Metal building systems manual p5

Auxiliary Crane Girder A girder arranged parallel to the main girder for supporting the platform, motor base, operator's cab, control panels, etc., to reduce the torsional forces that su

15 90 60.30 21.10 6 8 Christian

15 90 26.90 10.10 5 8 Clark 15(2600) 90 29.60 11.50 6 8 Clay 15(2600) 90 25.00 12.20 6 8 Clinton

15 90 103.00 28.70 6 8 Crittenden 15(2600) 90 24.10 12.30 6 8 Cumberland

15 90 52.60 18.70 6 8 Daviess

15 90 28.90 13.80 6 8 Edmonson

15 90 25.50 9.40 5 8 Elliott 15(2600) 90 26.60 10.40 6 8 Estill

15 90 78.00 24.00 6 8 Webster 15(2600) 90 34.60 12.50 6 8 Whitley 15(2600) 90 27.10 10.20 6 8 Wolfe

CS 90 10.80 3.00 4 6 Blaine

CS 90 111.30 29.30 4 6 Broadwater 25(4100) 90 26.00 8.90 4 6 Carbon 30(3700) 90 9.40 3.50 4 6 Carter 15(3400) 90* 24.90 7.90 4 6 Cascade

CS 90* 16.60 5.30 4 6 Chouteau 25(3000) 90 10.70 3.60 4 6 Custer 25(3000) 90 22.20 4.10 4 6 Daniels 25(3000) 90 10.30 3.10 4 6 Dawson

CS 90 42.60 13.30 4 6 Deer Lodge 30(3700) 90 8.20 3.10 4 6 Fallon

CS 90 12.90 4.50 4 6 Fergus

CS 90* 114.30 31.30 4 6 Flathead

CS 90 99.20 26.30 4 6 Gallatin 25(3000) 90 16.30 3.80 4 6 Garfield

CS 90 39.90 9.00 4 6 Glacier 25(4100) 90 15.50 5.70 4 6 Golden Valley

25 90 17.90 4.80 7 10 Seward

20 90 16.00 4.10 5 7 Sheridan

25 90 12.60 4.00 7 10 Sherman 15(5500) 90 18.50 5.20 4 7 Sioux

CS 90 162.00 66.60 4 6 Demsby

CS 90 56.90 19.80 4 6 Douglas 20(5400) 90 88.80 25.80 4 6 Elko 5(4000) 90 62.30 19.80 4 6 Esmeralda

CS 90 88.40 24.80 4 6 Eureka 5(4000) 90 100.00 29.70 4 6 Humboldt 5(4000) 90 50.90 14.40 4 6 Lander 0(2000) 90 129.20 48.50 4 6 Lincoln 5(4000) 90 155.70 60.90 4 6 Lyon 5(4000) 90 87.00 24.30 4 6 Mineral 5(4000) 90* 66.40 21.30 4 6 Nye 5(4000) 90 131.20 49.80 4 6 Pershing 5(4000) 90 136.00 48.70 4 6 Storey 15(4400) 90* 43.30 13.90 4 6 Washoe 15(6400) 90 100.90 28.90 4 6 White Pine

CS 90 17.80 5.60 4 6 Chautauqua

CS 90 17.30 6.40 4 6 Chemung

CS 90 19.20 7.80 4 6 Chenango 50(700) 90 56.60 13.90 4 6 Clinton

40 90 28.10 9.20 4 6 Schenectady

CS 90 26.70 8.90 5 7 Schoharie 35(1000) 90 17.90 6.60 4 6 Schuyler 35(1000) 90 18.70 7.00 4 6 Seneca 35(1000) 90 18.60 6.40 4 6 Steuben

30 96* 41.70 9.40 6 8 Westchester

CS 90 29.80 7.30 4 6 Wyoming 35(1000) 90 19.20 6.90 4 6 Yates

NORTH CAROLINA

15 90 23.00 10.50 7 10 Alamance

15 90 36.40 12.90 6 9 Alexander 20(2500) 90* 39.10 12.50 6 8 Alleghany

10 93 38.40 14.70 7 10 Anson 20(2500) 90* 40.70 12.90 6 8 Ashe 15(2600) 90* 42.40 13.40 6 9 Avery

