TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 18

ANTHROP comes from the Greek word for “human being.” So ananthropomorphic god, such as Zeus or Athena, basically looks and acts like a human.. And in Aesop's fables and many animated car

Unit 18

CAPIT ANTHROP KINE DYNAM GRAD REG CRIT JUR PENT QUINTNumber Words

Quiz 18-1 Quiz 18-2 Quiz 18-3 Quiz 18-4 Quiz 18-5 Review Quizzes 18

CAPIT, from the Latin word for “head,” caput, turns up in some important

places The head of a ship is its captain, and the capital of a state or country

is where the “head of state” works A capital letter stands head and shoulders

above a lowercase letter, as well as at the head (beginning) of a sentence

capitalism An economic system based on privateownership, private decisions, and open competition in a free market

• In the 1980s, the leaders of the free world had faith that capitalism and afree-market economy would solve all our problems

Capital is wealth—that is, money and goods—that's used to produce more wealth Capitalism is practiced enthusiastically by capitalists, people who use

capital to increase production and make more goods and money Capitalismworks by encouraging competition in a fair and open market Its opposite is

often said to be socialism Where a capitalist economy encourages private

actions and ownership, socialism prefers public or government ownershipand control of parts of the economy In a pure capitalist system, there would

be no public schools or public parks, no government programs such as SocialSecurity and Medicare, and maybe not even any public highways or police

In a pure socialist system, there wouldn't be any private corporations In otherwords, there's just about no such thing as pure capitalism or pure socialism inthe modern world

capitulate To surrender or stop resisting; give up

• At 2:00 a.m the last three senators finally capitulated, allowing the bill tomove forward

Capitulation often refers to surrender on the battlefield Originally it only

referred to surrender according to an agreement, though that part of themeaning is often absent Today a teacher can capitulate to her students' cries

of protest against a homework assignment, or a father can capitulate to hiskids' pleas to stop for ice cream, when the only terms of the agreement arethat they'll stop complaining

decapitate (1) To cut off the head; behead (2) To destroy ormake useless

• The leaders of the uprising were decapitated, and their heads were mounted

on long poles on London Bridge as a warning to the people

Decapitation is a quick and fairly painless way to go, so it was once

considered suitable only for nobles like Sir Walter Raleigh, Mary Queen ofScots, and two of Henry VIII's unfortunate wives The invention of theguillotine in the 18th century was meant to make execution swifter and morepainless than hanging or a badly aimed blow by the executioner's sword

recapitulate To repeat or summarize the mostimportant points or stages

• At the end of his talk, the president carefully recapitulated the main points

in order

Capitulation originally meant the organizing of material under headings So recapitulation usually involves the gathering of the main ideas in a brief

summary But a recapitulation may be a complete restatement as well In

many pieces of classical music, the recapitulation, or recap, is the long final

section of a movement, where the earlier music is restated in the main key

ANTHROP comes from the Greek word for “human being.” So an

anthropomorphic god, such as Zeus or Athena, basically looks and acts like a

human And in Aesop's fables and many animated cartoons, animals are

usually anthropomorphized and behave exactly like furry, four-legged human

beings

anthropoid Any of several large, tailless apes

• The chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and bonobos are allclassified as anthropoids

With its suffix -oid, meaning “resembling,” the word anthropoid means

literally “resembling a human being.” Anthropoid apes are so called becausethey resemble humans more closely than do other primates such as monkeysand lemurs Some even spend a good deal of time walking on their hind legs.Anthropoids are, of course, highly intelligent (though maybe no more so thanmany monkeys), and some of them use sticks and stones as tools (But if youcall someone an anthropoid, you're probably not complimenting hisintelligence.)

anthropology The science and study of human beings

• By studying the cultures of primitive peoples, anthropology may give us abetter understanding of our own culture

Anthropologists, those who study the whys and wherefores of human

existence, today look not only at the tribes of the Amazon but also at theneighborhoods of Brooklyn or Santa Monica Every group and every culturenow seems to be possible material for anthropology Some anthropologistsspecialize in the study of human evolution, some study human language,some study archaeology, and some study human culture through the ages.Unlike historians, they tend to focus less on what has been recorded inwritings than on what can be discovered in other ways

misanthropic Hating or distrusting humans

• Few characters in literature are more misanthropic than Ebenezer Scrooge,who cares for nothing but money

Jonathan Swift was famous for the misanthropy of works such as Gulliver's Travels which make fun of all kinds of human foolishness But in spite of his

apparent misanthropic attitude, he spent a third of his income on founding ahospital and another third on other charities—certainly not the acts of a true

misanthrope Today we often use synonyms such as cynic and grinch for

misanthropic types—while hoping we don't meet too many of them

lycanthropy (1) A delusion that one has become a wolf.(2) Transformation into a wolf through witchcraft or magic

