a0108 oracle performance tuning and optimizatio morebook vn 9763

Oracle Performance Tuning and Optimization Oracle Performance Tuning and Optimization Edward Whalen 201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46290 ®... No part of this book shall be r

Oracle

Performance Tuning and Optimization

Oracle

Performance Tuning and Optimization

Edward Whalen

201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46290

®

Oracle Performance Tuning & Optimization

Publisher and President: Richard K Swadley Acquisitions Manager: Greg Wiegand Development Manager: Dean Miller Managing Editor: Cindy Morrow Marketing Manager: Gregg Bushyeager

To my father.

Copyright  1996 by Sams Publishing

FIRST EDITION

All rights reserved No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,

recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher No patent

liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein.

Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the

publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions Neither is any

liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained

herein For information, address Sams Publishing, 201 W 103rd St., Indianapolis,

IN 46290.

International Standard Book Number: 0-672-30866-X

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-72345

99 98 97 96 4 3 2 1

Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is the year of

the book’s printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of the book’s printing.

For example, a printing code of 96-1 shows that the first printing of the book

occurred in 1996.

Composed in AGaramond and MCPdigital by Macmillan Computer Publishing

Printed in the United States of America

All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks

have been appropriately capitalized Sams Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of

this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the

validity of any trademark or service mark.

Acquisitions Editor

Rosemarie Graham

Development Editors

Byron Pearce Todd Bumbalough

Software Development Specialist

Steve Flatt

Production Editor

Alice Martina Smith

Technical Reviewers

David Kennedy Stephen Tallon

Editorial Coordinator

Bill Whitmer

Technical Edit Coordinator

Lynette Quinn

Formatter

Frank Sinclair

Editorial Assistants

Sharon Cox Andi Richter Rhonda Tinch-Mize

Cover Designer

Tim Amrhein

Book Designer

Alyssa Yesh

Copy Writer

Peter Fuller

Production Team Supervisor

Brad Chinn

Production

Mary Ann Abramson Georgianna Briggs Jama Carter Amy Chinn Michael Dietsch Jason Hand Sonja Hart Ayanna Lacey Clint Lahnen Paula Lowell Brian-Kent Proffitt Bobbi Satterfield

