Grammar for english b

Lo i danh t và ch c năng There are four kinds of noun in English: Common nouns: dog, man, table Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Mrs Smith, Tom Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage,

N I DUNG ÔN T P NG PHÁP UNIT 1: PARTS OF SPEECH – LEXICAL WORDS

UNIT 3: PARTS OF SPEECH – GRAMMATICAL WORDS

3.1 Defintie and Indefinite articles

3.2 Determiners and quantifiers

UNIT 5: TENSES - CÁC TH I CƠ B N

5.1 Present simple - Hi n t i ñơn

5.2 Present continuous - Th i hi n t i ti p di n

5.3 Past simple – Quá kh ñơn

5.4 Past continuous – Quá kh ti p di n

5.5 Future Simple – Tương lai ñơn

5.6 Present perfect - Hi n t i hoàn thành

5.7 Past perfect – Quá kh hoàn thành

UNIT 6: CÁC D NG VI T L I CÂU SAO CHO NGHĨA KHÔNG THAY Đ I

6.1: CONDITIONALS

6.1.1 Câu ñi u ki n lo i 1 – Conditional (TYPE I)

6.1.2 Câu ñi u ki n lo i 2 – Conditional (TYPE II)

6.1.3 Câu ñi u ki n lo i 3 – Conditional (TYPE III)

7.3 C M Đ NG T K T H P V I GI I T

UNIT 1: PARTS OF SPEECH – LEXICAL WORDS 1.1 VERBS: Đ NG T

Ví d :

I ama learner of English

She isa computer technician

We often go to work at 7 o’clock

Vietnam exportsa lot of rice to some countries in the world

Last year, our company importeda thousand cars from Japan

Note: V trí c a ñ ng t sau ch ng và d ng luôn bi n ñ i theo th i, ngôi và s c a ch

ng

A Classes of verbs: Lo i ñ ng t

1 The auxiliaries - tr ñ ng t : to be, to have, to do; can, could, may, might, must, ought,

shall, should, will, would; to need,

- can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would + ñ ng t nguyên th

- to be, to have, to do: bi n ñ i d ng theo th i

- to need: need to do/ need doing

2 All other verbs, which we may call ordinary verbs:

to work, to sing, to play

B D ng ph ñ nh

Thêm not vào tr ñ ng t

does not/ doesn't or do not/ don't; did not/ didn’t; have not/ haven't or has not/ hasn't

C.D ng ph ñ nh khác

never, no (adjective), none, nobody, no one, nothing, hardly, hardly ever etc ñư c dùng v i

ñ ng t d ng kh ngñ nh

Ví d :

He didn't eat anything or He ate nothing

He doesn't ever complain or He never complains

We haven't seen anyone or We have seen no one

They didn't speak much or They hardly speak at all/ They hardly ever speak

PRACTICE

Which of the four alternatives completes the sentences in the correct or most likely way?

Sometimes more than one alternative is possible

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1 Each July we - to Turkey for a holiday

2 The growing number of visitors - the footpaths

a is damaging b damages c are damaging d was damaging

3 Jane - just a few minutes ago

4 Timpson - 13 films and I think her latest is the best

5 - Robert lately?

a Did you see b Have you seen c Do you see d Are you seeing

6 When I was a child -the violin

a I was playing b I’m playing c I play d I played

7 - until midnight last night

a I have been

8 He -for the national team in 65 matches so far

a has played b has been playing c played d is playing

9 Sorry we're late, we - the wrong turning

a had taken b were taking c took d are taking

10 She - from flu when she was interviewed

a was suffering b had been

suffering

c had suffered d suffered

1.2 ADJECTIVES

A Kinds of adjectives - Lo i tính t

1 The main kinds are:

(a) Demonstrative: this, that, these, those

(b) Distributive: each, every, either, neither

(c) Quantitative: some, any, no; little/few; many, much; one, twenty

(d) Interrogative: which, what, whose

(e) Possessive: my, your, his,

V trí: ñi trư c danh t : this book, which boy, my dog

(f) Of quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square

(g) Participles: V-ing or V-ed:

Ch ñ ng: amusing, boring, tiring etc.,

B ñ ng: amused, bored, tired etc.,

Ví d :

