Practise your tenses

Forms expressing the present 1 Simplepresent: posi ve statements and questio s 2 Simplepresent: mixed positive and negatve statements andq estions 3 Present progressive: positive and neg

Practise your Tenses

Donald Adamson

~1Il~

ongman=

Forms expressing the present

1 Simplepresent: posi ve statements and questio s

2 Simplepresent: mixed positive and negatve statements andq estions

3 Present progressive: positive and negative statements

4 Present progressive: positive and negative q esti ns withanswers

5 Mixed present simpleand progressive forms

Forms expressing the past

6 Simplepast:p sitive statements and questi ns

7 Simplepast: negative questo s andstatements

8 Simplepast: mixed forms(posi ve and negative statements/questions)

9 Past progressive: positive and negative statements/questo s

1 Past progressive and simplepast

11 Present perfect: questions andstatements; some expressio s of frequency

1 Present perfect: positive and negati e forms;usew ithf or andsi nce

1 Present perfect: mixed simple forms, ncludingnegative questions

14 Present perfect progressive: questi ns andstatements; negatve statements

1 Present perfect: mixedsimplean progressive forms

1 Present perfect and simplepast

17 Past perfect posi ve an negative statements and questo s

1 Past perfect progressive: positive an negative statements

19 Past perfect: mixedsimple and progressive forms

20 Mixed past and perfect forms: statements ab ut the past

21 Mixed past and perfect forms:statements and questions ab ut the past

Forms expressing the future

2 Questions withs h llfor offers,suggestions; requests forsuggestions and ad ic 37

24 Future withwill ands ha ll:mixed questo s and statements 38

2 Future expressed by present progressive: contrast withwill andg oing tofuture 43

30 Future progressive: contrasted withwill future,going t ofuture andpresent progressive 47

Tenses in complex sentences

38 lfwithsiuations whichwerep ssible in thepast,b t did not occur 59

Int roduction

Practise your Tenses is a workbook in the Practise your

erieswhich is designed to givestudents practice in particularareas of English The main features are these:

- Practice is contextuali sed to make it easier to see themeanings which determine the choice of a particular form

- Practice is varied There is a mix of exercise types There isalso a mix of exercises focussing on form alonewith exercises

on the factors which lie behind the use of one form rather thananother

- As far as logical grouping of the content allows,practice is

g r a d ed from straightforward practice with easily-stated rules,

to language uses which aremorecomplex and require moresubtle generalisations

The material is designed to be suitable both forstudentsworking on their own or for classroom use Afew exercises of amore open-ended nature areincluded to allow students topersonalise the language studied For these itwill be helpfultoconsult a teacher, or other students Butthe material does notneed a teacher to be present all the time.Manystudents will findsufficient guidance in the explanations and tables before theexercises, and the possibilities set out bythe Answer Key.The workbook sets out to cover the areas of the tense systemwhich are most important for the learner, briefly, and without toomuch complication There arebound to beomissions,but theseare either not considered central to tense at this level,or else arecovered in other workbooks in the series For example, thepresent workbook does not set out tocover tense in awiderange

of modal or tag forms,sincethese areas aredealtwith elsewhere.Similarly,the passive is not dealt with as a topic,though somepassives are included in theform ofbewith past participle.The explanations of tenses give some hints on the use ofcontracted ('short') and uncontracted ('long') forms In general,the policy has been to give contracted forms - which are usedmainly in conversation and informal writing - as the main forms,since they arelikely to beof more general use to the learner.The workbook is intended for adults and youngadults,at levelsfrom lower-intermediate to intermediate It can be used on itsown, or as supplementary material to anystructural or notionalsyllabus It is hoped that the content of the workbook will befound enjoyable as well as useful Theauthor and thepublisherswelcome comments from users

r T Sim pl e pr ese nt : positive statements a n d

qu e sti o n s

The simple present is used to describe habits androutines, a

series of happenings (as in a football commentary), and opinions

have?

etc.

IIMadameClara is a magician.Sheis assisted on stage byher

husband, Henri.Todaysheis tellingatheatre manager about her

act.Fill in the sentences belowusing the verbsgiven for each

picture Note that the verbs arenotinthe correct order

begin fly grow say

c hoo se cover turn a plaud tell

omeone from the audience _ _

my back, andHenri

n what the card is Everyone in the

join p t come g

Then Henri 5 me on the stage.He

through the box,but he always _ outalive!