10 109 16.60 8.10 9 11 Beaufort

10 100 15.40 7.50 8 11 Bertie

10 108 35.30 13.90 8 11 Bladen

10 131 36.10 13.80 9 11 Brunswick 15(2600) 90* 44.50 13.90 6 9 Buncombe 15(2600) 90 39.10 13.40 6 9 Burke

10 90 32.30 13.30 6 9 Cabarrus 15(2600) 90 39.20 13.20 6 9 Caldwell

10 109 12.60 6.10 8 11 Camden

10 132 16.40 8.10 9 11 Carteret

20 90 21.80 9.60 7 10 Caswell

10 101 20.70 9.70 8 11 Wayne 20(2500) 90 37.70 12.80 6 9 Wilkes

15 97 18.60 9.10 8 11 Wilson

15 90 32.10 12.20 6 9 Yadkin 15(2600) 90* 44.20 13.70 6 9 Yancey

NORTH DAKOTA

CS 90 7.30 2.70 4 7 Adams

40 90 6.20 1.90 5 7 Barnes

40 90 5.10 1.70 4 6 Benson 30(2600) 90 7.80 2.70 4 6 Billings

CS 90 23.40 7.60 5 7 Lackawanna 30(1700) 90 27.80 7.50 6 9 Lancaster

25 90 13.60 5.50 4 6 Lawrence 30(1700) 90 26.20 7.30 6 8 Lebanon

CS 90 29.20 8.20 6 8 Lehigh

CS 90 23.40 7.50 5 7 Luzerne 35(800) 90 17.40 6.20 5 7 Lycoming

CS 90 16.60 5.70 4 6 McKean

30 90 14.30 5.40 4 6 Mercer 25(1200) 90 17.70 6.10 5 7 Mifflin

25 90 32.40 8.10 6 9 Philadelphia

CS 90 28.40 8.50 5 8 Pike

CS 90 16.50 5.90 4 6 Potter

CS 90 25.50 7.40 6 8 Schuylkill 35(800) 90 18.30 6.20 5 7 Snyder

CS 90 15.50 6.10 5 7 Somerset 30(1700) 90 18.60 6.60 5 7 Sullivan

CS 90 19.10 7.30 5 7 Susquehanna 30(1700) 90 16.60 6.20 4 6 Tioga

35(800) 90 18.40 6.30 5 7 Union 30(1700) 90 13.50 5.40 4 6 Venango

CS 90 15.70 5.50 4 6 Warren

25 90 13.00 5.90 5 7 Washington

CS 90 23.90 7.90 5 7 Wayne

CS 90 13.70 5.90 5 7 Westmoreland 30(1700) 90 20.90 7.30 5 7 Wyoming 30(1700) 90 23.40 6.80 6 9 York

10 90 92.20 26.90 7 9 Carroll 15(2600) 90* 43.80 13.40 6 8 Carter

10 90 38.20 16.50 6 8 Cheatham

10 90 67.40 23.30 7 9 Chester 10(1800) 90 50.80 13.80 6 8 Claiborne 10(1800) 90 25.00 12.60 6 8 Clay 10(1800) 90* 55.10 14.30 6 9 Cocke 10(1800) 90 28.50 13.10 6 9 Coffee

10 90 136.20 41.30 7 9 Crockett 10(1800) 90 35.20 13.10 6 8 Cumberland

10 90 32.20 14.50 6 8 Davidson

10 90 55.10 20.40 7 9 Decatur 10(1800) 90 26.90 12.90 6 8 De Kalb

10 90 42.00 17.80 6 8 Dickson

10 90 262.60 82.90 7 9 Dyer

10 90 96.10 28.10 7 9 Fayette 10(1800) 90 27.80 12.50 6 8 Fentress 10(1800) 90 31.80 13.10 6 9 Franklin