The play was boring

I was bored with the film

V trí:

Đi sau m t s ñ ng t :

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Be + adj: ch tính ch t s v!t, s vi c; ch tính cách con ngư i, ch màu s"c, …

Become/ get/ grow/ turn + adj: tr# nên, tr# thành

- She gets more and more beautiful

Stand/ stay/ keep + adj:

- The store stays open late in the evening

- You should keep your room tidy

seem, appear + adj: có v$ như, hình như

feel, look, smell, sound, taste, turn + adj

make + sth/sbd + adj

Tom felt cold

He made her happy

The idea sounds interesting

Đi trư c danh t :

A beautiful girl/ an interesting film/ a golden ring/ …

Các tính t d ng phân t (V-ed) thư ng ñư c dùng k t h p v i gi i t trong các c m c%ñ nh như:

Be

surprised at/ about satisfied with pleased with disappointed with crowded with based on

1.3 ADVERBS

D ng c a tr ng t

Adj + ly/y/ally/ily → Adv

expensive/ expensively full/fully dramatic/dramatically day/daily

D ng adj và adv gi%ng nhau:

hard early fast late daily weekly monthly quarterly far

D ng ñ&c bi t: good → well

Phân bi t cách dùng c a tính t và tr ng t

ADJECTIVE: There has been a significantimprovement in the economy

ADVERB: The economy has improved significantly

Cách dùng khác c a tr ng t

ADVERB + ADJECTIVE: We have got relatively good year

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ADVERB + PAST PARTICIPLE: Their products are always attractivelypackaged ADVERB + ADVERB: She does her job extremely well

Exercise

I Rewrite the sentences using verbs and adverbs:

1 There was a sudden fall in shares in March

In March the shares fell suddenly

2 There was a brief recovery in April

In April they recovered

3 In June there was a dramatic collapse

In June they collapsed

4 There was a steady improvement in September and October

In September and October they improved

1.4 NOUNS

1.4.1 Lo i danh t và ch c năng

There are four kinds of noun in English:

Common nouns: dog, man, table

Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Mrs Smith, Tom

Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy

Collective nouns: crowd, group, swarm, team, flock

A noun can function as:

The subject of a verb: Tom arrived

The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Tom is an actor

The object of a verb: I saw Tom

The object of a preposition: I spoke to Tom

A noun can also be in the possessive case: Tom's books

1.4.2 Countables & Uncountables: Đ m ñư c và không ñ m ñư c

We could see a ship in the distance

Claire has only got one sister

I've got a problem with the car

Do you like these photos?

I'm going out for five minutes

Can I have some water?

Shall we sit on the grass?

The money is quite safe

I love music

Would you like some butter?

1.4.3 Singulars and Plurals: S ít và s nhi u

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Danh t có quy t c: Danh t s% ít + s = Danh t s% nhi u

Danh t b t quy t c:

a> Danh t s ít k t thúc b!ng “f” ho"c “fe”

• B# f/fe, thêm ves: a knife – knives, one half – two halves, my life – their lives, a

wolf – wolves

• Gi$ nguyên, thêm s: one roof – roofs, a cliff – many cliffs, a safe – safes

• Có th% gi$ nguyên, cũng có th% b# f/fe thêm s: a dwarf – the seven dwarfs/

dwarves, one wharf – a few wharfs/ wharves

b> Danh t có k t thúc b!ng: “o, s, ss, sh, ch, x” ta c ng thêm “es” ñ% tr' thành danh

• a foot – feet

• a goose – geese

• a tooth – teeth

• a child – children

• an ox – oxen (castrated bulls)

• a brother – brethren (in church orders), brothers (in a family)

• a mouse – mice

• a louse – lice

• a die – dice (for playing games)

Có r t nhi u danh t có d ng s nhi u và s ít gi ng nhau như:

• a sheep – sheep, a deer – deer, a moose – moose

• a fish – fish (fishes: dùng khi ch các loài cá khác nhau )

• a dozen – two dozen roses, a hundred – several hundred men (nhưng có th nói: dozens of roses, hundreds of people)