! Leigh try rise clap

_ trong man from the audience _ 7 to

-=e theatre manager is very interested inthe act,and he wants to

- = -d out everything about i Write downthe questions heasks,

::.- Dg thewords given below

Howlthe bird/fly/out of the cage?

2 Simple present: mixed positive and negative

Wh y don't you like her ? (asks forinformati n)

Why don 't you come a nd se e us? (makes a suggestion)

D The teachers at the Express School of Englishare havingastaff

meeting They are discussing some everydayproblems ofclasses

an students Complete the sentenc s asinthe examples.Use the

verbs in brackets, in thenegative form where necessary

Ab ullah (ldo)

Wh 2Because he only eneed)

Why 14 _ Because she e5g0)

The reading te x tbook e 6 sui t

group

L U CIND A : Ju l io and Sergio (1 9 lik e )

LUCI N DA: Oh, i t 's b e cause the y C Z 1disagree)

I!IFill in the b l anks in the conv e rsation belo w, u s in g t h e c or r ect fo rm

of the words given in bracke t s.

I1 _ cvte _ s p ending t h e w h l e o f h e weeke n at h ome L et's go o u t

t o t he film c lub? M ost wee k e nds i

_ that A be Clampit , the jazz pianis t, is gi v ing a conc e rt t o night I

t o th e film on y our o w n ? I

to m e i I ( 13 sta y ) a t

hom e a nd w a tch TV for onc e.

T OM : We could go and s ee your siste r , if y ou e4 1 ike) W e h a ven 't seen her for a g es.

LUC Y : That ' s a good idea She ' s l onel y whe r e she ( 1 li v e) now Sh e

e6sta y ) at home all th e time The buse s

e7not go) to t hat p a rt of t ow n , and she

M ake sugg e stions to y our p a rtner using the forms :

Why do n 't we ?or Wh y d on' t you ?

G ive a reason for your sugg e stion

Yo u r partn e r agrees or disagrees with the suggestion , a nd gives a r e ason

W Present progressive: positive and negative

statements

The present progressive is used to talk about events whic h are

taking place at the moment of speaking (For the use of the

present progressive to talk about the future, see page 43.)

In formal , especially formal written language, long forms are used:

I am, y ou are , we are , h e are, he is ,s h eis , i is.

I 'm not (rea d in g, etc ) is the only short form that can be used with 1

We can also use this type of short form with other persons: you ' re no t

r e ad in g, h e 's n o t r e ad in g , etc This emphasises no t and makes the negative idea stronger.

I'm a director at Merlin Books One of our books has just sold

a million copies, so some of us are having a party , and others

are just relaxing.

IIComp l ete the sentences below using the words in bra kets Use

negative forms where necessary.

Doris the secretary

(type, d a nc e )

Harry the doorman

(sle e p , stand)

4 P r esent progressive: positive and negative

q u estions with answers

Why am I not coming ?, Are they not coming ?, etc

Negative questions beginning wihar e n ' t andi s n ' t (yes/no questions)

sometimes suggest surprise oranno ance

IIRon Crabb is a yo th leader.He is helping toorganise asummer

campfor some youngpeople Write questions andanswers using

the wordsinthe speech bubbles Use negative forms (with aren ' t

'Ch rlie! Wh 1 <A fe i dO lA~tanc iW Jg there doing nothing?

'Jill and Tommy 3 _ _ the cooking today, Ron It isn't their turn

the cooking,and she told me she didn't need an help.'

these pieces of wood?

There's a terrible smel- 10 _

'Oh dear, I'm sorry,Ron 1 _

; ) M ix e d present s i mple and progressive forms

o Marja an Bertrand are students in a lang age school They are

just getting to know each other.Read part of their conversation

Writethe correct formofthe verbs in italics (simple or

progressive, positive or negative, question or statement) If the

verb is already correct, write 'nochange'

And where l you comejrom inFinland,Marja?

