[...]... at the international (macro) level in the bystander states and the bystander international organizations at the moment in which the warnings become known The answer by both scholars and political leaders until now has been that the political will to act and react on this alarming information is lacking That is correct, but, in our view, the concept of political will is too general and abstract and should... Assembly Human Rights Watch International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty International Committee of the Red Cross International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda xix xx IGO KIBAT KWSA MRND MDR NGO NIC NID NIE OAS OAU PDC PDD25 PL PSD PG ROE RPA RPF RTLMC The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda Inter-governmental organization Kigali Battalion, Belgian-commanded peace-keeping force of... withdrawal and who described and showed arms caches in January 1994; he was a commando and a presidential guard, chief trainer of the Interahamwe Acting Executive Director of UNAMIR; U.N diplomat for Sierra Leone Military commander of the Rwandan Patriotic Army, the military wing of the RPF; became President of Rwanda in April 2000 President of the Interahamwe Extremist Hutu within the MDR; Rwandan prime... Europe (EU, OSCE, CoE), America (OAS) and Africa (OAU) Nevertheless, the genocides were not halted after 1948 and took place during the Cold War in Asia (Cambodia, 1975-1979) and also after the Cold War in Africa (Rwanda, 1994, Darfur, since 2003) and Europe (Srebrenica, 1995) See http://www.ohchr.org/english /law/ index.htm On the evolution and the development of international systems for human rights... and has given us very valuable comments that we greatly appreciated The Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM) in the Faculty of Law of Utrecht University, the Maastricht Centre for Human Rights and the xvii xviii The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda Department of International and European Law at the Faculty of Law of Maastricht University were the locations in which the study was carried... extremists to describe Tutsi Kinyarwanda for "wake others up," Name of Rwandan hate newspaper Native language in Rwanda, spoken by Hutu, Tutsi and Twa xxix CHAPTER 1 EARLY WARNINGS AND EARLY ACTION BY BYSTANDERS 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Human Rights Standards Since the Shoa (Holocaust), the cri de coeur of "NEVER AGAIN" is heard all over the world and is said to be for many political leaders a guideline in their... Kajuga Jean Kambanda Major Frank Kamenzi Agathe Kanzinga Joseph Kavaruganda Gregoire Kayibanda Colin Keating Peter Kooijmans Willy Kuypers Anthony Lake Jose Ayala Lasso General Jean-Claude Lafourcade Lieutenant Colonel Andre Leroy Lieutenant Thierry Lotin xxv Senior Political Adviser and Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Security Council President of Rwanda; Hutu, founder and head ofMRND;... then, the SC could impose its will on Iraq by taking mandatory decisions under Chapter VII of the U.N Charter Consequently the United Nations demanded the Iraqi withdrawal and used all means at its disposaldiplomatic and economic sanctions and military invasion-to successfully obtain U.N Doc S/RES/660 (1990) Early Warrings and Early Action by Bystanders 3 their objectives in this situation This was... what has been happening in the DRC and in Darfur, it is clear that the genocide in Rwanda, and for that matter the 70-170 million casualties since WWII allover the world, are not enough to displace the cynicism of realpolitik How many more Rwandas will it take? xiv The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda: The Role ofBystanders is a documented moral cry With... circumstances and for whom in the bureaucracies in an international organization or a state 1.2 THE ROLE OF THE BYSTANDER In all gross human rights violations and in all violent conflicts, the following three different roles can be identified: (1) perpetrator (in military conflicts often called the aggressor); (2) victim; and (3) bystander It is difficult to clearly discern the role of the bystander from . alt="" INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL LAW SERIES Editorial Board Series Editor M. Cherif Bassiouni President, International Human Rights Law Institute,. Max- Planck Institute for International and Comparative Criminal Law Freiburg, i. B., Germany Alfredo Etcheberry Professor of Criminal Law, National University of Chile;