10 90 138.10 41.60 7 9 Gibson

10 90 29.20 13.90 6 9 Giles 10(1800) 90 55.00 14.10 6 8 Grainger 10(1800) 90* 49.60 13.90 6 9 Greene 10(1800) 90 34.20 13.20 6 9 Grundy 10(1800) 90 55.00 14.20 6 8 Hamblen 10(1800) 90 51.20 14.10 7 9 Hamilton 10(1800) 90 47.60 13.50 6 8 Hancock

10 90 72.80 24.20 7 9 Hardeman

10 90 47.50 19.30 7 9 Hardin 10(1800) 90 48.60 13.70 6 8 Hawkins

10 90 95.60 28.10 7 9 McNairy

10 90 41.80 13.70 6 8 Macon

10 90 28.60 13.70 7 9 Madison 10(1800) 90 32.10 14.40 6 9 Marion

10 90 56.00 14.50 6 9 Marshall

10 90 54.90 20.50 6 9 Maury 10(1800) 90 51.10 14.20 7 9 Meigs 10(1800) 90 57.50 14.80 7 9 Monroe

10 90 50.10 19.30 6 8 Montgomery

10 90 28.50 13.20 6 9 Moore 10(1800) 90 40.10 13.40 6 8 Morgan

10 90 179.60 53.40 7 9 Obion 10(1800) 90 26.10 12.50 6 8 Overton

10 90 46.60 19.00 6 9 Perry 10(1800) 90 25.70 12.30 6 8 Pickett

0 119 12.00 5.20 11 13 Jefferson

CS 90 177.70 80.10 4 6 Davis 35(6000) 90 38.20 11.50 4 6 Duchesne 15(4500) 90 55.10 15.10 4 6 Emery

CS 90 73.40 21.70 4 6 Garfield 15(4500) 90 23.70 6.40 4 6 Grand

CS 90 109.60 33.40 4 6 Iron 10(4800) 90 105.90 32.30 4 6 Juab

CS 90 53.80 18.10 4 6 Kane 15(5000) 90 79.20 20.80 4 6 Millard

25 90 18.60 6.50 7 10 Louisa

20 90 26.00 10.10 7 10 Lunenburg 30(900) 90 14.50 6.00 6 9 Madison

15 103 19.70 8.80 8 11 Mathews

20 90 16.60 6.30 7 10 Mecklenburg

20 96 37.20 11.10 8 11 Middlesex 25(2500) 90 28.70 8.90 6 9 Montgomery 30(900) 90 19.80 7.00 6 9 Nelson