2 ]com e jrom Helsinki.But 3 ]l ive there any more 4 My c ompany, F i nn-Sp or t has an

officein Tempere, so I've mo ed there.I've heard of Finn-Sport 5 Th ey mak e skiing equipment?

That's right - infact,all.kind of sports equipment Actually,the company 6 p ys for me to

study here.Really?Yo 'relucky 7 M y co mpany s e nds anyone on language courses 8 ]pay for this

course out of myown pocket

What course 9 you t ak ehere? Business English?

conversation

Well, 12 the re s ee ms to beanything wrong with your conversation

1 ] imp r ove. Bythe way, 1 4you k now about the disco 1 5t h e school organis e s ?

No When is it?

Tonight at 9 o'clock.It's at The Magnet Club, in Holland Road

Unfortunately, 1 ]kn ow where that is

It's near where 17]li v Look, why 18w e me e t before the disco somewhere and have

dinner? Then wecan go tothe disco together

Karen is a journalist for a music magazine.She is interviewing Rob

Meldon, a singer who sometimes gives free concerts to get money

for hungry people Underline the correct verb phrases inthe

dialogue below

KARE N: Ro , 1you do/you're doing/are you doing a lot of work tohelp hungry people at themoment What 2does make/makes/is making you so interested in helping them?

ROB: Well, 3 ! don't read/I'm reading/! read the newspapers likeeveryone else Every

week 4you see/d you see/you're se in pictures of places where the people 5don't die/do they die/are dying ofhunger It 6 oesn't mak /isn't making/makes me soangrywhen I seethat! 7!sn't it making/Doesn ' t it make/Does it make yo u angry?KARE N : Ohyes,Ro But a lotof people 8 arejeeling/jeel/do theyjeel that the problem is so bigthat they can't do anything to help.What 9 o you say/don ' t you say/aren ' t you

saying to this?

R O B: Just that even thesmallest gift lodoesn't help/does it help/helps someone And also,this:just imaginethat you llare living/aren ' t living/don ' t live inaplace where no rain hasfallen foryears.Perhaps you 12don ' t wa t/want/aren ' t wa ting toaccept help fromothers, but you knowyou mustbecause your children 1 suffer/are suffering/don ' t

suffer If your neighbour has food, you'll accept help from him, won't you?

KARE N : Yes.But I 14see/don ' t see/'m not seeing exactlywhat you mean

ROB: What 15!say/I'm saying/I'm not saying is this: we're all neighbours on this planet, and

we can all help.We 16aren't needing/need/don't need to be a special kind of person to dosomething forothers I mean, 1am! looking/do! look/aren ' t! looking special?I'm just

an ordinary person, and 1 !help/am! helping/! don ' t help inmy own way An one can dothat

[ ]] Simple past: positive statements and questions

The simple past is the usual form for talking about events in the

o Write the correct past forms in the newspaper reports below Use

the verbs in brackets.

R e por t 1

Ten - year - o l d Ann Burns eswim) .4WClm over 40 metres yesterday to rescue her younger brother when he CZfall) from a boat i n Poole harbour She

to the shore Then , finding that he was unconsc i ous , she (5revive) him by giv i ng him the 'kiss of l if

Report 2

Dell United (6win) their match against Lee Rovers 3-0last night, and in so doing

answer to the skill of Del l , who (9thrust) forward from the moment the whistle eOblow) Le ( ll hold on) t il l half time, but in the 47th m i nute Smith , the Dell striker , e shoot) from 50 yards to score a fine goa l Smith (13go

Rep rt 4

Th e news edi to r got t h e n ews p a p e r r e p r s b te l ep h n e

Ho wev er , th e te l ep o e lin e was v er y b a d S h e d id n ot h e r a l o t

o f p hrase s a n d h a d t o as k for t h e inf o rm at i on to be repe ted.

Wr i te q ues t ion s w hi c h t he ed i to r as k e d, as i n t h e examp l e

1W h e n s h e did n ot h ea r 4 m etre s (afte r verb 1)she asked :

Haw f ur 0 {Ld Mr e /YWi.m ?