Overview

Introduction xxiv

PART I Introduction 1 1 Introduction to Oracle 3

2 Understanding Terms 21

3 What Is a Well-Tuned System? 31

4 Tuning Methodology 41

5 Benchmarking 51

6 Performance Monitoring Tools 73

7 Performance Engineering Starts at the Design Stage 81

PART II Tuning the Server 89 8 What Affects Oracle Server Performance? 91

9 Oracle Instance Tuning 97

10 Performance Enhancements 139

11 Tuning the Server Operating System 167

12 Operating System-Specific Tuning 177

13 System Processors 205

14 Advanced Disk I/O Concepts 213

15 Disk Arrays 225

PART III Configuring the System 243 16 OLTP System 245

17 Batch Processing System 265

18 Decision Support System 285

19 Data Warehousing System 303

20 BLOB System 323

21 The Oracle Parallel Server System 339

22 Optimal Backup and Recovery 349

23 Miscellaneous Configurations 367

PART IV Tuning SQL 391 24 What Is a Well-Tuned SQL Statement? 393

25 Using EXPLAIN PLAN and SQL Trace 403

26 Tuning SQL Statements 419

27 Using the Oracle Optimizer 437

28 Using Procedures, Functions, and Packages 449

29 Providing for Data Integrity and Triggers 461

30 Using Hints 475

31 Introducing SQL Development Tools 489

32 Miscellaneous SQL Topics 501

Oracle Performance Tuning & Optimization

PART V Tuning the Client 513

33 What Affects Client Performance? 515

34 Tuning the Client System 525

35 Using GUI Builders 533

36 Using Middleware Products 555

PART VI Tuning the Network 563 37 What Affects Network Performance? 565

38 Tuning the Network Components 573

PART VII References 579 A Review of Tuning Guidelines 581

B Quick Reference 595

C Flowcharts 603

D Glossary 607

E Oracle Tuning Parameters 619

F Contents of the CD-ROM 645

Index 649

Contents

Introduction xxiv

Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction to Oracle 3

The Database 4

The Physical Layer 4

The Logical Layer 5

The Oracle Instance 8

The Oracle Memory Structure 8

System Global Area (SGA) 9

Program Global Area (PGA) 10

Processes 10

How Transactions Work 12

Oracle Products 13

Oracle RDBMS Products 13

Oracle Workgroup Server 15

Personal Oracle for Windows 16

Oracle Development Tools 16

Oracle Applications 17

Oracle Services 18

Summary 19

2 Understanding Terms 21

Terms 22

RDBMS Functionality 26

Checkpoint 26

Logging and Archiving 26

Business Models 27

OnLine Transaction Processing (OLTP) 27

Batch Processing 27

Decision Support 28

Data Warehousing 28

Binary Large Objects (BLOBs) 28

Unit Conversions 28

Powers of 10 29

Storage Units 29

Summary 30

3 What Is a Well-Tuned System? 31

Client/Server Computing 32

The Client or Front-End Machines 33

The Server 33

The Network 35

Client/Server Checklist 35

buffer cache, 107-108

operating system, 99

private PL/SQL

areas, 100

private SQL areas, 100

shared pool, 100-106

methodology, 44

analyzing results, 50

determing solution to

problems, 48-49

examining system for

problems, 45-46

finding cause or

performance problems,

47-48

goal setting for optimal

performance, 48-50

performance

clients, 85

networks, 85-86

servers, 85

Tuxedo systems, features,

344

two-phase commit, 617

two-tiered system

architecture, 556

U

UNIQUE constraint, 465

unique indexes, 149, 427

units of measurements,

conversions, 28

binary storage units, 29-30

powers of 10, 29

UNIX, 530-531

architecture, 192

development of, 191

I/O subsystem, 197-198

asynchronous I/O,

198-200

file system, 198

raw device interface, 198

memory, 192-193, 531

reducing unnecessary

memory usage, 193

SGA tuning, 194-195 user capacity, 195-196

networks, 196, 531

SCO UNIX, 196-197 Solaris, 197

tuning, 575 UnixWare, 197

new features

benchmarking, 200 cache affinity, 202 disabling preemptive scheduling, 201 ISM (Intimate Shared Memory), 201 load balancing, 202 post-wait semaphores, 201

parameters

asynchronous I/O, 198 SHMMAX, 194 SHMSEG, 194

summary of tuning guidelines, 202-203

UNIX SVR4, 191 UnixWare

buffer cache, tuning, 193 networks, 197

parameters

asynchronous I/O, 199 shared memory, 194-195

updatable snapshots, 374 UPDATE statement

defined, 617 execution plan, displaying with EXPLAIN PLAN command, 414-416

updating rollback segments, 128 USE_CONCAT hint, 483-484

USE_MERGE hint, 484 USE_NL hint, 485 user processes (client processes), 10 user-transaction profile, flowchart, 605 USER_CONS_COLUMNS view, 467

USER_CONSTRAINTS view, 467

USER_DUMP_DEST parameter, 405, 637 USER_TRIGGERS view, 471

V

V$FILESTAT dynamic performance table, disk access information, 597 V$LATCH dynamic performance table, latch contention data, 601 V$ROLLSTAT dynamic performance table, dynamic rollback growth data, 600 V$ROLLSTAT table, rollback segment data, 129 V$ROWCACHE table, data dictionary statistics, 103 V$SYSSTAT dynamic performance table, recursive calls data, 599 V$SYSSTAT table, buffer cache statistics, 107 V$WAITSTAT dynamic performance table, rollback contention data, 599 V$WAITSTAT table, rollback segment data, 127 validating data, triggers, 469 VARCHAR2 data type, 510 variables, binding, 401 viewing

constraints, 467-469 triggers, 471-472

views

defined, 6, 617 dynamic performance tables, 74-75

virtual memory

defined, 25, 211, 617 paging, 24, 211 swapping, 25, 211

virtual memory

W-X-Y-Z

warehouses, see data

warehouses

WebServer system

archive logs, 389

block

buffers, 388 size, 389

characteristics, 386-387

checkpoints, 389

clusters, 389

contention, latch and

rollback, 389

defined, 18, 368, 386

design considerations,

387-388

enhancements, 389-390

hash clusters, 389

library cache, 388

multiblock reads, 389 Parallel Query option, 389 Parallel Server option, 389 spin counts, 388

summary, 390 tuning considerations, 388-389

Windows 3.1

memory, 528 networks, 528-529

Windows 95

32-bit support, 529-530 memory, 530

networks, 530 Oracle support, 530

Windows for Workgroups 3.11

memory, 528 networks, 528-529

warehouses

Windows NT, 183

16-bit applications, 527 architecture, 183-184 defined, 527

I/O performance, 528 I/O subsystem, 186-187 memory, 185, 527

reducing unnecessary memory usage, 185 SGA tuning, 185-186 user capacity, 186

networks, 186

tuning, 575

summary of tuning guidelines, 187 threads, 184

words, 29 Workgroup Server, 15-16 write caches, disk arrays, 228-229