20 90 12.40 5.70 8 11 New Kent

10 113 15.90 6.10 8 11 Northampton

20 95 26.40 8.70 8 11 Northumberland

20 90 26.50 8.10 7 10 Nottoway 30(900) 90 21.60 7.50 7 9 Orange

CS 90 29.50 11.10 6 8 Page 20(2500) 90 23.10 9.40 6 9 Patrick

CS 90 24.10 7.40 6 8 Shenandoah 20(2500) 90* 19.70 6.80 6 8 Smyth

CS 90 17.80 6.30 6 8 Warren 15(2600) 90* 17.00 6.40 6 8 Washington

20 90 19.30 6.80 8 11 Westmoreland 15(2600) 90 37.50 12.10 6 8 Wise

CS 85 48.90 15.70 4 6 Chelan

CS 85* 124.30 52.10 4 6 Clallam

CS 85 102.50 33.20 4 6 Clark

CS 85 39.10 11.60 4 6 Columbia 15(400) 85* 97.90 37.20 4 6 Cowlitz

CS 85 45.30 14.30 4 6 Douglas

CS 85 31.60 9.80 4 6 Ferry 10(1200) 85 51.00 15.50 4 6 Franklin

CS 85 32.60 9.50 4 6 Garfield

CS 85 43.70 13.60 4 6 Grant

CS 85* 129.30 60.00 4 6 Grays Harbor 15(400) 85 123.30 42.00 4 6 Island

CS 85* 126.00 44.70 4 6 Jefferson

CS 85 159.70 55.60 4 6 King 15(400) 85 136.90 48.10 4 6 Kitsap

CS 85 52.10 17.10 4 6 Kittitas

CS 85 42.00 14.90 4 6 Klickitat 15(400) 85 107.50 40.10 4 6 Lewis

CS 85 29.70 9.30 4 6 Lincoln 20(200) 85 121.70 45.20 4 6 Mason

CS 85 46.80 13.90 4 6 Okanogan

CS 85* 150.00 60.00 4 6 Pacific

CS 85 36.10 9.60 4 6 Pend Oreille 15(400) 85 123.40 39.70 4 6 Pierce

CS 90* 41.20 13.30 4 6 Sublette 20(6600) 90* 36.40 9.10 4 6 Sweetwater

CS 90 147.20 59.80 4 6 Teton

CS 90 89.90 29.60 4 6 Uinta 15(5500) 90* 29.00 6.90 4 6 Washakie 20(4500) 90 18.40 5.10 4 6 Weston

CS 90 150 50 4 6 Yellowstone NP

Aluminum Coated Steel

Steel coated with aluminum for corrosion resistance

Anchor Bolts

Bolts used to anchor members to a foundation or other support

Anchor Bolt Plan

A plan view drawing showing the diameter, location and projection of all anchor bolts for the components of the Metal Building System and may show column reactions (magnitude and direction) The maximum base plate dimensions may also be shown

A welding procedure utilizing a machine to make a weld

Auxiliary Crane Girder

A girder arranged parallel to the main girder for supporting the platform, motor base, operator's cab, control panels, etc., to reduce the torsional forces that such load would otherwise impose on the main crane girder

Beam and Column

A structural system consisting of a series of rafter beams supported by columns Often used as the end frame of a building

Bearing End Frame

See "Beam and Column"

A list that enumerates by part number or description each piece of material or assembly

to be shipped Also called tally sheet or shipping list

Bird Screen

Wire mesh used to prevent birds from entering the building through ventilators and louvers

Blind Rivet

A small headed pin with expandable shank for joining light gage metal Typically used

to attach flashing, gutter, etc

Bridge Crane

A load lifting system consisting of a hoist which moves laterally on a beam, girder or bridge, which in turn moves longitudinally on a runway, made of beams and rails

Bridging

Bracing or systems of bracing used between structural members

British Thermal Unit (BTU)

That amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1°F

Channel, Hot Rolled

A C-shaped member formed while in a semi-molten state at the steel mill to a shape having standard dimensions and properties

Cladding

The exterior metal roof and wall paneling of a Metal Building System See also

"Components and Cladding"

Column

A main member used in a vertical position on a building to transfer loads from main roof beams, trusses, or rafters to the foundation

Component

A part used in a Metal Building System See also "Components and Cladding"

Components and Cladding

For wind load considerations, members that do not qualify as part of a Main Wind Force Resisting System They include girts, joists, purlins, studs, wall and roof panels, fasteners, end wall columns and end wall rafters of bearing end frames, roof overhang beams, canopy beams, and masonry walls when acting as other than shear walls

Crane Runway Beam

The member that supports a crane rail and is supported by columns or rafters depending on the type of crane system On underhung bridge cranes, the runway beam also acts as the crane rail

Crane Span

The horizontal distance center-to-center of runway beams

Crane Stop

A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge This device normally is attached to

a fixed structure and normally does not have energy-absorbing ability

Crane Support Column

A separate column which supports the runway beam of a top-running crane

Direct Tension Indicator

See "Load Indicating Washer"

Effective Wind Area

The area used to determine the wind coefficient The effective wind area may be greater than or equal to the tributary area

Elastic Design

A design concept utilizing the proportional behavior of materials when all stresses are limited to specified allowable values in the elastic range

Electric Operated Crane

A crane in which the bridge, hoist or trolley is operated by electric power

Electric Overhead Traveling Crane

An electrically-operated machine for lifting, lowering and transporting loads, consisting of a movable bridge carrying a fixed or movable hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead runway structure

End Approach

The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the runway, between the outermost extremities of the crane and the centerline of the hook

End Bay

The bays adjacent to the endwalls of a building Usually the distance from the endwall

to the first interior main frame measured normal to the endwall

An exterior wall which is parallel to the interior main frame of the building

End Wall Column

A vertical member located at the endwall of a building which supports the girts In beam and column end frames, endwall columns also support the beam