[I ] Simpl e pa s t: n eg ativ e qu es ti o n s a n d s t ate m e n ts

D i dn't and thebase formofthe verb are thesame for allpersons

D i dn ' t occurs as did not informallan uage

Questions beginning wih Didn ' t . ?oftenexpres surprise thatsomething expected maynothaveh ppened

IIAnn is talkingtoDick about various things,includingher recent

holiday abroad.There were some surprises in it.Choose the

correct negative formsinthe conversati n below Then put afull

stop (.) or aquestion mark (?)inthe boxes, as appropriate

.{(Theplane didn'D}

ANN. Didn't the plane leaveunt 1 30- four hours late 0

DICK: Didn't they say why It waslate

ANN: No, hey didn't.And then someone was supposed tomeet us.But

{hedidn'tdidn't}he arnve DOh rper aps eh'd come earl'Ierandgone awayagam.

D I CK : Perhaps didn't he know ab ut the plane bemglate

{thehotel didn't1

AN N : Maybe.Anyway,whenwefinally got to the hotel didn't the hotelfwant to

gIveusrooms They didn't have a record of our reservatIOn

D I CK : D'd 't th t1 n e rave companI send the hotel a lIst ofnames

DIC K: From whatyousay,It sounds asif d'd 't h l'd go very well

1n your 01 ay

Well,a lot of things happened that Ididn't expect

]J Simpl e pa s t: :rillx e d forms (positive and nega ti v e

stat e m e nts/qu e stions )

DAgroup of hill-walkers has arrived backata youth hostel after

getting intodifficultieso the hills.The warden of the hostel is

findingo t what went wrong

Writethe correct formof the verbs initalics (statement or

question, positive ornegative) If the verb is already correct write

'no change'

L A RRY :

WARDEN:

KEN:

Ah,there youare! I suppose lyou got lostin the mist!

No.2 he mist co ve red our side of thehill

Well,whathappened? Why3 you got ba c k here before now?It 4got dar k twoh urs ago.Itwas ashort trip.5 yo u had to walk morethan eightkilometres

The problem wasthat 6we t ook amapwith us

What! 7 y ou took amap! Wh 8 you c h e k d that before 9 you l e ftthis morning?

Actually, lOwehad a map But it was the wro g one

But even wihout a map, l you ha ve any idea where youwere going?It'sjust amatter of

walking south along the valley.That's all12you nee ded to dO.1 Y u took a compasswithyou?

Yes, 14Sebast i an put a compass inhis pocket this morning But 1 5 heknew how touseit.And where is Sebastian now?

We don't know 16W el efthimbehind on thehillwhilehewas tryingtouse his compass

[ ] P ast prog r essive: positive and negative

The past progressive is used tomakeit clear that anactio went

on continuously during, or before and after, or untilstopped by

a certain event Notethat this'event' can be an ther action (e.g.I

was r e ading w hen you telephoned ) ora time (e.g I w as

r e ading until 12 o'clock l a s t n i ght )

they

Jill and Georgehavebeen watching acowboyfilm in aforeig

language They are not sure what was happening in it.Now they

are discussing the film.Complete the conversation using the

words inbrackets

JILL : In the desert scene, Ithought (lhe girltry)

the 9 iKl W1M W0 WI 0 _ _ to escape from the

G EORGE : What ("they do) in

that scene onthe cliff?(6They climb)

up the cliffto

surprise thebandits?

J I LL: Surely not.Cnot they climb)

bank, weren't they?

GEORGE: Yes.But oneof them (9work)

GEORGE: Why (16 ot youwatch)

it?I tho g t it wasrather fun

JILL: OhGeorge,e7you not watch)

either In fact ( 18yousn re)

inthemiddle ofi!

1 & P ast pr o gr ess i ve a n d s im ple past

Herey ucan seesomeincidents whichtookplace near Del

footballground last week.A policeman is writing areport ofthe

incidents

Writesentences from the report, joiningideas together, and using

the words given Sometimes there is more than o e possible

answer, but BE CAREFUL- inone sentence, the past progressive

isnot possi b le w it h ei th er v erb

Dell fans enter the ground Agroup of Leefans arrive

Weholdour ground well

3 (until)

Several shopkeepers complain to us

6 (because)

All this goes on outside.

