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Design, material properties and structural performance of sustainable concrete

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Design, Material Properties and Structural Performance of Sustainable Concrete Procedia Engineering 171 ( 2017 ) 22 – 32 1877 7058 © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under[.]

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Procedia Engineering 171 ( 2017 ) 22 – 32

1877-7058 © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.

doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.306

ScienceDirect

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( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

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