End Wall Overhang

The projection of the roof beyond the plane of the endwall

The manufacturing process performed in a plant to convert raw material into finished Metal Building System components The main operations are cold forming, cutting, punching, welding, cleaning and painting

See "Closure Strip"

Film Laminated Coil

Coil metal that has a corrosion resistant film laminated to it prior to the forming

See "Sliding Clip"

Floor Live Load

Those loads induced on the floor system by the use and occupancy of the building

A concrete beam around the perimeter of a building

Ground Snow Load

The probable weight of snow on the ground for a specified recurrence interval exclusive of drifts or sliding snow

Haunch Brace

A diagonal member from the intersection of the column and rafter section of the rigid frame to the eave member to prevent lateral buckling of the haunch

Header

The horizontal framing member located at the top of a framed opening

High Strength Bolts

Any bolt made from steel having a tensile strength in excess of 100,000 pounds per square inch

High Strength Steel

Structural steel having a yield stress in excess of 36,000 pounds per square inch

Horizontal Guide Rollers

Wheels mounted near the ends of end trucks which roll on the side of the rail to restrict lateral movement of the crane

A cantilevered or suspended beam with hoist and trolley This lifting device may pick

up loads in all or part of a circle around the column to which it is attached

A device used to hold pieces of material in a certain position during fabrication

Joist

Light beam for supporting a floor or roof

Kick-Out (Elbow) (Turn-Out)

An extension attached to the bottom of a downspout to direct water away from a wall

Maximum safe vertical distance through which the hook, magnet, or bucket can move

Lifting Devices (Crane)

Buckets, magnets, grabs and other supplemental devices, the weight of which is to be considered part of the rated load, used for ease in handling certain types of loads

Liner Panel

A metal panel attached to the inside flange of the girts or inside of a wall panel

Live Load

See "Roof or Floor Live Load"

Load Indicating Washers

A washer with dimples which flatten when the high strength bolt is tightened The bolt tension can then be determined by the use of feeler gages to determine the gap between the washer and the bolt head

An opening provided with fixed or movable, slanted fins to allow flow of air

Low Rise Building

A description of a class of buildings usually less than 60' eave height Commonly, they are single story, but do not exceed 4 stories

LRFD

Load and Resistance Factor Design

Main Frame

An assemblage of rafters and columns that support the secondary framing members and transfer loads directly to the foundation

Main Wind Force Resisting System

A structural assembly which provides for the overall stability of the building and receives wind loads from more than one surface Examples include shear walls, diaphragms, rigid frames, and space structures

Mean Roof Height

Average height of roof above ground

Metal Building System

A complete integrated set of mutually dependent components and assemblies that form

a building including primary and secondary framing, covering and accessories, and are manufactured to permit inspection on site prior to assembly or erection

Mezzanine

An intermediate level between floor and ceiling occupying a partial area of the floor space

Mill Duty Crane

Cranes with service classification E and F as defined by CMAA

Multiple Girder Crane

A crane which has two or more girders for supporting the lifted load

Oil Canning

A waviness that may occur in flat areas of light gage, formed metal products Structural integrity is not normally affected by this inherent characteristic and therefore is only an aesthetic issue

Open Web Steel Joists

Light weight truss

That portion of the vertical wall of a building which extends above the roof line

Parts and Portions

See "Components and Cladding"

Plastic Panels

See "Translucent Light Panels"

Ponding

1) The gathering of water at low or irregular areas on a roof

2) Progressive accumulation of water from deflection due to rain loads

Post and Beam

See "Beam and Column"

Posttensioning

A method of prestressing reinforced concrete in which tendons are tensioned after the concrete has reached a specific strength

Power Actuated Fastener

A device for fastening items by the utilization of a patented device which uses an

explosive charge or compressed air to embed the pin in the concrete or steel

Prestressed Concrete

Concrete in which internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution are introduced that the tensile stresses resulting from the service loads are counteracted to a desired degree; in reinforced concrete the prestress is commonly introduced by tensioning the tendons