• a TV series – many TV series,

• a means – two means

• a species – two species

d> Danh t luôn ' d ng s nhi u

M t s% danh t luôn # d ng s% nhi u, cho dù có k t thúc b(ng “s” hay không

• The police are looking for the robbers

• I like these pants / jeans / shorts

• Use either scissors or nail clippers

• Binoculars are stronger than any glasses

f> Danh t k t thúc b!ng “o”

V i nh'ng t k t thúc b(ng “o”, khi chuy n sang danh t s% nhi u ta thêm "s" ho&c

"es." N u là m t nguyên âm ñ ng trư c “o” thì ch c)n thêm “s”, như:

Nh'ng t k t thúc b(ng “y” thư ng chuy n “y” thành “i” r*i m i thêm “es”

• Cry-cries, fly-flies, party-parties

ex/ix – ices

an index - indices, indexes

The matrix - matrices

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appendix - appendices, appendixes

Note:

M t s% danh t không ñ m ñư c:: accommodation, baggage, behavior, equipment, fun,

furniture, homework, housework, litter, luck, luggage, progress, rubbish, scenery, traffic, travel, weather, work, advice, money, machinery, news, trouble, cash

UNIT 2: WORD FORMATION (cách c u t o t m i b!ng cách thêm h(u t ) 2.1 Verbs → Nouns

- al: arrival/ proposal/ approval/

- ance: performance/ insurance/ appearance/ assurance/

- ation: invitation/ examination/ explanation/ exploration/ transportation/ information/ expectation/

- ion: reduction/ collection/ suggestion/ production/ discussion/ impression/protection/ promotion/

translation/ invention/

- ence: dependence/ difference/ reference/ preference/

- ment : investment/ improvement/ development/ encouragement/ government/ management/

employment/ retirement/ entertainment/ movement/ agreement/ payment

- er/or: investor/ teacher/ actor/ player/

- ant: consultant/ servant/ applicant/ pollutant

- y: discovery/ delivery

- ure: failure/ pleasure/

2.1 Adjectives → Nouns

- ness: politeness/ happiness/ competitiveness/ carefulness/ helpfulness/ usefulness/ expensiveness/

- ity: productivity/ ability/ possibility/ profitability/ responsibility/ nationality/ personality/

popularity/ electricity/ majority/ similarity/

- ous: dangerous/ famous/

- ful: beautiful/ plentiful/ successful/ powerful/ painful/

- al: national/ international/ professional/ personal/ natural/ traditional/ governmental/

- ical: historical/

- able: comfortable/ valuable/

- ial: commercial/ industrial/ presidential/ financial/

- y: risky/ healthy/ wealthy/

- ive: successive/ impressive/

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2.6 Verbs → Adjectives

- ful: useful/ hopeful/ harmful/ helpful/ fearful

- less: useless/ hopeless/ harmless/ helpless

- able: considerable/ portable/ understandable/ manageable/ eatable/ predictable/ enjoyable/

negotiable/ imaginable/ remarkable/

UNIT 3: PARTS OF SPEECH – GRAMMATICAL WORDS 3.1 DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES - M O T

►Cách dùngc a“a/an”:

Trư c danh t s%ít l)n ñ)u ñư c nh"c ñ n:

I need a visa They live in a flat

Đ khái quát chung:

A car must be insured = All cars/ Any cars must be insured

A child needs love = All children/ Any child needs love

Trong c m t c%ñ nh ch lư ng:

a lot of a couple of a great many of a great deal of a dozen

►Uses of “the”:

“the” dùng trư c danh t ñư c nh"c l i:

We have bought a Mac and a PC The Mac cost $2500 and the PC cost

$2100

Trư c danh t có thông tin xácñ nh

Where is the file that I gave you this morning?