7 (while)

t p e r f ect: questions and statements;

~om e e x pr essions of frequency

-= epresent perfect is used to talk about actions or events in the

past that arestill going on in the present, or are still important for

the present or are'part of the general experience of someone who

isstill alive.(It is NOT used when talking about a particular time

in thepast.Then,the simple past is used.)

Yes , I've done it once.

twice.

several times

etc

IILook at this table of things MarieLeblanc andher brother Pierre

have done,or have not done.Then complete the questions and

answers according to the instructions Use the present perfect

tense, and the words in the table

ridden a sung in wanted to forgotten been to met you liked thehorse public livein their father's England same record

3 (Ask Pi erre a b ou t M arie's experience of singing in pu b lic )

6 (Ar e P ierre an d Marie goo d at re m em b ering their father ' s

b ir thday ? As k t h eir father.)

M onsieur L eb l a n c ,

8 (You meet Mar ie at a party You are not sur e i fit isy o ur first meeting As k h er a s u i tabl e questio n )Mari e,

12 Pr esent perf e ct: p os itiv e and n ega tiv e form s ;

Vwe/youlhey haven't arrived

( =p int oftimein the past)

IIMembers ofthe Staywell Keep-Fit Club gaveup alot ofbad habits

some years agoand started to live inaveryhealhy way.The

president ofthe club istalking about someofthe members

Makesentenc s usingthe present perect w it for orsince ,

a cordin to thesentences and words given.Usepositiveor

negative formsasindicated

1 Sidstopped smokin 18 years ago (smok e (negative), for)

Sid YtCN1 n l W 1aked fo r / 8 ~e a _ ~ _ _

7 Sue andPam stopped taking useless medicines when theyjoined the he lh clu

(ta k e (negative), s in ce)

8 Bob and Iplaysquash everyFriday nig t.Thisbegan whenthe squash court opened

(p lay (positve), s ince )

f l ] Present perfect: mixed simple forms, including

Haven't I1we/yo u lt h ey come?

Hasn ' t he/she/it etc

Example s:

H aven ' t t h ey arr iv e d yet?

VVhy h aven't yo u tol d them about it?

VVhy h asn 't she p i d the money ?

IIMr Ba rk e r h as arr i ved at the off i ce in a ba d mood Wri t e the

co r rect for m o f h e ve r bs i n i tal i cs ( q u estion or statement ,

po si t ve or negat i ve) If t h e verb i s a l ready cor r ect, wr i te ' n

c h a n ge'

BA R KER: I aske d for the payme n ts li st yeste r day I t isn't he r e Why lit has arrived o my desk?

NORR l S: T h e peop l e in the payme n ts office 2have been ver y busy recent l y Perhaps 3 they ha v e had

t me to find i t for yo u

B AR K ER : Hump h! And you, Nora. 4Jhave toldyou always to have a cup of coffee waiting for me when

I a rr ive?

NORA : I'm sorry Mr Ba rk er The coffee mach i ne 5 has broken do w n.

BARKE R : Ba h ! 6Jhave had any breakfast this morning, and now you tel l me there ' s no coffee! And

l ook! 7The cleaner has emptied my as h tray I ' s s t ll ful l of cigarette ends f ro m yesterday.

DA V E: (wh i spers to Nora): W h at a bad mood h e' s i n ' Per h aps 8his w i fe has gone on a business trip

aga i n

NORA: (w his pers to Dave) : Or perhaps 9 she has told him how wonderful he is. lOHe'salways

liked h ear i ng that kind of th i ng, you know

NORR I S : Er Mr Barker, l ly ou ha v eforgotten something th i s morning?

BARKER: W ha t is it now?

NORRIS : 1I've arranged your meet i ng w i h M r Nash i m u ro , the head of To n y E l ectro ni cs, just as you

asked me to do yesterda y But 1 yo u ha v e put y u r t i e on.

BARKER : O h dea r n o , you' r e right l4I'veforgotten my t i e Can I borrow yours?

Have Vwe/you/t ey been dreaming?

etc.

Has he/she/it

Thepresent perfect progressive isusedtodescribe continuou s

orr p ea t e d actions extending fromthe past into thepresent ( or

almost tothepresent) Questions usin the present perfect

contn ous maybeunderstoo ascomplaints oraccusations:

Wh o ' s been borrowing b oo k s wi th o ut pe rm is s ion ?