• The local farmers avoided the residents of the village in the next valley,who had long been suspected of grave robbing and lycanthropy

The Greek word for “wolf,” lykos, combines with the anthro- root to produce

the meaning “wolfman.” In European folklore, dating back to the ancientGreeks and Romans, there are men who change into wolves at night anddevour animals, people, or graveyard corpses before returning to human form

at dawn Werewolves, or lycanthropes, may be evil and possessed by the

devil, or may instead be the victims of a werewolf bite and thereby cursed tochange into wolf form at the full moon The werewolf's evil intention isshown by its eating only part of the animal or corpse, rather than all of it like

a truly hungry wolf

7 All the sports channels constantly _ the highlights of recent games.

8 In these mountains, where wolves can be heard baying at the moon everynight, many of the villagers believe in _

Answers

B Match the word on the left to the correct definition on the right:

1 recapitulate a free-market system

2 misanthropic b human-wolf transformation

KINE comes from the Greek word kinesis, meaning “movement.” Kinetic

energy is the energy of motion (as opposed to potential energy, the kind ofenergy held by a stretched elastic band) Kinetic art is art that has moving

parts, such as Alexander Calder's famous mobiles And cinema, the art of moving pictures, actually comes from the same kine- root as well.

kinesiology The scientific study of human movement

• With a kinesiology degree in hand, she landed a job as a rehab therapist forpatients following heart surgery

Kinesiologists study the acquisition of motor skills, the mechanical aspects of

movement, and the body's responses to physical activity A kinesiologist maywork in a public-school fitness program, design exercise programs for peoplewith and without disabilities, or work with patients recovering from disease,accidents, and surgery As a field of research, kinesiology focusesparticularly on the mechanics of muscular activity

hyperkinetic (1) Relating to or affected withhyperactivity (2) Characterized by fast-paced or frantic activity

• Noises Off is a hyperkinetic stage farce that moves at a breathless pace for a

full hour and a half

Since the prefix hyper- means “above, beyond” (see HYPER), hyperkineticdescribes motion beyond the usual The word is usually applied to children,and often describes the condition of almost uncontrollable activity or

muscular movements called attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Kids with ADHD are usually not just hyperkinetic but also inattentive,forgetful, and flighty Though they're often treated with drugs, many expertsbelieve there are better ways of dealing with the problem Lots of people now

shorten both hyperactive and hyperkinetic to simply hyper (“He's been hyper

all morning”), but usually don't mean it too seriously

kinescope A motion picture made from an image on a picturetube

• In the archives she turned up several kinescopes of Ernie Kovacs's 1950sshow, which she thought had been dumped into New York Harbor decadesago

Kinescope, originally a trademark for the cathode-ray tube in a TV, laterbecame the name for a film of a TV screen showing a live broadcast In orderfor a program to be seen beyond New York in the early days of TV, akinescope had to be shipped from station to station Though grainy and fuzzy,these were for a time the only way of capturing live shows But in 1951 DesiArnaz and Lucille Ball decided to film their comedy show rather than tobroadcast it live, and in a few years live broadcast comedy and drama hadvanished from the airwaves

telekinesis The movement of objects without contact orother physical means, as by the exercise of an occult power

• Fascinated by telekinesis as a boy, he'd spent hours in his room trying topush a pencil off the table using only his mind

Tele- in Greek means “far off” (see TELE) The eternally appealing idea ofmoving an object remotely, using only psychic powers, has had a long life infilms, TV shows, stories and novels, video games, and comics But althoughsome researchers believe in the existence of telekinesis (also known as

psychokinesis), most scientists believe that any reported experiences have

been the result of fraud, wishful thinking, or naturally explainable events

DYNAM comes from the Greek dynamis, meaning “power.” A dyne is a unit

used in measuring force; an instrument that measures force is called a

dynamometer And when Alfred Nobel invented a powerful explosive in

1867, he named it dynamite.

dynamic (1) Relating to physical force or energy (2)Continuously and productively active and changing; energetic or forceful

• The situation has entered a dynamic phase, and what we knew about it lastweek has changed considerably by now

Dynamic is the opposite of static, which means “not moving or active.” So all

living languages, for example, are dynamic rather than static, changing fromyear to year even when they don't appear to be A bustling commercial citylike Hong Kong is intensely dynamic, constantly changing and adapting Adynamic relationship—for example, the relationship between housing valuesand interest rates charged by banks—is one that changes all the time.Unfortunately, the word has been used so much by advertisers that we tend toforget its basic meaning

dynamo (1) A power generator, especially one that producesdirect electric current (2) A forceful, energetic person

• Even as they entered the power plant, the roar of the water covered thesound of the immense dynamos