A flashing designed to close the opening between the roof and endwall panels

Rated Capacity (Crane)

The maximum load (usually in tons) which the crane is designed to support safely

A structural frame consisting of members joined together with moment connections so

as to render the frame stable with respect to the design loads, without the need for bracing in its plane

The exposed exterior roof surface consisting of panels

Roof Live Load

Loads that are produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials, and (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects and do not include wind, snow, seismic or dead loads

Roof Snow Load

That load induced by the weight of snow on the roof of the structure Usually obtained

by taking a fraction of the "Ground Snow Load"

Sandwich Panel

A panel used as covering consisting of an insulating core material with inner and outer metal skins

Screwed Down Roof System

See "Through-Fastened Roof System"

Sectional Overhead Doors

Doors constructed in horizontally hinged sections They are equipped with springs, tracks, counter balancers, and other hardware which roll the sections into an overhead position, clear of the opening

Seismic Load

The lateral load acting in any horizontal direction on a structural system due to the action of an earthquake

Self Drilling Screw

A fastener which combines the functions of drilling and tapping

Self Tapping Screw

A fastener which taps its own threads in a predrilled hole

Seller

A party who sells a Metal Building System with or without its erection or other field work

Shear

The force tending to make two contacting parts slide upon each other in opposite

directions parallel to their plane of contact

See "Bill of Materials"

Shop Primer Paint

The initial coat of primer paint applied in the shop

Shot Pin

See "Power Actuated Fastener"

Side Lap Fastener

A fastener used to connect panels together at their side lap

Sidesway

See "Drift (Sidesway)"

Side Wall

An exterior wall which is perpendicular to the frames of a building system

Side Wall Overhang

See "Roof Overhang"

An intermediate column used to support secondary structurals; not part of a main frame

or beam and column system

Spacer Strut (Crane)

A type of assembly used to keep the end trucks of adjacent cranes on the same runway beams a minimum specified distance apart

Span

The distance between supports of beams, girders, or trusses

Specification (Metal Building System)

A statement of a set of Metal Building System requirements describing the loading conditions, design practices, materials and finishes

Side joints of roof panels that are arranged in a vertical position above the roof line

Standing Seam Roof System

A standing seam roof system is one in which the side laps between the roof panels are arranged in a vertical position above the roof line The roof panel system is secured to the roof substructure by means of concealed hold down clips attached with screws to the substructure, except that through fasteners may be used at limited locations such as

at ends of panels and at roof penetrations

A fastener connecting panels together at the sidelap

Straight Tread Wheels

Crane wheels with flat machined treads and double flanges which limit the lateral movement of the crane

A vertical wall member to which exterior or interior covering or collateral material may be attached May be either load bearing or non-load bearing

Suspension System

The system (rigid or flexible) used to suspend the runway beams of underhung or

monorail cranes from the rafter of the building frames

Sweep

The amount of deviation of straightness of a structural section measured perpendicular

to the web of the member

Tapered Members

A built up plate member consisting of flanges welded to a variable depth web

Tapered Tread Wheels

End truck wheels with treads which are tapered, the large diameter being toward the center of the span

A spacer of low thermal conductance material

Thermal Conductance, (C-factor)

The time rate of heat flow through unit area of a body induced by unit temperature difference between the body surfaces Units are Btu / (hour × ft2 × °F) [Imperial system] or Watts / (m2× °C) [SI system] See "Thermal resistance"

Thermal Conductivity, (k-factor)

The time rate of heat flow through unit thickness of a flat slab of a homogenous material in the perpendicular direction to the slab surfaces induced by unit temperature gradient Units for k are (Btu × in) / (hour × ft2× °F) or Btu / (hour × ft × °F) [Imperial system] and Watts / (m × °C) [SI system] See "Thermal resistivity"

Thermal Resistance (R-value)

Under steady conditions, the mean temperature difference between two defined surfaces of material or construction that induces unit heat flow through unit area Note: Thermal resistance and thermal conductance are reciprocals Thermal resistances are R-values; to obtain the U-factor, overall thermal transmittance, the R-value for either materials or constructions must first be evaluated because, by definition, the U-factor is the reciprocal of the sum of the individual R-values