Several students live together in aflat.Gina isincharge of buying

thefood.Readher con ersation with Kate Makethe correct

present perfect progressive form fromthe words inbrackets

VWelYou/They 've been dre ming

w o r k in g ) arenot so corrunon,and are not

their friends here I'msure I'vehe rd them talking tofriends late at night

K TE: Wel I think CVera discuss) politics with

her friends during the student elections ButI'm almostsure (8she not cook) _

Youk ow how shehates cooking.And as for Jule,(9she stay)

outlate with her frien s most nights

KATE: Well, t sn't surprising, is it?( 1 Prices goup) allthe time

[ ill Pr ese nt p e rfect: mix e d simple and progressive

forms

B MrsEllis is writing toher son,Thomas,wh is a student Write the

most suitable present perfect form (simple or progressive) using

/ood tut d W a/ tm t f J rIt eA 1j(/ 7,( ; r , It<ofieA (6 A ewe ) _

fh wU k f' j /') ~ J 7f /) -maft1-3 i nea y t n< 6Ae fo - 'Tecuf , tlJ1d ( 7 weput)

ifle 4 m "~ef Jt :vr c et fo o

T ec UI i t" " (10 Ita v - e Yo ) 9'0 infrJ It o fiP i-fa f(" He -t al/ e ) t ll'l Gp&1o ntrn tUltl wiff k

irJ l oo ~ a/ " "- &7 (;f ' lude wett.

new ! J 0 1 ,{~ ne9" d'a /tIt lltrn1 - Aw 7l!toihYr. Bur , 0/COUIl4e, lt e '., - two '! u:vz4 t j O U1'\}( J t ';~a?t YtlL£, (1 7 fie 1I 0 t- 4a,z;- )

lf rn< 01 1 ' Y l "f

BIf ' 1'/ QW 'dQ UJ7. Ivu ~ ie"x a m ~ will - 6-eCWeTl. 1A J ~ - A.o - p ( 9 'fdU

f11

[ ill Present perfect a n d si m ple past

IIComp l e t e t h e p ass ag e b e low , u s ing t h e co rr ect f o rm of t h e ve r b in

brac k ets (present perf e ct or simp l e pa s t)

The Olympic Games

Th e origin a l Ol y mpic G a m es ebe gi n) b!2g<AYl a round 800 B in A n c i e n t G e ce,

t h e Rom a n Emp e ror Th eo d siu s in A D 3 3 Th e fir st mod e rn Olympics (4t a ke p l ace)

_ _ _ i n At h e n s i n 18 96, an d s i nce t h e n , more t h a n a d zen differen t c oun tr i e s

In 1 956 , A u str ali a Cbeco m e) t h e f ir st c ountr y ou t sid e Eu r op e and

Am e ri ca t o stage t h e O ly mpi cs, whil e M e xi co ( 8 e) t he firs t Latin

Amer i can coun t y to st a ge th e O l ympi c s, in 1968

M a n y o f th e gr eatest a t hl ete s i n t h e wo rl d Cta k e part ) i n t he

Ol y mpi c G a m es, b u t n o one e O e qu a l t h e ac hi eve m e n ts of t h e g r e t

g old and thre e s il v er medals

e x ampl e , in the mara t h n of 1 9 8, th e little I ta lian , D o rand o Pi e tri e S coll a p se)

_ _ _ fi ve time s in t h e l as t part of t h e r ac e , but (1 4 come)

_ fi rst - o nl y to be di s qu a l if i e d beca us e sp ec tat o r s ( 1 h e lp )

_ _ _ h i m ove r the fi n i s hi ng lin e A n in 19 36 , t he f a mou s bl ac k A m e rican

Fr o m th e fir st m o e rn Ol y mpic s i n Ath e ns , w h e n onl y fo urt ee n c ountri e s (1 7par t c ipate)

_ _ _ , t h e Ol y m p ic s e8 grow ) to in c lud e ov er 1 40

[ZJ Past perfect: positive and negative statements

and questions

The past perfect is used whenwe look back froma certain time in

the past toan even earlier time in thepast

they

Hadn't you, etc.