The dynamo was introduced in 1832 to produce electricity for commercialuse Like all later generators, the original dynamos changed mechanicalenergy (produced by steam, which was itself produced by burning coal) intoelectricity The word is less used today than it once was, since it's oftenapplied only to generators that produced direct electric current (DC) ratherthan alternating current (AC), which is now the standard A human dynamo is

a person who seems to have unlimited energy, such as New York's legendarymayor Fiorello La Guardia, whose forcefulness and vigor matched that of his

intensely dynamic city.

aerodynamics (1) A science that studies the movement

of gases such as air and the way that objects move through such gases (2)The qualities of an object that affect how easily it is able to move through theair

• Early automobile designs were based on the boxlike carriages drawn byhorses, back when no one was even thinking about aerodynamics

Aerodynamics began as a science around the time of the Wright brothers' firstmanned flights Since then, it's become important to the building not only ofaircraft and automobiles but also of rockets and missiles, trains, ships, andeven such structures as bridges and tall buildings, which often have to

withstand strong winds An aerodynamic vehicle is one whose design helps it

achieve the greatest speed and most efficient use of fuel But although wemight casually call any sleek car design aerodynamic, true aerodynamics ispracticed not by artistic product designers but instead by highly trainedscientists, and many people's lives depend on their work

hydrodynamic Having to do with the science thatstudies fluids in motion and the forces that act on bodies surrounded byfluids

• Building levees to contain a flood presents complicated hydrodynamicproblems

Bernoulli's principle, which is basic to the science of hydrodynamics, says

that the faster a fluid substance flows, the less outward pressure it exerts It

shows the close relationship between hydrodynamics and aerodynamics

(which deals with the movement of air and other gases), since it can partlyexplain how air will “lift” an airplane by the way it flows over the wings, andhow a spoiler helps keep a race car's wheels pressed to the ground as itaccelerates Hydrodynamics is sometimes applied today in studying thesurface of the planets and even the stars As used informally by boaters,

hydrodynamic often means “hydrodynamically efficient.”

B Indicate whether the following pairs have the same or different meanings:

GRAD comes from the Latin noun gradus, “step” or “degree,” and the verb

gradi, “to step, walk.” A grade is a step up or down on a scale of some kind, and a gradual change takes place in small steps.

gradation (1) A series made up of successive stages (2) Astep in an ordered scale

• In the fall, the leaves show gradations of color from deepest red to brightestyellow

In the Boy Scouts, gradations of rank move upward from Tenderfoot to EagleScout A violin or a voice can produce gradations of musical pitch too small

to appear in written music In the 18th century Jonathan Swift could evenwrite of “the several kinds and gradations of laughter, which ladies mustdaily practice by the looking-glass.”

degrade (1) To treat someone or something poorly and withoutrespect (2) To make the quality of something worse

• They had feared for years that television was degrading the mentalcapacities of their children

In Shakespeare's King Lear, the old king is degraded by the daughters he has given his kingdom to He finds it degrading, for instance, when the number

of his guards is reduced from 100 to 25 His degradation seems complete

when, after going mad, he's reduced to living in the wilderness As you can

see, degrade is often a synonym for humiliate.

gradient (1) Slope, grade (2) A continuous change inmeasure, activity, or substance

• Steep temperature gradients in the atmosphere are usually associated withunstable conditions

Any slope can be called a gradient In the interstate highway system, themaximum gradient is 6 percent; in other words, the highway may neverascend more than 6 vertical feet over a distance of 100 feet Any rate ofchange that's shown on a graph may have a sloped gradient Suppose thegraph's horizontal axis shows the passage of time and its vertical axis showssome activity; if the activity is happening very fast, then the gradient of theline on the graph will be steep, but if it's slow the gradient will be gentle, or

gradual.

retrograde (1) Moving or performed in a direction that isbackward or opposite to the usual direction (2) Moving toward a worse orearlier state

• For the government to cover up the findings of its scientific researchinstitutes was clearly a retrograde step

Retrograde describes backwardness of one kind or another If a country

decided to go back to amputating the limbs of criminals, we might call thatpolicy retrograde A retrograde view of women might be one that sees thembasically as housekeepers Mars and Jupiter show retrograde (backward)motion at some stages of their orbits, though this is only because of the way

we see them from the earth, not because of any real backward movement

REG, from the Latin regula, meaning “rule,” has given us many English

words Something regular follows a rule of some kind, even if it's just a law

of nature A regime can be a form of rule or government To regulate an industry means to make and enforce rules, or regulations, for it; removing such rules is called deregulation.

regimen A regular course of treatment, usually involving food,exercise, or medicine

• As part of his training regimen, he was now swimming two miles, runningseven miles, and bicycling 15 miles every day

Americans love self-improvement, so they're constantly adopting regimens:skin-care regimens, low-cholesterol regimens, weight-loss regimens, and thelike A course of medication may be complicated enough to deserve the name

regimen, and a rehab regimen may require having your activities monitored

at a treatment center Mental regimens can also be valuable; researchers arefinding that minds that get the most exercise seem to last the longest