Trư c danh t là duy nh t trong ph m vi nàoñó

Would you like to come in? The chairman will see you now

The earth; the world; the Sun; the Moon; the President of America, etc

Trư c tính t d ng hơn nh t (superlatives)

Coca Cola is the most famous soft drink in the world

Trư c tính t ñ ch nhóm ngư i

The rich do not do enough to help the poor

Refers to rivers, mountains, seas, and names of countries that include a noun like republic, kingdom, union, etc

The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union is very polluted

The United Kingdom; the United States of America, etc

►No article

- Khái quát chung v i danh t ñ m ñư c s% nhi u và không ñ m ñư c:

Money is the root of all evil

- Trư c danh t ch công ty, thành ph%, ñư ng xá,…

I work for Goldman Sachs in London, and I have a house in Western Road I

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also have a holiday home in Crete and another near Lake Garda

from top to bottom with knife and fork

to.in/from town at/from home

in dock

to market for breakfast/lunch…

PRACTICE

Exercise 1: Complete this true story Put in a/an or the

A man decided to rob (1) bank in the town where he lived He walked into (2) bank and handed (3) note to one of (4) cashiers (5) cashier read (6) note, which told her to give (7) man some money Afraid that he might have (8) gun, she did as she was told

(9) man then walked out of (10) building, leaving (11) note behind However, he had no time to spend (12) money because he was arrested (13) same day He had made (14) mistake He had written (15) note on (16) back of (17) envelope And on (18)

other side of (19) envelope was his name and address This clue was

quite enough for (20) detectives on the case

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with a, an, the or∅∅ (no article)

HERE'S WHERE THE MONEY LIVES USA

(1) richest man in

(2) USA is Bill Gates,

(3) Chairman of (4)

Microsoft The

billionaire, who is known to

have boyish streak, gives

'theme' parties for his

employees One theme was

waste on his land This was a bargain for the Europeans and a fortune for (3) farmer

Local children played in the

A funeral for (5) cat OnThiCongChuc.Tk

goers tried to fill in names of

African countries on (6)

giant map and played

(7) computer quiz

game called 'Jungle Jeopardy'

waste, and took the containers home However, (4)

waste was toxic and radioactive

(5) farmer died from (6) poisoning

can cost up to $400, and a gravestone can cost another

$2,400

3.2 QUANTIFIERS

Some Notes on Quantifiers

The following quantifiers will work with count nouns:

none of the trees

The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns:

not much dancing

a little dancing

little dancing

a bit of dancing

a good deal of dancing

a great deal of dancing

no dancing

The following quantifiers will work with both count and non-count nouns:

all of the trees/dancing

• Much of the snow has already melted

• How much snow fell yesterday?

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• Not much

Most + N (danh t chưa xác ñ nh)/ Most of the + N (danh t xác ñ nh)

• Most colleges have their own admissions policy

• Most students apply to several colleges

• Most of the instructors at this college have a doctorate

• Most of the water has evaporated

Many

• Many a young man has fallen in love with her golden hair

• Many an apple has fallen by October

Predeterminers:

double, twice, four/five times

one-third, three-quarters, …

both, half, and all;

quite, rather, and such

• This van holds three times the passengers as that sports car

• My wife is making double my / twice my salary

• This time we added five times the amount of water

• Charlie finished in one-fourth [of] the time his brother took

• Two-fifths of the respondents reported that half the medication was sufficient

• This room is rather a mess, isn't it?

• The ticket-holders made quite a fuss when they couldn't get in

• What an idiot he turned out to be

• Our vacation was such a grand experience

3.4 CONJUNCTIONS – LIÊN T

Coordinating Conjunctions

And/ but/ or/nor/ for/ yet/so

Dùng ñ n%i t , c m t và m nd ñ v i nhau

1 On Friday night we watched TV and a movie

2 We went to the park, but we did not have time for the museum

3 She has to work late tonight, so she cannot make it to party

4 Let's meet at the beach or in front of the hotel

Subordinating Conjunctions

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After/ although/ though/ as/ because/ before/how/ if/ once/ since/ than/ that/ till/ until/ when/ where/ whether/ while/ …

Ví d :

1 They went running (independent clause), although it was very hot (dependent

clause)

2 We decided to take a couple of French classes this summer (independent clause),

since we could not go away on vacation (dependent clause)

3 Monica went to law school in New York, while her brother went to law school in California

1 Although it was very hot, they went running

2 Since we could not go away on vacation (dependent clause), we decided to take a

couple of French classes this summer (independent clause)