Thermal Transmittance (U-factor)

The time rate of heat flow per unit area under steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side of a barrier to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the two fluids It is evaluated by first evaluating the R-value and then computing its reciprocal

Through-Fastened Roof System

A through-fastened roof system is one in which the roof panels are attached directly to the roof substructure with fasteners which penetrate through the roof sheets and into the substructure

Translucent Light Panels

Panels used to admit light

The unit carrying the hoisting mechanism

Trolley Frame (Crane)

The basic structure of the trolley on which are mounted the hoisting and traversing mechanisms

of the bolt diameter and length

Twist Off Bolts

Bolts with a segment which shears off at a predetermined torque during bolt tightening These bolts utilize a specially designed wrench for proper installation

The vertical force without impact produced on a crane wheel bearing on a runway rail

or suspended from a runway beam Maximum wheel load occurs with the crane at rated capacity and the trolley positioned to provide maximum vertical force at one set

The MBMA and other organizations have sponsored research in the design of tapered members since 1966 This work resulted in a significant addition to the AISC Specifications when "Appendix D Tapered Members" was released on June

12, 1974, as part of Supplement 3 In the 1989 Edition of the AISC ASD Specification this information is included in Appendix F7 Use of the tapered member section is optional to the designer but may result in significant savings in material when tapered members are used The normal AISC Specifications format for design formulas has been adhered to, with modification factors used to take into account the tapering ratio "γ" Formulas are provided for calculating allowable axial stresses and bending allowable stresses when bracing is provided

on a uniform or non-uniform spacing The AISC provisions are limited to symmetric members with uniform flange size These requirements are not consistent with general industry practices

doubly-A reference book compiling all the research on tapered members has been written

by Dr George C Lee, et al (Ref B7.3) It includes several design examples as well as an explanation of tapered member behavior and the development of the design formulation

The most common method of joining the primary framing members in metal building systems, where moment continuity is desired, is by means of bolted end-plate connections There are a great many ways to determine the necessary thickness of an end plate The method suggested in the 1969 AISC Manual was a split-tee analogy which considers prying action This method usually produces a very conservative result

MBMA has cosponsored research, along with AISC, since 1972 to devise a more accurate design method That method was published in 1978, (Ref B8.7) and has been amply justified by many physical tests Further work has been completed on the effects of stiffeners, (Ref B8.4) and multiple rows of bolts The 9th Edition AISC Manual (Ref B8.16) gives recognition to this design procedure

Since 1978, continuing work has been done at the University of Oklahoma and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Investigations into flush end-plate connections are reported in References B8.17 through B8.19 and B8.21 Extended end-plate connections were investigated as reported in References B8.20, B8.22 and B8.23 These studies have led to design procedures for determining end plate thicknesses and bolt size for specific end-plate connections The procedures are based on a modified Kennedy method for determining bolt forces that includes prying action as a function of the effective stiffness of the end plate, and a yield line theory for determining the required thickness of the end plate A publication is available from AISC, Steel Design Guide Series No 16, that is a compilation of the bolted end-plate connections that have been evaluated along with appropriate design procedures

Also, studies were performed at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University to determine if snug tight bolts performed satisfactorily when subjected to cyclic loads representing wind effects The conclusion of this study (Ref B8.24) was that snug tight bolts did have equivalent ultimate strength as fully tightened bolts after the cyclic loads were applied As a result of this

research, the latest edition of the Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM

A325 or A490 Bolts (Ref B8.25), was recently released by the Research Council

on Structural Connections (RCSC) and will have a significant impact on the installation of bolts in most metal building systems Connections using A325 high strength bolts will be permitted, in most applications, to be snug-tightened

AISC has made the same revisions to their latest Specification, Load and

Resistance Factor Design for Structural Steel Building (Ref B8.27), to permit

greater use of snug-tightened bolts

A technical bulletin is available from MBMA (Ref B8.58) that provides further information on the adoption and use of snug-tighted bolts for metal building systems