 UnmanagedMemoryStream class, 365 /unsafe compiler option, 586 unsafe keyword, using, 587–588 UploadData( ), 844, 845 UploadFile( ), 845 UploadString( ), 845 UploadValues( ), 845 Uri class, 823, 833–834 UriFormatException, 825, 830 UseDefaultCredentials property,

826, 843 ushort value type, 36, 37, 38, 396, 623 using directive

to bring a namespace into view,

20, 22–23, 441–443

to create an alias, 443–444 using statement, 374, 607–608

V

ValidOn property, 491 value

contextual keyword, 33 implicit parameter, 246, 248–249,

255, 425 428 Value property, 599, 755, 778, 783,

788, 791, 809, 836–837 Value type(s), 35–36, 115 boxing and unboxing, 307–309 and call-by-reference, 176–181 constraints, 504, 517, 519 default value of, 127, 522 new and, 130–131 null and, 518

passed to methods, 174–175 structures as, 311, 326, 330, 331 structures corresponding to the built-in numeric, NET, 396–397, 623–641 table of, 36 Values property, 754, 762, 765, 777,

788, 790, 793 Values<TV> property, 777 var keyword, 51, 151, 153, 547, 548,

550, 571 Variable(s) captured, 412–413, 416 const, 607

declaration, 23–24, 25, 28, 49, 53 definition of, 23

dynamic initialization of, 50–51 implicitly typed, 7, 25, 51–52,

547, 569, 571 initializing, 50–51, 53–54

instance See Instance variables

local, 49, 52–53 member, 12 names, rules governing, 33–34 outer, 412–413, 416

pointer See Pointer(s)

query, 547, 548

reference See Reference

variable(s) scope and lifetime of, 52–54 static, 205–206, 208–209 volatile, 607

Version class, 835 virtual keyword, 294, 297, 301 Virtual

methods, 291, 294–301, 305, 540–542

properties, 297 Visual C++ 2008 Express Edition, 15 Visual C# 2008 Express Edition, 14, 15 Visual Studio IDE (Integrated Development Environment), 14, 15–19, 848, 851, 852, 867 void, 21, 116

methods, returning from, 119–120 volatile modifier, 607

vsvars32.bat file, 15

W

Wait( ), 723–727, 746 WaitForExit( ), 748 WaitForPendingFinalizers( ), 658 WaitHandle class, 730, 734 WaitOne( ), 730, 733, 734, 737, 739

886 C # 3 0 : T h e C o m p l e t e R e f e r e n c e

#warning directive, 451, 456

warning #pragma option, 457

Warth, Chris, 4

Web crawler

definition of, 839

example program, 839–842

WebClient class, 822, 823, 842–845

methods, table of synchronous,

844–845

properties, table of, 843

WebException, 830–831, 842

WebExceptionStatus

enumeration, 831

WebHeaderCollection collection, 834

WebRequest class, 823, 824–826, 829,

830, 842, 845

methods, table of synchronous

communication, 825

properties, table of, 825–826

WebResponse class, 823, 824, 826,

830, 831, 834, 842, 845

methods, table of commonly

used, 827

properties, table of, 827

where clause, 504, 505, 512, 517,

520, 521

in a LINQ query, 547–548,

551–552

Where( ) extension method, 574,

575–576

while loop, 85, 99–101, 105 Widening conversion, 55, 56 Width property, 855, 863 Window, form-based changing default size of, 863 illustration of skeletal, 850 Windows, 6, 8, 9

API, 847–848, 851 controls, 849, 852, 855

form See Form, Windows

program, compiling, 851 Windows application, form-based adding button to, 852–853 adding menu to, 859–866 compiling, 851

message handling, 853–856 skeleton, 849–851

threading model, 851 using message box in, 856–858 Windows Forms NET subsystem,

847, 848, 850 Windows programming form-based, 847–866 history of, 847–848 and message-based interaction, 849 using Visual Studio, 848 Write( ), 24–25, 364, 366, 371, 375, 384 WriteByte( ), 364, 375

WriteLine( ), 21, 24–25, 26, 41, 43, 48,

307, 351, 366, 371, 394, 395, 396, 640 formatted output version of, 43–46, 685

using a method within, 122 WriteTimeout property, 365

X

X property, 852 XML, 545, 546 XML comment, 867 tags, table of, 868 XML file containing, 869–870 XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^) bitwise, 73, 77–78

logical, 67, 68 Xor( ), 772

Y

Y property, 852 yield

break statement, 815 contextual keyword, 33, 814 return statement, 814 statements, multiple, 815–816

Z

Zero field, 635