3 While her brother went to law school in California, Monica went to law school in

1 We talked both to her parents and her doctor

2 Jason not only speaks Chinese, but also Japanese and Korean

3 You can have either pie or a cake

4 She neither liked the hotel nor the restaurant

5 Everything depends on whether he gets the teaching job in June or the one in

September

3.4 ANOTHER AND OTHER

N u other có “The” ñi kèm theo trư c: “The other” là xác ñ nh N u ch ng' là ñã bi t (ñư c nh"c ñ n trư c ñó) thì ta có th b+ danh t ñi sau “another” ho&c “other”, ch c)n dùng “another” ho&c “other” như m t ñ i t là ñ Khi danh t s% nhi u b lư c b t (trong cách nói t"t nêu trên) thì “other” tr# thành “others” Không bao gi ñư c dùng others +

danh t s% nhi u

Dùng v i danh t ñ m ñư c Dùng v i danh t không ñ m ñư c

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An + other + danh t ñ m ñư c s% ít = m t

cái, m t cái, m t ngư i n'a, m t ngư i khác

(= one more)

The other + danh t ñ m ñư c s% ít = cái

cu%i cùng còn l i (c a m t b ), ngư i còn l i

(m t nhóm), = last of the set present

The other pencil = the last pencil present

Other + danh t ñ m ñư c s% nhi u = m y

cái n'a, m y cái khác, m y ngư i n'a, m y

ngư i khác (= more of the set)

The other + danh t ñ m ñư c s% nhi u =

nh'ng cái còn l i (c a m t b ), nh'ng ngư i

còn l i (c a m t nhóm), = the rest of the set

The other pencils = all remaining pencils

Other + danh t không ñ m ñư c = m t chút

n'a (= more of the set)

Other water = some more water The other + danh t không ñ m ñư c = ch,

còn sót l i

The other water = the remaining water

I don’t want this book Please give me another

(Another = any other book – not specific)

I don’t want this book Please give me the other

(The other = the other book, specific)

This chemical is poisonous Others are poisonous too

(Others = the other chemicals, specific)

I don’t want these books Please give me the others

(The others = the other books, specific)

Trong m t s% trư ng h p ngư i ta dùng one ho&c ones ñ(ng sau another ho&c other thay cho danh t :

I don’t want this book Please give me another one

I don’t want this book Please give me the other one

This chemical is poisonous Other ones are poisonous too

I don’t want these books Please give me the other ones

This ho&c that có th dùng one nhưng these và those ones, m&c dù c- 4 t này ñ u có

th dùng thay cho danh t (v i vai trò là ñ i t ) khi không ñi v i one ho&c ones:

I don’t want this book I want that

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MINI TEST 1

Choose the best answer

1 Did your sister get ……… she applied for?

A a job B job C the job D A & B are correct

2 These aren’t my books Did I take ………… of yours by mistake?

3 She saw ………… one-eyed man yesterday

4 But nobody complained ………….?

A didn’t he B didn’t anybody C didn’t they D did they?

5 The pepper hit her in ………… eyes

6 Many school leavers are looking for …………

7 Would you give me ………… advice, please?

8 ………… money has been spent on fuel

A few B many C a great deal of D a large number of

9 ………… is my sister’s favourite newspaper

A Daily Mail B The Daily Mail C Some Daily Mail D A Daily Mail

10 You can buy meat at …………

A the butcher’s B butcher’s C the shop butcher’s D the butcher shop

11 What delighful ………… !

A weather B a weather C the weather D such a weather

12 Presley, ………… , went to the Middle East in 1960

A a famous singer B the famous singer C famous singer D the famous

13 The tourists are taking …………

A Thong Nhat B Thong Nhat train C the Thong Nhat D train of Thong Nhat

14 My sister plays ……… very beautifully

A piano B a piano C the piano D pianos

15 I have rarely seen ……… like this

A something B everything C nothing D anything

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16 ………… tourists do not visit this part of the town

A A most B The most C Most of D Most

17 ………… her friends live in Ho Chi Minh City

A Most B The most C Most of D A & C

18 The church is very old ……… it was built in the 17th century

19 “How much of this money is yours?” – “………… it”

20 These windows are so small that the room gets ………… air

3.5 PREPOSITIONS

► Prepositions of time: at, on and in

In + month, year, season, decade, century, time of the day

In June, May, July, etc

In 2008, in the 1990s, in the early 1980s, in the late 1980s, etc

In summer, winter, etc

In the 20th century, …

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

On + days, dates

On Tuesday, Wednesday, etc

On 2nd May, on New Year’s Day, etc

At + o’clock, …

At 7a.m, at ten thirty, …

At the weekend, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,

At night, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,

During is used for length of time:

Please don’t talk during the concert

Both his brothers died during the Second World War

Between … and/ from … to

He learned history at Oxford University between 1947 and 1950 (or from 1947 to 1950)

Exercise 1

Choose the correct preposition for each time phrase

1 in/ on summer

2 in/ during the meal

3 at/ in the afternoon

4 in/ on 1901

5 at/ in the weekend

6 at/ in seven o’clock

15 at/ on my birthday

16 in/ on Valentine’s Day

17 at/ on Tuesday morning

18 at/ on 4th July 2001

19 at/ in the middle of the night

20 at/ during the evening

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► Prepositions of place and direction

above higher than sth The picture hangs above my bed

across from one side to the other side You mustn't go across this road here There isn't a bridge across the river

after one follows the other The cat ran after the dog

After you

against directed towards sth The bird flew against the window

along in a line; from one point to another They're walking along the beach

among in a group I like being among people

around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire

behind at the back of Our house is behind the supermarket

below lower than sth Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket

between sth./sb is on each side Our house is between the supermarket and the school

close to Near Our house is close to the supermarket

down from high to low He came down the hill

from the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo?

in front of the part that is in the direction it faces Our house is in front of the supermarket inside opposite of outside You shouldn't stay inside the castle

into entering sth You shouldn't go into the castle

near close to Our house is near the supermarket

next to Beside Our house is next to the supermarket

off away from sth The cat jumped off the roof

onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof

opposite on the other side Our house is opposite the supermarket

out of leaving sth The cat jumped out of the window

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outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside?

over above sth./sb The cat jumped over the wall

past going near sth./sb Go past the post office

round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire

through going from one point to the other point You shouldn't walk through the forest

I like going to Australia

Can you come to me?

I've never been to Africa

towards in the direction of sth We ran towards the castle

under below sth The cat is under the table

up from low to high He went up the hill

UNIT 4: TYPES OF QUESTIONS Basic Question Types

There are 4 basic types of question:

1 Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No")

2 Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information")

3 Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question")

4 Tag Questions

4.1 Yes/No Questions

auxiliary verb subject main verb Answer

Yes or No

Has she Finished her work? Yes, she has

Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

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Is Anne French? Yes, she is

4.2 Question Word Questions

At + gi : at 8 o’clock, at weekend, at midday, at

midnight, at Christmas, at night, at lunch time, …

On + days and dates: on Monday, on wedding day, on

Tet holiday, on August 19, 2012, …

In + tháng, năm, mùa, th!p k/, …

In May, in 2012, in summer, in 1990s, in 20th century,

During/ between … and … ch kho-ng th i gian:

During the concert, during the World War II, between

1992 and 1996, …

2 Where + ………….?

- Where do you live?

- Where did you travel/ go last

Monday?

Gi i t ch nơi ch%n + ñ a danh

- In Hanoi

- To Ho Chi Minh city

- Gi i t ch nơi ch%n: in, on, at, behind, beside, in front of, above, over, below, under, in the middle of, next to, near, far from, …

- Đ a danh:

Danh t chung: in a village, in the city, in the country,

in the mountain, on the beach, at the seaside, on the coast, …

Danh t riêng: in Hanoi, in London, in the USA, …

3 Who + …… ?

- h+i cho ch ng':

Who taught you English at

universisty?

- h+i cho tân ng':

Who did he buy a new car for last

month?

- là dt ch ngư i ñ ng ñ)u câu (câu ch ñ ng):

Mr Nguyen taught me English at university

- là dt ch ngư i sau t “by” (câu b ñ ng)

I was taught English by Mr Nguyen

- là danh t ch ngư i ñ ng sau ñ ng t :

Last month he bought a new car for his son

4 Why……….?

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- Whose car is it? - tính t s# h'u + danh t ho&c ñ i t s# h'u

This is my car/It’s mine

- What + ñ ng t ñư c chia theo

th i: h+i cho ch ng' c a câu

- What do/does … sbd do …?

What do you do if the international

line is engaged?