Had you,e tc. not

(for m al)

eaten?

e t c

D A group of students are remembering happy moments in their

lives.Complete what Hugo says,using the past perfect, and the

ideas under the pictures

I had cMmbed a mQl ; ntaWr.

Thehappiest moment of

my life was ontop ofamountain in Wales lastsummer Iwashappy for

My favouri te t eam wins th e

footbal l champi o nship.

1!1If a r o om is nois y , we of ten h ave to ask que st ions abou t t h e

informati o w e haven ' t h e ard Wh at ca n yo u a sk if yo u d o ' t h e ar

a ll of the words Hugo says? Fo r e xamp l e, yo u may not he a r:

[ill Past perfec t pr og r e s s iv e: p os itiv e and n egat i ve

Thepast perfect progressive is used whenwelook back from a

certain timeinthe past to continuous orrepeated actions at an

evenearlier timeinthe past

IIThegovernment of Pa ifica started aninvestgation into its

security services after several ofitssecret agents went over toits

enemy, Arctica

Complete the sentences fromtheinvestgator's report, using the

verbs in brackets Use a negative where the me ning ofthe

sentence req ires it

1 'Some of our agents (work)

2 'We (give away)

had b e& t 1 w u rkWrg forthe enemy forseveral years.'

secrets to the enemy overalong perio '

3 'Th departments in our security services ( cooperate)

wellwiheach other.'

9 'F rseveral weeks,o e of ouragents in Arctica (send)

messages inthe wrong code Weshould haverealised that hehad been captured.'

10 'The conclusion: our security services ( carry out)

d tes efficienty.'

~ Past perfect: mixed simple and progressive forms

Po sitiv e past pe r fect pr o gres s i ve q est i ons are form e d as f o ll o ws:

Had 1 / y o / sh e (etc.) b ee n dre a m i n g

Nega t i v e qu estions ( e g. H adn ' t you b een e x p c ng th i s ? ) a r e

n ot so co mm o , a n a r e n ot p r act i sed b e l ow.

BWe n dy is t e llin g J o abo u t so m e of th e d i ffi c ul t es s h e h a d o n h e r

w e dding day Writ e t h e ve rb s i n i tal i cs i n a s u itab l e pas t per f e ct

f or m ( positi v e or n e ga t v e, s impl e o r progr ess i ve) If th e ve rb i s

a lr e ad y correct, writ e 'n o c h a n ge '

W E D Y: Well , first of a ll , I co uldn ' t g e t my wedding dr e ss to fit The dressmaker 1 had mad e a mistake

in the mea s ur e m e n t s

J O: 2 yo u ha d t ri e i t on in t h e dressmak e r ' s b efore t h a t ?

WEN D Y: 3 I ' d h a d a fi s t fi tt in g two weeks b e for e, bu t 4 had t r i e onthe fin a l v e rsi o n Th e re hadn ' t

been t im e 5 h d mad e so m a n y ot h e r a rr ang e m e n ts fo r th e w e dding A nywa y, a f er m y

s i s t e r 6 ha d al t e r e d th e dr ess wit h he r s e wing mac h i n e , D ave phon e d t o s ay h e c ouldn ' t go

ah ea d w i h t h e w e dd i ng H e sai d h e was n ' t we l 7 H e ' d b ee n sick t h a t morning

JO : 8 H e ad ce l e r at e d th e nig h t be f or e

WE N DY : Oh yes. 9 H e had had a good tim e w i th s o m e o f t h e m e n fro m hi s wo rk A nd I s upp o s e wi t h all

t h e exc i tem e nt l o e h d s l e pt well B ut I h ug ht h' e had ot h e r r e so n s A n ywa y, I w a s s o

a n r y ll I ' d a l most d ec id e d to call h e w h ol e thing o ff B ut t h en h e ph o e d aga in 12 H e had

ta l ked to hi s fath e r

JO: 1H i s fath e r had gi v en him a f ew words o f fath e r y advice ?

W E DY : Y es , I s upp ose th a t was it A n ywa y , 14 h ' d c alm e d d own , an d h e wa n ted to go a h ea d A nd w e