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maritime governance and policy making the need for process rather than form

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Tiêu đề Maritime Governance and Policy-Making: The Need for Process Rather than Form
Trường học University of the Philippines
Chuyên ngành Maritime Governance, Policy Making
Thể loại Article
Năm xuất bản 2013
Thành phố Manila
Định dạng
Số trang 20
Dung lượng 282,55 KB

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Maritime Governance and Policy-Making : The Need

for Process Rather than Form

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Contents

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Abstract

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I Introduction

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II Governance Failure in the Maritime Sector

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Ngày đăng: 02/11/2022, 14:36

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