- What do/ did/… sbd + Đ ng t ?

What is man only just beginning to

realize?

- What … for?/ what purpose?

What did man probably first use fire

- là ph)n danh t hay c m danh t sau “be” n u h+i

cho v ng'/ ho&c ch ng' trư c “be”

Fork music was popular among college students

- thành ph)n ch ng'

- to do sth

“if the international line is busy, you can reserve a

call…” tr- l i: - to reserve a call

-ph)n còn l i c a câu chưa có trong câu h+i

After the performance, however, there were hundreds

of telephone calls.

8 How…?

- How is ….?

- How do/ does/did… sbd do sth?

How does the baby learn his mother

Là tính t sau “be”

tr ng t / gi i t + danh t / gi i t + V-ing

“A baby learn his native tongue naturally by hearing

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You speak English, don't you?

A tag question is a special construction in English It is a statement followed by a question The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called

mini-a "question tmini-ag"

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation They mean

something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English Look at these examples with positive statements:

positive statement [+] negative tag [-] notes:

subject auxiliary main

verb

auxiliary not personal

pronoun (same as subject)

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He should Try harder, should n't he?

main verb be

present & past

Look at these examples with negative statements:

negative statement [-] positive tag [+]

subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary personal

pronoun (same as subject)

Some special cases:

I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)

You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go

I have been answering,

Nothing came in the post, did treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative OnThiCongChuc.Tk

it? statements

He'd better do it, hadn't he? he had better (no auxiliary)

Here are some mixed examples:

• But you don't really love her, do you?

• This will work, won't it?

• Well, I couldn't help it, could I?

• But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you?

• We'd never have known, would we?

• The weather's bad, isn't it?

• You won't be late, will you?

• Nobody knows, do they?

Question tags with imperatives

Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invitations, orders), but the sentence

remains an imperative and does not require a direct answer We use won't for invitations

We use can, can't, will, would for orders

Help me, can't you? quite friendly (some irritation?) Close the door, would you? quite polite

Don't forget, will you? with negative imperatives only will is possible

Exercises for tag questions

1 We should call Rita, ?

b shouldn't we d should not we

2 Monkeys can't sing, ?

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b can't they d can't it

3 These books aren't yours, ?

b aren't these d aren't they

4 That's Bod's, ?

b isn't that d isn't it

5 No one died in the accident, ?

a didn't they c didn't he

6 I'm right, ?

7 They never came to class late and

a neither did we c we did either

b so did we d neither we did

8 They are studying pronunciation with Mr Brown, ?

b aren't they d don't they

9 She should have obeyed her parents, she?

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She/he/it – has I.you.we/they - have + PII

Have/has + been + PII

Quá kh Was/were + PII Was/were + being

+PII

Had + been + PII

Tương lai Will be + PII Will be + being + PII Will have + been +

PII

5.1 PRESENT SIMPLE - HI*N T I ĐƠN

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A Form – Công th c

All verbs (except to be and the modals) follow this pattern

Câu kh ng ñ nh Câu ph ñ nh Câu nghi v n Câu h+i chung

NOTE:

Ch ng' là ngôi th 3 s%ít, danh t s%ít và không ñ m ñư c:

► Đ ng t có quy t c: “V + s”

Example:

She learns English very well

My mother travels to work by her own car

► Đ ng t b t quy t c:

Verbs ending with “o, s, ss, sh, ch, x”: “V + es”

He goes to work at 7am every day

My father often watches TV in the evening

She does a lot of typing at her office

Verbs ending with ‘y’: “y → i + es”

He often flies to New York for business

She tries her best to learn English

B Functions or uses - Ch c năng

* Ho t ñ ng thư+ng x,y ra, l"p ñi l"p l i

Examples:

IBM is the largest computer company in the world; it manufactures

mainframes and PCs and sells its products all over the world

I usually get to the showroom at about 8.00 and I have a quick look at the

post The sales reps arrive at about 8.15 and we open at 8.30

* Facts - Th-c t luôn ñúng như k t qu, nghiên c u khoa h.c hay hi n tư ng thiên nhiên

Examples:

The Earth goes around the Sun

Superconductors are special materials that conduct electricity

* Programs and timetables - L ch trình/ chương trình/ th i gian bi u c a các s vi c

trong tương lai

Examples:

There are two flights to Tokyo next Thursday There is a JAL flight that

leaves Heathrow at 20.30 and gets in at 06.20, and there is a British

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Airways flight that departs at 22.00 and arrives at 08.50

C Time expressions - Tr ng ng$ ch/ th+i gian

Terry Smith travels to his New York office once a month

• We also use the present simple after these future time expressions: when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, until, by the time, the next time

5.2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS - HI*N T I TI P DI0N

are you working

… ?

