carl orffs philosophies in music education

Carl Orff's philosophies in Musci Education While Carl Orff is a very seminal composer of the 20th century, his greatest success and influence has been in the field of Music Education..

Carl Orff's philosophies in Musci Education While Carl Orff is a very seminal composer of the 20th century, his greatest success and influence has been in the field of Music Education Born on July 10th in Munich, Germany in 1895, Orff refused to speak about his past almost as if he were ashamed of it What we do know, however, is that Orff came from a Bavarian family who was very active in the German military His father's regiment band would often play through some of the young Orff's first attempts at composing Although Orff was adamant about the secrecy of his past, Moser's Musik Lexicon says that he studied in the Munich

Academy of Music until 1914 Orff then served in the military in the first world war After the war, he held various positions in the Mannheim and Darmstadt opera houses then returned home to Munich to further study music In 1925, and for the rest of his life, Orff was the head of a

department and co-founder of the Guenther School for gymnastics,

music, and dance in Munich where he worked with musical beginners This is where he developed his Music Education theories In 1937, Orff's Carmina Burana premiered in Frankfurt, Germany Needless to say, it was a great success With the success of Carmina Burana, Orff

orphaned all of his previous works except for Catulli Carmina and the En trata which were rewritten to be acceptable by Orff One of Orff's most admired composers was Monteverdi In fact, much of Orff's work was based on ancient material Orff said: I am often asked why I nearly always select old material, fairy tales and legends for my stage works I

do not look upon them as old, but rather as valid material The time element disappears, and only the spiritual power remains My entire interest is in the expression of spiritual realities I write for the theater in order to convey a spiritual attitude.1 What Orff is trying to say here is that

he does not use "old" material, but material that is good enough to be used again If one eliminates the fact that this material was written many years ago, then there is nothing to stop that material from being any less legitimate in recent times Orff's work in Music Education has been astounding In the early 1920's, Orff worked with Mary Wigman Wigman was a pupil of Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, another very influential name in Music Education In fact, Orff's approach to music is very similar to

Dalcroze's, but Orff focuses on education through percussion

instruments In 1924, Orff joined Dorthee Guenther and together they founded the Guenther School The schools focus was coordinated

teaching of gymnastics, dance, and music Orff believed that music, movement, and speech are not separate entities in and of themselves, but that they form a unity that he called elemental music When Orff refers to elemental music, he means the music, movement, or speech created by children that requires no special training, or in other words, the things that children do without really thinking about it The basis for the Orff method is the belief that the historical development of music is

reenacted in the life of every individual This means that, when a child is young, he is similar to a primitive human being - at least musically - in that both are naive and rely primarily on natural rhythms and movement to make music Although this theory has not been very widely accepted by most music educators, this is where the Orff method of teaching music begins The Orff method was so impressive to the public that the Ministry

of Culture recommended the adoption of the Guenther-Orff experiments

in the elementary schools in Berlin Unfortunately, the rise of Hitler and the outbreak of war stunted the growth of these plans Finally, in 1948, the German broadcasting authorities urged Orff to resume his educational activities The Orff approach, not unlike the Suzuki method, begins with the idea that music should be learned by a child the same way a language is learned Suzuki calls this the "mother tongue approach" A child learns to speak simply by listening and then imitating and then, later

in life, the child learns to interpret symbols as a written form of that

language So, then, a child should learn music in the same way At an early age, a child is exposed to music and learns to sing and play

percussion instruments, then, later in the child's musical development, he learns to interpret the symbols on a score as music The music a child learns during this time of his life is very simple melodies that involve a lot

of moving Orff believed that rhythm was the most important part of music This is because rhythm is what movement, speech, and music all have in common Rhythm is what ties these all together to make what Orff called elemental music Orff uses this approach because it is

believed that children must feel and move to music before they are asked

to conceptualize about it Speech is one of the key elements in the Orff approach not only because speech is an inherently rhythmic action, but because Orff was the only one of the major educational philosophers (Dalcroze, Kodaly, and Suzuki) to use speech in this way Orff's thought was that a transition from speech to rhythmic activities and then to song was the most natural for a child So, the student moves from speech to body rhythms such as clapping or tapping, and then finally leads to the playing of an instrument Orff's philosophy continues on in this way even after a child has developed a skill for an instrument For example,

concepts such as meter, accent, and anacrusis are introduced in speech patterns, reinforced in other activities, and then studied in a musical context A specific example of this is the teaching of the concept of a canon A simple yet varied chant or other form of rhythmic speech is taught to the class The students then use the idea of a "round" to

explore how each entrance by each different part is achieved Finally, the teacher notates the rhythmic pattern and shows how each part of the pattern works with the other parts Orff's approach to Music

Education notes that speech, chant, and song are all points along the same line That is to say that one leads directly to the next Children's experiences with singing follow directly from speech This means that melody is actually an extension or an outgrowth of rhythm When

children begin to learn to use their voices as musical instruments, they enter another pre-planned part of Orff's method There is a very specific order in which students learn to use solfege As with most other theories that involve singing, the descending minor third, sol-mi, is the first interval that is taught Other tones follow in succession in this order: la, re, do, to complete the pentatonic scale, and then finally fa and ti The Orff method uses the pentatonic scale because Orff believed it to be the native tonality

of children This is cohesive with Orff's belief that music history is relived

in the development of each individual because he considered the

pentatonic mode appropriate to the development of each child The use

of the pentatonic scale also gave the students confidence After all, it's very difficult to improvise and sound bad when the only notes available are those in the pentatonic scale This kind of constant affirmation is crucial to a child's development The last part of Orff's elemental music is elemental movement As stated earlier, the word elemental in this sense refers to the kind of action, in this case movement, in which the child participates with no prior training or instruction Orff said that this kind of activity made it easier for children to become expressive This is because children are more able to express their thoughts and feelings through movement and painting than through words Allowing children to express themselves in this way allows them to use their imagination because, as we adults often forget, children have the most vivid

imagination After observing these actions, the teacher then relates them

in some way to music and build musical concepts out of them

Unfortunately, many of the activities that adults scold their children for are the same ones that are the most suitable for expressing feelings, such as walking on tiptoe, hoping over imaginary obstacles, or spinning to the point of dizziness These are actions that adults would react to as being 'fidgety' or 'squirmy' when, in fact, they are simply natural movements that children use to express themselves The ideal Orff educator would

encourage these behaviors and use them to teach musical concepts The end goal of the Orff method is to develop a child's musical creativity Where traditional Music Education dictates that a child must learn to read music right away in order to be a self-guided and independent

musician, the Orff method focuses on the creative and expressive side of music The instruments that are commonly associated with the Orff method distinguish it from other methods Orff uses xylophones and various metalophones that use removable bars This allows an educator

to change bars for different modes or to remove unnecessary bars to keep from confusing young students The Orff instruments are modeled after and are closely related to the Indonesian gamelans These

instruments allow great flexibility for children who have handicaps For example, students with visual handicaps or hearing handicaps can hit just about anywhere on an Orff instrument set up to use a pentatonic scale so

he can feel like he is being included In conclusion, the Carl Orff has been a very influential person in the field of Music Education He has demonstrated to us that the way to teach music to children is to let then

go back to the basics, or elements, of speech, movement, and singing

He has reminded us how much we really expect children to learn music differently in the traditional method than it is natural for them to learn