Wh- are you working … ? You/ we/

they

are working (we’re working)

are not (aren’t) working

Are they working

… ?

Wh- are they working … ?

She/ he/ it Is working

(he’s working)

Is not (isn’t) working

Is he working … ? Wh- is he

working … ?

B Ch c năng

* Hành ñ ng di1n ra t i th+i ñi%m ñang nói

I’m afraid Mr Jackson’s not available at the moment He is talking to a customer

on the other phone

* Current projects – Công vi c, d- án, … ñang di1n ra

Barton’s is one of the largest local construction companies At the moment we are building a new estate with 200 houses and we are negotiating with the council for the sale

of development land in Boxley Wood

* Temporary situations – Tình hu ng t m th+i

Mrs Harding organizes our conferences

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(The present simple is used because this is generally true)

Mrs Harding is away on maternity leave, so I am organizing them

(The present continuous is used because this is only true for a limited time)

* Slow changes – Thay ñ2i di1n ra t t (thư+ng là bi n ñ2i kinh t , xã h i, …)

The latest economic statistics show that both unemployment and inflation are falling, and that the economy is growing at an annual rate of 2.6%

* Arrangements - K ho ch

What are you doing on Friday afternoon? (What have you arranged to do?)

I am seeing the accountants. (I have arranged to see them.)

* State verbs

Các ñ ng t ch tình thái thư ng không dùng # d ng ti p di n mà dùng # d ng ñơn

Verbs of thinking believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, realize, suppose,

understand

Verbs of possession belong to, have, own, possess

Verbs of the senses hear, smell, sound, taste, look, feel

Verbs of emotion dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish

Verbs of appearance appear, seem

Others contain, depend on, include, involve, mean, measure,

weigh, require

Exercise 1

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous

1 I ……… (look at) the details on the screen now

2 I ………(look at) the sales results in detail every month

3 The production line ……… (not, work) at weekends

4 The production line ……… (not, work) at the moment

5 Yes, I agree I ………… (think) it’s a good idea

6 Helen ……… (stay) at the Astoria while she’s in Madrid this month

7 We ……… (take) a sample for testing once a day

8 We ……… (take) a big risk if we go ahead with the project

9 They ……… (be) usually very flexible if we need to change the order

10 They ……… (be) flexible about giving us credit for a few more months

Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of the verb depending on whether in this meaning it is

an action or a state verb If both the Present Continuous and the Present Simple tenses are possible, use the Present Continuous tense

1 a) Why are you smelling the soup?

b) Why do you smell the soup?

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2 a) She was feeling his arm on her shoulder

b) She felt his arm on her shoulder

3 a) Are you having an English dictionary?

b) Do you have an English dictionary?

4 a) What are you thinking about?

b) What do you think about?

5 a) I am feeling much better today

b) I feel much better today

6 a) What are you looking at?

b) What do you look at?

7 a) I am not hearing you

b) I can't hear you

8 a) What are you thinking of me?

b) What do you think of me?

9 a) I am feeling we should go home now

b) I feel we should go home now

10 a) This bread is tasting funny

b) This bread tastes funny

5.3 PAST SIMPLE – QUÁ KH3 ĐƠN

Did/Didn't + S + V(infinitive)

Wh- + did/didn't + S + V(infinitive)

* Có quy tăc: V(infinitive) + ed

* B t quy tăc: (B,ng ñ ng t b t quy tăc)

- I went to a very interesting presentation last week (Bare infinitive: go)

- I rang her yesterday, but she wasn't in the office (Bare infinitive: ring, be)

B Ch c năng: hành ñ ng ñã x-y ra hoàn toàn trong quá kh

C Tr ng ng$

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